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Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Water Systems Maria P. Amador 1* , Ruben M. Fernandes 2 , Isabel M. Duarte 1 , Maria L. Brito 3 , Mário P. Barreto 4 , Maria C. Prudêncio 2 1 Departamento de Ambiente, CERNAS, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Bencanta 3040-316 Coimbra, Portugal. 2 Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal 3 Laboratório de Microbiologia, CBAA/DRAT, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal 4 Águas Mondego e Bairrada, S.A. – ETA da Boavista, Av. Dr. Luís Albuquerque, 3030-410 Coimbra, Portugal. *Corresponding author. E-mail: paula_amador@esac.pt Abstract The awareness that the intensive use of antibiotics in human health, intensive animal husbandry led to the presence of a broad range of antibiotic residues, detected by environmental monitoring, increased the public concern on this issue. Studies report that this selective pressure favours the growth of bacteria increasingly multiresistant. Mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, enable the exchange of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria of different taxonomic groups. This horizontal transference occurs more frequently in sites highly concentrated in microbes, such the tract gastrointestinal, wastewater treatment plants. The increase of resistant bacteria and resistance genes are the more direct support for the expansion of resistance. In order to provide knowledge of antibiotic effects, it is required to undergo local and regional environmental surveys. Although soil studies are more abundant then those in water, these are important due to the wider coverage of water bodies and the potential impacts of lower levels of antibiotic. This paper describes a research project to characterize the emergence of resistant bacteria and resistance genes disseminated in microbial community in different water environments, namely upstream and downstream hospital, rural and agricultural areas. This project addresses two key areas: i) impacts of livestock farming on water quality for domestic supply, ii) impacts of diverse sources as livestock or hospitals on water and soil quality in agriculture, particularly to irrigation and livestock supply. Key words: Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria, Gene Transfer, Public Health, Agricultural Water Resources, Livestock Wastewater. 1. Introduction In the latest years there was an exhaustive and unrestrained consumption of antimicrobials for human medicine, veterinary, intensive livestock production, aquaculture, horticulture and other human activities (Aminov, 2009). The occurrence of several classes of AB have been reported in various aquatic environments, such as Wastewater and Sewage Treatment Plants (WWTP), to where some are excreted in their active forms, since only a few are partially metabolised (Jury et al., 2010). The two main issues for the acquisition and proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), responsible for a serious worldwide public health and environmental problem, are the selective pressure generated by sub-lethal concentrations of those AB in the environment and the co-occurrence of high concentrations 1
of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004; Ding & He, 2010; Jury et al., 2010); although, the causal relationship between the entry and spread of antibiotic resistance remains undetermined (Ding & He, 2010). The horizontal gene transference is the most common mechanism of prokaryote cells to obtain and disseminate antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) between microbial populations (Xi et al., 2009). Resistance genes to different AB classes are usually gathered in cassettes inserted in mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, transposons and integrons, being transferred together. This feature causes a progressive increase of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the environment, such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), particularly in clinical settings, where the available AB are losing effectiveness (Finch & Hunter, 2006) and therefore the control of these hospital infections is increasingly difficult (Kummerer, 2009b). Moreover, since 1962, the development of novel classes of AB is almost stationary, which leads to the need of developing innovative and effective therapies and pharmacological agents (Livermore et al., 2011). The gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans (Falk et al., 1998) and the aquatic ecosystems, generally contaminated with raw human and animal sewage, are reservoirs of antibiotic resistance determinants (ARD) (ARG and ARB), having favourable conditions for ARB exchanging their genes (Kummerer, 2004). It is not thus surprising that faecal coliforms and enterococci are the eligible bacterial groups to study antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments (Schwartz et al., 2003; West et al., 2010), neither that WWTPs are the selected sampling locations. In fact, WWTP collect wastewaters rich in bacteria previously exposed to AB, originated in hospitals, nursing homes, livestock, agriculture or industry, (Schluter et al., 2003) reflected potential sites for horizontal ARG transference due to its microbial richness and high nutritional. Some studies in the WWTP have identified mobile genetic elements both in bacteria isolated from wastewater and in the activated sludge tanks, demonstrating that even with the decrease of bacteria in treated wastewaters there is an increased proportion of multiresistant bacteria to AB in effluent water (Silva et al., 2006; Kummerer, 2009b; West et al., 2010; Moura et al., 2011). In Portugal, the water quality legislation for treated wastewater reuse (Marecos do Monte & Albuquerque, 2010) or human consumption (DL 306/2007, August 27) has no mention to the detection and quantification of ARD. The latter, although controlling other pesticide residues used in agriculture does not refers to bactericides, which application is illicit (Oliveira & Henriques, 2011). However, Kummerer (2009b) refers to AB as one of the most significantly consumed pharmaceutical groups, which explains the recognised widespread distribution of AB and their residues in different environmental ecosystems. It is also known their high toxicity to algae and bacteria, the ability to interrupt bacterial life cycles responsible of biogeochemical processes and its potential for cause resistance among environmental bacterial populations (Watkinson et al., 2009). Due to this awareness, AB has being recently classified as a priority risk group. The consciousness of the scientific community to the gravity of this problem caused by the uncontrolled discharges of urban and agricultural wastewater has resulted in an increase of studies evaluating the spread of ARB in aquatic environments in the last decades (Xi et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2010; West et al., 2010). Despite the knowledge on AB genetic resistance mechanisms, their transference among bacteria and on mechanisms of ARG entrance, maintenance and spread in the environment; the accurate global ecological impact of ABs and ARD and the inherent risks to human and animal health is still undetermined (Kummerer, 2009a; Ding & He, 2010; Moore et al., 2010; West et al., 2010). The prevention of the ARD spread is sustained on two main strands: i) on the pre-emission side, the prudent use of AB, the development of new effective and environmentally degradable drugs, and ii) 2
