poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
numerical models which require detailed information about soil physicochemical properties [Li et al., 2003, 2004; Elmaloglou & Malamos, 2006]. Traditional used procedures to monitor water flow into soil are in situ extraction of soil solution using suction samplers or extracting soil samples taken from the field and laboratory columns. An alternative for soil solution samplers is the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique that infers the concentration from the in situ measured bulk soil electrical conductivity [Vanclooster et al., 1993; Ward et al., 1994]. Analytical models also provide a rapid means of determining the wetting front position [Thorburn et al., 2003; Cook et al., 2003]. These models are based on the assumption of a point source and certain forms for the soil physical properties [Revol et al., 1997a,b]. The main problem with these models is that the spatial arrangement and distribution of these wetting volumes is not known. These wetting volumes must be detectable with a high spatial resolution. According to our knowledge, no reports are available on using the image analysis technique to assess soil flow patterns. The objectives of this study are to assess the feasibility of using image analysis technique to determine soil wetting area and depth; and to develop an image processing technique to derive soil wetting front map. This potential approach to characterize flow patterns allows an objective comparison of soil infiltration patterns in the field. Using spatial imaging processing techniques for soil wetting pattern monitoring may open a new avenue for precision irrigation farming. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Experimental Set-up and Soil Image Acquisition The procedure for using image analysis in estimating soil wetting front map under trickle irrigation is accomplished by placing the soil column inside an illumination chamber shown in Figure (1). Digital images were acquired sequentially every 30 sec. The digital color image with a full resolution of 22721704 pixels was acquired for the soil column by using the experimental set-up and image acquisition unit shown in Figure (1). The schematic diagram shown in Figure (1) outlines the different components of the experimental set-up used to estimate the soil wetting front map. The system consists of two (irrigation and imaging) units. The irrigation unit consists of a main line (cast-iron pipe) 24.5 mm diameter, which have two pressure regulators to regulate the supply pressure at 100 kPa during the experimental period. Three Bourdon gages (range 0-250 kPa accuracy 0.1 kPa) and water meter were used to approximate the desired pressure and discharge, respectively. Three valves were constructed: at the outlet of the reservoir tank and at the entrance of recycling line (PE pipe diameter 1.9 cm) to control the pressure at the main line, meanwhile the third valve mounted on the main line before the water meter. Lateral line constructed one COER 100 emitter has nominal discharge of 4 l/h. mounted on PE lateral lines (14.5 mm inside diameter). A plastic cylinder (127 liters) was used to store irrigation water. At the main pipe inlet a screen filter 100 mesh was deployed only with mixed water, a pump with discharge of 1.2 – 6.0 m 3 /h, and pressure head of 200 - 320 kPa was used. On the other hand, the imaging unit consists of a digital color camera, PowerShot A580 model (Canon Corporation, USA). Illumination source composed of two 50W halogen lamps to illuminate the camera's field of view. Illumination chamber made from a white nylon box to equally disperse and distribute the light around the soil column and a computer to record images acquired by the camera. The lamps were placed on each side of the illumination chamber at approximately 0.5-m distance and 45° angles. The placement of the lamps was adjusted to make sure that no reflections were visible to the camera. The camera was placed on a tripod at the same level as the soil column, at approximately 1.5-m height and 1-m distance. The camera was connected to a laptop computer via the USB port. The software Canon Photo Record (Canon Corporation, USA) was used to remotely control the camera and capturing the digital images. Using this software, the images taken by the camera are directly transferred to the hard disk
of the computer. All additional image analyses for extracting different parameters from each image were programmed using Matlab7.1 (Release 14, The MathWorks Inc., MA, USA). 10 9 8 6 8 6 7 3 12 5 11 13 4 15 14 1 2 3 1- Reservoir tank 2- Filter 3- valve 4- Pump 5- Main line 6- Pressure gage 7- Water meter 8- Pressure regulated 9- Lateral lines 10- Emitter 11- Nylon box 12- Illumination Lamps 13- Fiberglass column 14- Digital camera 15- Computer FIGURE 1: Schematic of the experimental and image acquisition setup 2.2. Soil Samples Two cylindrical Plexiglas containers (20 cm in diameter) were filled with two different soil textures (Table 1). The soils were taken from the agriculture faculty farm of Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. The first cylinder was filled with sandy soil meanwhile the other cylinder was filled with sandy clay loam soil. Each Plexiglas container with soil column was placed vertically inside the illumination chamber. The drip sprinkler was placed exactly 5 mm above the soil surface and mounted on the center of the soil column. An emitter flow rate of 0.60 Lh -1 and 0.67 Lh -1 for sandy and sandy clay loam soil respectively was chosen, as this had been used by Thorburn et al. [2003]. Soil Type TABLE 1: Soil physical characteristics of the selected soils Bulk density Particle Size Distribution, % x 10 3 Kgm -3 Sand Silt Clay Sandy 1.64 95.0 2.3 2.7 Sandy Clay Loam 1.19 51.5 19.5 29.0
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- Page 327 and 328: MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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<strong>of</strong> the computer. All additional image analyses for extracting different parameters from each<br />
image were programmed using Matlab7.1 (Release 14, The MathWorks Inc., MA, USA).<br />
10<br />
9<br />
8<br />
6 8 6<br />
7<br />
3<br />
12<br />
5<br />
11<br />
13<br />
4<br />
15<br />
14<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
1- Reservoir tank 2- Filter 3- valve 4- Pump<br />
5- Main line 6- Pressure gage 7- Water meter 8- Pressure regulated<br />
9- Lateral lines 10- Emitter 11- Nylon box 12- Illumination Lamps<br />
13- Fiberglass column 14- Digital camera 15- Computer<br />
FIGURE 1: Schematic <strong>of</strong> the experimental and image acquisition setup<br />
2.2. Soil Samples<br />
Two cylindrical Plexiglas containers (20 cm in diameter) were filled with two different soil<br />
textures (Table 1). The soils were taken from the agriculture faculty farm <strong>of</strong> Suez Canal<br />
University, Ismailia, Egypt. The first cylinder was filled with sandy soil meanwhile the other<br />
cylinder was filled with sandy clay loam soil. Each Plexiglas container with soil column was<br />
placed vertically inside the illumination chamber. The drip sprinkler was placed exactly 5 mm<br />
above the soil surface and mounted on the center <strong>of</strong> the soil column. An emitter flow rate <strong>of</strong><br />
0.60 Lh -1 and 0.67 Lh -1 for sandy and sandy clay loam soil respectively was chosen, as this<br />
had been used by Thorburn et al. [2003].<br />
Soil Type<br />
TABLE 1: Soil physical characteristics <strong>of</strong> the selected soils<br />
Bulk density Particle Size Distribution, %<br />
x 10 3 Kgm -3 Sand Silt Clay<br />
Sandy 1.64 95.0 2.3 2.7<br />
Sandy Clay Loam 1.19 51.5 19.5 29.0
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