poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
The turbidity values show that Moringa oleifera can be used as an aid to the preliminary filtration, since it was possible to achieve an efficiency reduction of up to 95% in the final effluent, and the efficiency indexes did not exceed 17 % in the absence of coagulant. As it is still preliminary tests of a future experiment, it is possible to standardize other criteria for the tests so that the microspheres are not seen in negative control, even in insignificant amounts, in order to have a greater reliability in the tests. 5. Acknowledgements The authors thank the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, for yielding the structure and laboratories, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), for granting the scholarship, and FAPESP (Foundation for Research Support of São Paulo) for supporting the research project (process No. 2010/16223-0) and scholarships processes No. 2010/07649-4 and No. 2010/16118-2. 6. References ARANTES, C.C. (2010). Utilização de coagulantes naturais à base de sementes de Moringa oleifera e tanino como auxiliares da filtração em mantas não tecidas. Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP. 129 f. (Dissertação de Mestrado). BAEZA, C.; DUCOSTE, J. (2004). A non-biological surrogate for sequential disinfection processes. Water Research, 38, 3400-3410. CERQUEIRA, D.A. Remoção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum e de indicadores no tratamento de água por ciclo completo, filtração direta descendente e dupla filtração, em escala piloto. 2008.194p. Tese (Doutorado em Saneamento, Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos) - Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2008. Brown. T.J. & Emelko, M.B. (2009). Chitosan and metal salt coagulant impacts on Cryptosporidium and microsphere removal by filtration. Water Research., 43, 2, 331-338. FERNANDES, N.M.G.; GINORIS, Y.P.; RIOS, R.H.T.; BRANDÃO, C.C.S. (2010). Influência do pH de coagulação e da dose de sulfato de alumínio na remoção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium por filtração direta descendente. Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, 15, 375-384. FRANCO, R.M.B.; ROCHA-EBERHARDT, R. & CANTUSIO NETO R. (2001). Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw water from the Atibaia River, Campinas, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical, 43, 109-111, 2001. MORRIS, R.D; NAUMOVA, E.N.; LEVIN, R. MUNASINGHE, R.L. (1996). Temporal variation in drinking water turbity and diagnosed gastroenteritis in Milwaukee, Amer. Journal of Public Health, 86, 237-239. NDABIGENGESERE, A.; NARASIAH, K.S.; TALBOT, B.G. (1995). Active and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using Moringa Oleifera. Water Research, 29, 2, 703-710, 1995. SANTOS, L.U.; CANTUSIO NETO, R.; FRANCO, R.M.B.; GUIMARÃES, J.R. (2011). Detecção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e cistos de Giardia spp. em amostras de esgoto bruto ou tratado: avaliação crítica dos métodos. Revista Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, 16, 2, 115-120. XIAO, L.; FAYER, R.; RYAN, U.; UPTON, S.J. (2004). Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clinical Microbiololy Rewiews, 17, 72-92.
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS AND CLUSTER ANALYSES IN THE STUDY SUPPORT OF REGIONALIZATION OF FLOW Abrahão A. A. Elesbon 1 *, Demetrius D. Silva 2 , Gilberto C. Sedyiama 2 , Carlos A. A. S. Ribeiro 3 1 Federal nstitute of Espírito Santo, Av. Arino Gomes Leal, 1700, Colatina-ES, 29700-558, Brazil. E-mail: abrahaoelesbon@gmail.com 2 Federal University of Viçosa, DEA. Av. Peter Henry Holfs, s/n, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil. 3 Federal University of Viçosa, DEF. Av. Peter Henry Holfs, s/n, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil. Abstract This study aims to identify: 1) the most representative variables hydrological regionalization studies, using principal component analysis (PCA) and 2) to optimize the identification of the hydrologically homogeneous regions in studies of regionalization of water flow using cluster analysis (CLUSTER) for the rio Doce basin. Fifteen variables were used in the study, individualized to 61 gauging stations: Q 7, 10 , Q 90 , Q 95 , Q mld , Q max10 , Q max20 , Q max50 , Q max100 , P a , P ss , P sc , A d , L p , L t and S L . The results of the principal component analysis pointed out that the variable SL was the least representative for the study. The first two principal components, Y 1 and Y 2 , were responsible for 77.92% of the total variation of the data. The best divisions of hydrologically homogeneous regions were obtained using the similarity matrix of Mahalanobis and the complete linkage clustering method. The Cluster analysis enabled the identification of four hydrologically homogeneous regions in the watershed of the rio Doce. Key words: Principal Components, Cluster Analysis e Regionalization of flow. 1. INTRODUCTION In general, it is understood by hydrological regionalization process the transferring information from one region of the hydrological behavior known to other sites, often without observations. In this context, multivariate statistical analyzes can help significantly in the studies of hydrological regionalization, reducing processing time from the database and increasing the reliability of results. At the international level can prove this statement by the development of numerous studies addressing the hydrological regionalization based on multivariate statistical analyzes (Assani et al., 2011; Kahya et al., 2007; Mwale et al., 2010, Samuel et al., 2010; Engeland & Hisdal, 2009; Castiglioni et al., 2009). The principal component analysis (PCA) aims to examine the correlations between variables, summarize a large set of variables into a smaller one and the same meaning, evaluate the importance of each variable and promote the elimination of those that contribute little in terms variation in the group of individuals evaluated (WILKS, 2006). In recent years, many