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• reduction of groundwater pollution and elimination of dangerous substances at source; According to this Directive, all bodies of water used for the abstraction of water intended for human consumption providing more than 10 m 3 a day as an average or serving more than 50 person (http://www.directivamarco.es/) must be identified. The principles of the Water Framework Directive were adopted into Czech legislation by amending the Water Law 20/2004 Sb. (which came into force on January 23, 2004) and into the Drainage, sewers and public water supply law 274/2001 Sb. Another very important European legislation is the Directive 91/676/EC – referring to protection of waters against pollution by nitrate from agricultural sources. Its principles were adopted into Czech legislation in the Regulation 103/2003 Sb. and its amendment. According to this Directive, nitrate vulnerable zones are areas where surface waters or ground waters have nitrate concentrations of more than 50 mg.l -1 or are thought to be at risk of nitrate contamination. The purpose of this Directive is to protect water quality by preventing high nitrate concentrations polluting ground and surface waters and especially by reducing polluting effects of the intensive cultivation and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. It also includes regulations for waste water treatment and good agricultural practice, such as nitrogen fertilizer use and storage, and livestock effluents. Action programmes should be implemented by farmers within the nitrate vulnerable zones in order to prevent and reduce pollution due to nitrates from agricultural sources and should be revised every 4 years. Water protection in the Czech Republic is divided into general, particular and special. The general protection is based on various legislative laws relating to the protection of individual environment components. It is obligatory for all and without any compensation. The particular protection includes CHOPAV, sensitive areas and nitrate vulnerable zones and for compliance with farming aren’t also compensation. The special protection includes protection zones of water resources. Protection zones have been defined in order to protect quality and quantity of drinking water sources (Water Law 254/2001 Sb.). Three water protection zones were established by previous legislation (level 1 protection zone; level 2 protection zone divided into outer protection zone and inner protection zone; and level 3 protection zone defined in surface water sources.). In the actual water legislation, only 2 levels of protection zone are defined: level 1 protection zone where more severe measures regime exists and level 2 protection zones. The actual tendency in water protection consists in determination of protection areas more defined, in result of which the water source area and the vulnerable area are not totally included in the established protection zone. It is also possible to establish more level 2 protection zones. It is of great importance, especially for agricultures, to know and observe the regulation, especially with respect to the reduction of mineral and organic fertilizers use, as well as herbicides and pesticides use. Very often it is also necessary to elaborate special programmes for stock breeding prohibiting new constructions, establishment of new sewers and the use of chemicals for winter road maintaining within these zones (Oppeltová, Novák, 2007). The owners whose land is within the protection zone receive subsidy to reduce disadvantages caused due to limitation they are subjected to. In view of the large initial area of protection zones and in view of the fact that the users of water sources did not want to pay high price for the subsidy paid to affected owners, new and more reduced protection zones have been gradually delimited (Oppeltová, Novák, 2007). 1.2. Spring area Ivanice The area of interest is located in the South Moravia Region at the confluence of Jihlava, Oslava and Rokytná rivers. Ivanice spring area comprises a series of nine hydrologic boreholes - it is the main water source for water supply of Ivanice and Rosice cities and provides water for 30 000 inhabitants.
In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protection zones were established. Level 1 hygienic protection zone is common for all nine hydrologic boreholes (13,5 ha) and level 2 hygienic protection zone divided into outer protection zone (827 ha) and inner protection zone (57,8 ha). The whole Level 1 hygienic protection zone is fenced and there are permanent grasslands. The area of level 2 hygienic protection zone is agricultural and forestry used and there are municipalities although. The spring area is situated in nitrate vulnerable zones. 2. Material and Methods The data on water quality and the reservoir flow values have been obtained from VODÁRENSKÁ AKCIOVÁ SPOLENOST, a.s., which operates the water supply. The following parameters were evaluated: iron, manganese, sulphates, chloride, nitrates, ammonia, DQO – permanganate, pH, cuprum, lead, cadmium, clostridium perfringens, thermotolerant bacteria, Enterococcus bacterias and Escherichia coli, The risk analysis was created on the basis of water quality monitoring, hydrogeological assessment and terrain exploration and revision of protection zones was proposed. 3. Results 3.1. Water quality evaluation Raw water complies with requirements for drinking water quality in most chemical, physical, microbiological, biological and radiological indicators. Between problematic indicators belongs manganese (the limit for drinking water is 0,05 mg.l -1 , but if the manganese concentration in groundwater has the origin in the natural geological environment, the limit is 0,2 mg.l -1 ) and iron (the limit for drinking water is 0,2 mg.l -1 , but if the iron concentration in groundwater has the origin in the natural geological environment, the limit is 0,5 mg.l -1 ). The concentration limit of manganese and iron was exceeded in most boreholes at each analysis. Hydrogeological assessments confirm the natural origin of manganese and iron pollution. The regime in protections zones can’t affect high concentration of manganese (up to 2 mg.l -1 ) and iron (2 – 7 mg.l -1 ) because their origin is in the natural geological environment. The manganese and iron concentration is reduced in water treatment plant and after the treatment the values already comply Regulation No. 252/2004 Coll. for drinking water, as amended. Similarly with microbiological indicators - water disinfection is taking place in water treatment plant and in treated drinking water there aren’t free microorganisms. In three boreholes (marked HV 1, HV 2, HV 4) a high concentration of ammonium - up to 1 mg.l -1 - was regularly detected. For the future, it is recommended not to use these boreholes and to eliminate them gradually. In 2006 temporarily increased chloride, sulphate and COD concentrations. This could be the floods consequence that had been there in March 2006 and it was the exceptional condition. The agriculture in arable land surround the spring area could be an important source of the diffuse pollution. The processed results of drinking water samples show that in the last five years the maximum nitrate limit has not been exceeded. At present, agricultural management relies on the Nitrates Directive and it is necessary to respect the Action Programme principles of this Directive. Ground water in the spring area is subsidised by infiltration from the alluvial plain of Jihlava river and depends on precipitation distribution in the upper parts of the catchment. The spring area is located in the meadow and its surrounding is agricultural and forestry used. The nearest built-up area is located approximately 500 m from the spring area and the houses are connected to the waste water treatment plant. The old cow house is situated in the area of origin hygienic protection zone - level 2 - but currently is not operating. This object is used by small companies that don’t affect the water quality or quantity in the spring area. Former black dump consisted of building debris and excavated soil could be the potential source of drinking water contamination. There may be indefinite amounts of unknown harmful substances. Currently, the dump is covered and the old grass covers its surface. For
