poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering poster - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
4. Conclusion and Eyes to the Future The objective of the current study was to determine K pan for each type of pans and comparing it with the standard method in order to choose the most simple (design and use) economical pan. The results indicate that K pan was from (0.6-0.85). Different sized pans were evaluated for their potential to be used as simple and economical Pans for scheduling irrigations. Medium and small pans were compared to the standard large pan as more economical alternatives. The results show that pan Ф 57 was the nearest from the standard class (A) in evaporation rate. But that not mean the Ф57 is the best one. The medium pan responded quite similarly to the large pan under the same conditions. K pan (Ф16- Ф32- Ф40) at the same range from the standard. But the final decision for the best pan is based on the price and many other factors. The advantages of economical evaporation pan are easy in measurement and in transportation and lower in cost which make it simple for farmers to have evaporation pan and calculate water requirement for all plant. In conclusion, the very small (VS) sized pan offers a potentially less expensive alternative to irrigation scheduling. Overall based on this study, the VS sized pan offers a potentially less expensive alternative to irrigation scheduling through the Pan approach. The VS pan has some limitations based on the conditions of this test which will be managed in future research. References Allen, R.G., L. S. Pereira, D.Raes, & Smith M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/x0490e00.htm#Contents Broner, I & Law R.A.P. (1991). Evaluation of the modified atmometer for ET estimation. Irrigation Science, 12:21-26. Harrison, K.A. & Thomas D.L. (2001). How-to brochure – Step by step instructions for using the EASY Pan. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. Monteith, J.L. (1965). Evaporation and environment. Symp.Soc. Exp.Biol. 19:205-234. Stanhill, G. (2002). Is the Class A evaporation pan still the most practical and accurate meteorological method for determining irrigation water requirements? Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 112: 233-236. Thomas, D.L., K.A. Harrison, J.E. Hook, & Whitley T.W. (2002). UGA EASY pan irrigation scheduler. Available online at http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/B1201.htm. Strangeways, I. (2001). Back to basics: the ‘met.enclosure’. Part 7. Evaporation Weather, 56 (2001), pp. 419–427 Penman, H.L., (1984). Natural evaporation from open wáter, bare soil and grass, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A., 193, 120-146
Coagulation using Moringa oleifera and filtration for removal of Cryptosporidium ssp. oocyst by simulation with polystyrene microspheres Francisco, A.R. 1 ; Silva, M.J. 1 ; Paterniani, J.E.S. 1* 1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Candido Rondon, 501, Campinas SP, CEP 13083-875, Brazil *Corresponding author. E - mail: pater@feagri.unicamp.br Abstract In regions where there is no conventional water treatment, waterborne diseases are common, increasing the proliferation of most living organisms. Among many disease-causing organisms, Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan that survives various barriers to water treatment, mainly due to its forms of oocysts with size, strength and hydrophobic characteristics. For locations that lack conventional treatments, the best way to avoid contamination by oocysts and other organisms is to search alternative treatments easy to apply and economically available. The use of natural coagulants enables the cost of synthetic coagulants, so the Moringa oleifera seed is an appropriate choice to be used in locations without conventional treatments. The Moringa oleifera associated to filtration may be a promising alternative to prevent organisms such as Cryptosporidium spp. ooscysts present in water for human consumption. This study aimed to use a combined treatment by coagulation / flocculation procedure using Moringa oleifera seed solutions followed by a filtration in non-woven synthetic fabrics for the reduction of Crytosporidium ssp. oocysts. To avoid manipulation of oocysts in the laboratory, many studies have used fluorescent polystyrene microspheres, which have the same characteristics of the oocysts, so they could be used to observe the combined treatment in these systems. The results showed a reduction of 99% polystyrene microspheres, which may have reached 100% in some sampling intervals. Keywords: water treatment, Cryptosporidium spp, natural coagulants, fluorescent polystyrene microspheres 1. Introduction The water treatment plants face increasing challenges to ensure adequate levels of potability and to protect their systems against microorganisms that cause diseases, which are usually resistant to chlorine or can overcome barriers in the previous stages of water treatment (BAEZA, 2004). One of the most frequent protozoa is Cryptosporidium spp., which can be found in water for human consumption if at the stage of oocysts (a dispersed form in the environment). As a consequence is the cryptosporidiosis, a gastrointestinal disease that causes acute diarrhea (FERNANDES et al., 2010). Cryptosporidium oocysts are responsible for major outbreaks related to failures in water treatment plants. The best example occurred in Milwaukee (USA, 1993), resulting in a total of 739 people presenting oocysts in feces tested by 14 laboratories. In addition, more than 4000 people were hospitalized and cryptosporidiosis contributed to approximately 104 deaths (MORIS et al., 1996).