applications of this technique have been studied in various fields of knowledge such as: genetics (Price et al., 2006; Haider et al., 2008), chemistry (Bellomarino et al., 2010), environment (Reid & Spencer, 2009), among others. Multivariate statistical analysis of Cluster is a tool of exploratory data with the aim of classifying homogeneous groups (Wilks, 2006), which has been used in numerous areas of knowledge, for example, medicine (Mezer et al., 2008 ), geomorphology (Melchiorre et al., 2008) and environmental engineering (Pires et al., 2007; Hatvani et al., 2011). In hydrology, the cluster analysis is a technique often used to define classes or for grouping stations into homogeneous climatic regions. In view of this, this study aimed to develop a methodology based on multivariate statistical of principal components and cluster analysis for the identification of variables most representative studies of hydrological regionalization and optimize the achievement of 1
- Page 275 and 276: FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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- Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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- Page 283 and 284: As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
- Page 285 and 286: 1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
- Page 287 and 288: elationships. There is forest area,
- Page 289 and 290: B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
- Page 291 and 292: References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
- Page 293 and 294: of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
- Page 295 and 296: FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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- Page 311 and 312: with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
- Page 313 and 314: Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
- Page 315 and 316: surfaces requires information on th
- Page 317 and 318: climate. Therefore a special coeffi
- Page 319 and 320: FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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- Page 323 and 324: After the assembly of the experimen
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The turbidity values show that Moringa oleifera can be used as an aid to the preliminary<br />
filtration, since it was possible to achieve an efficiency reduction <strong>of</strong> up to 95% in the final<br />
effluent, and the efficiency indexes did not exceed 17 % in the absence <strong>of</strong> coagulant.<br />
As it is still preliminary tests <strong>of</strong> a future experiment, it is possible to standardize other criteria<br />
for the tests so that the microspheres are not seen in negative control, even in insignificant<br />
amounts, in order to have a greater reliability in the tests.<br />
5. Acknowledgements<br />
The authors thank the Faculty <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agricultural</strong> <strong>Engineering</strong>, for yielding the structure and<br />
laboratories, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement <strong>of</strong> Higher Education Personnel), for<br />
granting the scholarship, and FAPESP (Foundation for Research Support <strong>of</strong> São Paulo) for<br />
supporting the research project (process No. 2010/16223-0) and scholarships processes No.<br />
2010/07649-4 and No. 2010/16118-2.<br />
6. References<br />
ARANTES, C.C. (2010). Utilização de coagulantes naturais à base de sementes de Moringa<br />
oleifera e tanino como auxiliares da filtração em mantas não tecidas. Faculdade de<br />
Engenharia Civil, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP. 129 f. (Dissertação<br />
de Mestrado).<br />
BAEZA, C.; DUCOSTE, J. (2004). A non-biological surrogate for sequential disinfection<br />
processes. Water Research, 38, 3400-3410.<br />
CERQUEIRA, D.A. Remoção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum e de indicadores no<br />
tratamento de água por ciclo completo, filtração direta descendente e dupla filtração, em<br />
escala piloto. 2008.194p. Tese (Doutorado em Saneamento, Meio Ambiente e Recursos<br />
Hídricos) - Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de<br />
Minas Gerais, 2008.<br />
Brown. T.J. & Emelko, M.B. (2009). Chitosan and metal salt coagulant impacts on<br />
Cryptosporidium and microsphere removal by filtration. Water Research., 43, 2, 331-338.<br />
FERNANDES, N.M.G.; GINORIS, Y.P.; RIOS, R.H.T.; BRANDÃO, C.C.S. (2010). Influência<br />
do pH de coagulação e da dose de sulfato de alumínio na remoção de oocistos de<br />
Cryptosporidium por filtração direta descendente. Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, 15,<br />
375-384.<br />
FRANCO, R.M.B.; ROCHA-EBERHARDT, R. & CANTUSIO NETO R. (2001). Occurrence <strong>of</strong><br />
Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw water from the Atibaia River, Campinas,<br />
Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical, 43, 109-111, 2001.<br />
MORRIS, R.D; NAUMOVA, E.N.; LEVIN, R. MUNASINGHE, R.L. (1996). Temporal variation<br />
in drinking water turbity and diagnosed gastroenteritis in Milwaukee, Amer. Journal <strong>of</strong> Public<br />
Health, 86, 237-239.<br />
NDABIGENGESERE, A.; NARASIAH, K.S.; TALBOT, B.G. (1995). Active and mechanism <strong>of</strong><br />
coagulation <strong>of</strong> turbid waters using Moringa Oleifera. Water Research, 29, 2, 703-710, 1995.<br />
SANTOS, L.U.; CANTUSIO NETO, R.; FRANCO, R.M.B.; GUIMARÃES, J.R. (2011).<br />
Detecção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e cistos de Giardia spp. em amostras de<br />
esgoto bruto ou tratado: avaliação crítica dos métodos. Revista Engenharia Sanitária e<br />
Ambiental, 16, 2, 115-120.<br />
XIAO, L.; FAYER, R.; RYAN, U.; UPTON, S.J. (2004). Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent<br />
advances and implications for public health. Clinical Microbiololy Rewiews, 17, 72-92.
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