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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We used a completely randomized in
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5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
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2 However, the cultures are not alw
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4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
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only the expansion of agricultural
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FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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were respectively applied in the fi
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TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
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NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
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Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
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IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
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mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
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This method consists of covering th
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uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
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coliforms and E-coli that might hav
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WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
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in a grinder and passed through a 0
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3.2. Determination of the required
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ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
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This methodology consists of a sequ
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FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
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Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
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higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
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uniformity of flowering. The irriga
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Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
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SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
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Simulation of water flow with root
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water contents were almost greater
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
Page 241 and 242: extractable and non-extractable bou
Page 243 and 244: MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
Page 245 and 246: Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
Page 247 and 248: measures water content and electric
Page 249 and 250: As observed, increasing the dischar
Page 251 and 252: irrigation: a comparison of point a
Page 253 and 254: field operations (STRECK et al., 20
Page 255 and 256: 3. Results and discussions Table 1
Page 257 and 258: 4. Conclusions It can be concluded
Page 259 and 260: water maintenance. At the same time
Page 261 and 262: TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
Page 263 and 264: TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
Page 265 and 266: turbulent flow energy produced by w
Page 267 and 268: The numerical model was validated a
Page 269 and 270: 4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
Page 271 and 272: 2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
Page 273 and 274: economic factors. In this is a very
Page 275 and 276: FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
Page 277 and 278: WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
Page 281 and 282: • The effectiveness of the crop c
Page 283 and 284: As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
Page 285 and 286: 1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
Page 287 and 288: elationships. There is forest area,
Page 289 and 290: B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
Page 291: References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
Page 295 and 296: FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
Page 297 and 298: Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
Page 299 and 300: 1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
Page 301 and 302: the inverter that provides a refere
Page 303 and 304: OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
Page 305 and 306: 1.1 Description of the Study Area T
Page 307 and 308: Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
Page 309 and 310: RE because it has the advantages ov
Page 311 and 312: with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
Page 313 and 314: Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
Page 315 and 316: surfaces requires information on th
Page 317 and 318: climate. Therefore a special coeffi
Page 319 and 320: FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Page 323 and 324: After the assembly of the experimen
Page 325 and 326: For the positive control test, the
Page 327 and 328: MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
Page 329 and 330: The multiple regression equations w
Page 331 and 332: Table 3 - Regression models that be
Page 333 and 334: Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
Page 335 and 336: of the computer. All additional ima
Page 337 and 338: The final enhanced images were segm
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Page 341 and 342: EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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