Page 1 and 2: POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
Page 3 and 4: Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
Page 5 and 6: 1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Page 7 and 8: Matsura Department of hydraulic and
Page 9 and 10: P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
Page 11 and 12: temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
Page 13 and 14: two types of reference surfaces rep
Page 15 and 16: (d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
Page 17 and 18: Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
Page 21 and 22: Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
Page 23 and 24: 5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
Page 25 and 26: The density analysis was performed
Page 27 and 28: Figure1 - Relationship between the
Page 29 and 30: 4 Conclusions • The density obtai
Page 31 and 32: characteristics resulting from of g
Page 33 and 34: Table1. Morphological characteristi
Page 35 and 36: Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
Page 37 and 38: The fertilization growth and harden
Page 39 and 40: Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
Page 41: Abstract Agriculture and water sour
Page 45 and 46: spring area. It is also prohibited
Page 47 and 48: Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
Page 49 and 50: We used a completely randomized in
Page 51 and 52: 5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
Page 53 and 54: 2 However, the cultures are not alw
Page 55 and 56: 4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
Page 57 and 58: accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
Page 59 and 60: only the expansion of agricultural
Page 61 and 62: FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
Page 63 and 64: Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
Page 65 and 66: were respectively applied in the fi
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
Page 69 and 70: NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
Page 73 and 74: IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
Page 75 and 76: mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
Page 77 and 78: This method consists of covering th
Page 79 and 80: uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
Page 81 and 82: coliforms and E-coli that might hav
Page 83 and 84: WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
Page 85 and 86: in a grinder and passed through a 0
Page 87 and 88: 3.2. Determination of the required
Page 89 and 90: ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
Page 91 and 92: This methodology consists of a sequ
Page 93 and 94:
FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
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Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
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higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
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uniformity of flowering. The irriga
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Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
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SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
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Simulation of water flow with root
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water contents were almost greater
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
Page 181 and 182:
References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
Page 199 and 200:
Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
Page 201 and 202:
2 Material end methods The wastewat
Page 203 and 204:
Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
Page 205 and 206:
Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
Page 239 and 240:
This document was created with Win2
Page 241 and 242:
extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
Page 245 and 246:
Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
Page 247 and 248:
measures water content and electric
Page 249 and 250:
As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
Page 253 and 254:
field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
Page 261 and 262:
TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
Page 269 and 270:
4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
Page 275 and 276:
FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
Page 277 and 278:
WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
Page 283 and 284:
As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
Page 285 and 286:
1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
Page 287 and 288:
elationships. There is forest area,
Page 289 and 290:
B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
Page 291 and 292:
References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
Page 293 and 294:
of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
Page 295 and 296:
FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
Page 297 and 298:
Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
Page 299 and 300:
1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
Page 301 and 302:
the inverter that provides a refere
Page 303 and 304:
OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
Page 305 and 306:
1.1 Description of the Study Area T
Page 307 and 308:
Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
Page 309 and 310:
RE because it has the advantages ov
Page 311 and 312:
with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
Page 313 and 314:
Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
Page 315 and 316:
surfaces requires information on th
Page 317 and 318:
climate. Therefore a special coeffi
Page 319 and 320:
FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
Page 321 and 322:
Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
Page 323 and 324:
After the assembly of the experimen
Page 325 and 326:
For the positive control test, the
Page 327 and 328:
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
Page 329 and 330:
The multiple regression equations w
Page 331 and 332:
Table 3 - Regression models that be
Page 333 and 334:
Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
Page 335 and 336:
of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
Page 341 and 342:
EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
Page 343 and 344:
∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
Page 347 and 348:
Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
Page 349 and 350:
Indicators can be thought of as sta
Page 351 and 352:
total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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