- Page 269 and 270: 4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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- Page 273 and 274: economic factors. In this is a very
- Page 275 and 276: FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
- Page 277 and 278: WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
- Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
- Page 281 and 282: • The effectiveness of the crop c
- Page 283 and 284: As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
- Page 285 and 286: 1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
- Page 287 and 288: elationships. There is forest area,
- Page 289 and 290: B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
- Page 291 and 292: References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
- Page 293 and 294: of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
- Page 295 and 296: FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
- Page 297 and 298: Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
- Page 299 and 300: 1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
- Page 301 and 302: the inverter that provides a refere
- Page 303 and 304: OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
- Page 305 and 306: 1.1 Description of the Study Area T
- Page 307 and 308: Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
- Page 309 and 310: RE because it has the advantages ov
- Page 311 and 312: with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
- Page 313 and 314: Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
- Page 315 and 316: surfaces requires information on th
- Page 317 and 318: climate. Therefore a special coeffi
- Page 319: FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
- Page 323 and 324: After the assembly of the experimen
- Page 325 and 326: For the positive control test, the
- Page 327 and 328: MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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- Page 331 and 332: Table 3 - Regression models that be
- Page 333 and 334: Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
- Page 335 and 336: of the computer. All additional ima
- Page 337 and 338: The final enhanced images were segm
- Page 339 and 340: image analysis is well suited and f
- Page 341 and 342: EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
- Page 343 and 344: ∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
- Page 345 and 346: 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
- Page 347 and 348: Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
- Page 349 and 350: Indicators can be thought of as sta
- Page 351 and 352: total area is about 13,700 km2. The
4. Conclusion and Eyes to the Future<br />
The objective <strong>of</strong> the current study was to determine K pan for each type <strong>of</strong> pans and comparing it<br />
with the standard method in order to choose the most simple (design and use) economical pan.<br />
The results indicate that K pan was from (0.6-0.85). Different sized pans were evaluated for their<br />
potential to be used as simple and economical Pans for scheduling irrigations. Medium and<br />
small pans were compared to the standard large pan as more economical alternatives. The<br />
results show that pan Ф 57 was the nearest from the standard class (A) in evaporation rate. But<br />
that not mean the Ф57 is the best one. The medium pan responded quite similarly to the large<br />
pan under the same conditions. K pan (Ф16- Ф32- Ф40) at the same range from the standard. But<br />
the final decision for the best pan is based on the price and many other factors. The<br />
advantages <strong>of</strong> economical evaporation pan are easy in measurement and in transportation and<br />
lower in cost which make it simple for farmers to have evaporation pan and calculate water<br />
requirement for all plant. In conclusion, the very small (VS) sized pan <strong>of</strong>fers a potentially less<br />
expensive alternative to irrigation scheduling. Overall based on this study, the VS sized pan<br />
<strong>of</strong>fers a potentially less expensive alternative to irrigation scheduling through the Pan approach.<br />
The VS pan has some limitations based on the conditions <strong>of</strong> this test which will be managed in<br />
future research.<br />
References<br />
Allen, R.G., L. S. Pereira, D.Raes, & Smith M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for<br />
computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Food and<br />
Agriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Available at<br />
http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/x0490e00.htm#Contents<br />
Broner, I & Law R.A.P. (1991). Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the modified atmometer for ET estimation.<br />
Irrigation Science, 12:21-26.<br />
Harrison, K.A. & Thomas D.L. (2001). How-to brochure – Step by step instructions for using the<br />
EASY Pan. University <strong>of</strong> Georgia Cooperative Extension Service.<br />
Monteith, J.L. (1965). Evaporation and environment. Symp.Soc. Exp.Biol. 19:205-234.<br />
Stanhill, G. (2002). Is the Class A evaporation pan still the most practical and accurate<br />
meteorological method for determining irrigation water requirements? <strong>Agricultural</strong> and<br />
Forest Meteorology 112: 233-236.<br />
Thomas, D.L., K.A. Harrison, J.E. Hook, & Whitley T.W. (2002). UGA EASY pan irrigation<br />
scheduler. Available online at http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/B1201.htm.<br />
Strangeways, I. (2001). Back to basics: the ‘met.enclosure’. Part 7. Evaporation Weather, 56<br />
(2001), pp. 419–427<br />
Penman, H.L., (1984). Natural evaporation from open wáter, bare soil and grass, Proc. R. Soc.<br />
London, Ser. A., 193, 120-146
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