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the experimental results and close to the Eq. 6 with an increase in fetch except the upstream part of tank. This indicates that the prediction model well reproduced the development of wind-wave obtained by the hydraulic experiment. 20cm 8cm Flow 17.6cm Air phase 160cm Water phase (a) The shape of interface (b) The power spectrum FIGURE 4: The interface shape and the the power spectrum of wind wave Since this numerical model deals with air and water phases, the characteristics of vertical transport of vortex through the water surface can be considered. Fig. 5 shows the isosurface of the second invariant of velocity gradient tensor Q in the air and liquid phases at the 10 seconds. Q represents the local balance between the shear strain rate and vorticity magnitude. The region of positive implies the the rotation tensor dominates over the rate of strain tensor. In addition, the color distributuion at the water surface represents the turbulent intensity of the velocity in the flow direction. This figure illustrates that two-dimensional vortex structure is formed along the lines with the wind wave which develops in parallel to the span direction at the air and liquid phases, respectively. This indicates the wind induced flow has a vortex structure with a strong three-dimensional feature. z y x (a) Air phase (b) Water phase FIGURE 5: The isosurface of the second invariant of velocity gradient tensor Finally, we discuss the effect of the coverage on the development of wind wave and the characteristics of circulation flow. Fig. 6 shows the shape of water surface and the velocity distribution near the coverage in case of Type A. The shape of water surface indicates that the development of water surface wave is inhibited by the existence of the coverage. Then, the wave height decrease significantly behind the coverage. Moreover, the velocity is large in the vicinity of the water surface in front of the coverage, and it seems to be transported downstream under the board. The velocity around the back edge of coverage is very small, but in the vicinity of the water surface it starts to grow again. In this way, two wind-induced circulations are formed. y z x
4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape of water surface and the velocity distribution Main results from the hydraulic experiment are as follows. 1) Surface wave development was significantly inhibited due to the coverage which transversally covers water surface from one side of the tank to another. 2) The region below the coverage became stagnant; hence two wind-driven circulations were formed at the up- and down-wind portions of the coverage. 3) When the coverage was set at the center or along both sides of the tank, surface wave was developed through the clearance around the coverage so that its spectral distribution was similar to that of well-developed wave. The water flow prediction model employing CIP-CUP (CIP-Combined Unified Procedure) method and introducing air-water interaction of twophase flow model well reproduced the development of surface wave and the pattern of internal circulation obtained by the hydraulic experiment. Reference list Agata, W., Takeuchi, Y., Aoki, N., Yamaji, H., Kawanabe, Y., & Miyazaki, A. (2000). Botanical character and cultural method of umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius L.). Bull. Nishinihon Green Res. Inst., 2, 27-36. (in Japanese with English summary) Burling, R. W., & Stewart, R. W. (1967). Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction (microprocesses), Encyclopedia of Oceanography, R. Fairbridge, Ed., Rheinholdt, 571-576. Hirt, C. W., & Nichols, B. D., (1981). Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries. Journal of Computational Physics, 39, 201-225. Miyazaki, A., Kubota, F., Agata, W., Yamamoto, Y., & Song, X. (2000). Plant production and water purification efficient by rice and umbrella plants grown in a floating culture system under various water environmental conditions J. Fac. Agric., Kyushu Univ., 45, 29-38. Ozaki, A., Muramatst, R., Mori, K., Inoue, E. & Haraguchi, T. (2002). Effect of Wind Induced Flow in a Closed Density Stratified Water Area Partially Covered with Floating Water Plants. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 47, 139-147. Philips, O. M. (1958). The Equilibrium Range in the Spectrum of Wind-generated Waves, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 4, 426-434. Song, X., Ying, H., Zhu, M., & Wu, W. (1991). A study on growing rice with floating method on the waters. Sci. Agric. Sin, 24, 8-14. (in Chinese with English abstract) Sussman, M., Smereka, P., & Osher, S., (1994). A Level Set Approach for Computing Solutions to Incompressible Two-Phase Flow. Journal of Computational Physics, 114, 146- 159. Yabe, T. andWang, P.Y. (1991) United Numerical Procedure for Compressible and Incompressible Fluid. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 60(7), 2105-2108.
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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We used a completely randomized in
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5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
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2 However, the cultures are not alw
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4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
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only the expansion of agricultural
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FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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were respectively applied in the fi
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TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
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NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
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Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
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IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
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mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
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This method consists of covering th
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uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
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coliforms and E-coli that might hav
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WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
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in a grinder and passed through a 0
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3.2. Determination of the required
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ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
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This methodology consists of a sequ
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FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
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Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
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higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
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uniformity of flowering. The irriga
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Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
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SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
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Simulation of water flow with root
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water contents were almost greater
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
Page 217 and 218: REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
Page 219 and 220: The mathematical modeling in the wa
Page 221 and 222: OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
Page 223 and 224: OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
Page 225 and 226: Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
Page 227 and 228: mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
Page 229 and 230: 1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
Page 231 and 232: 3 into an oven with circulating air
Page 233 and 234: 5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
Page 235 and 236: 7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
Page 237 and 238: CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
Page 239 and 240: This document was created with Win2
Page 241 and 242: extractable and non-extractable bou
Page 243 and 244: MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
Page 245 and 246: Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
Page 247 and 248: measures water content and electric
Page 249 and 250: As observed, increasing the dischar
Page 251 and 252: irrigation: a comparison of point a
Page 253 and 254: field operations (STRECK et al., 20
Page 255 and 256: 3. Results and discussions Table 1
Page 257 and 258: 4. Conclusions It can be concluded
Page 259 and 260: water maintenance. At the same time
Page 261 and 262: TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
Page 263 and 264: TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
Page 265 and 266: turbulent flow energy produced by w
Page 267: The numerical model was validated a
Page 271 and 272: 2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
Page 273 and 274: economic factors. In this is a very
Page 275 and 276: FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
Page 277 and 278: WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
Page 281 and 282: • The effectiveness of the crop c
Page 283 and 284: As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
Page 285 and 286: 1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
Page 287 and 288: elationships. There is forest area,
Page 289 and 290: B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
Page 291 and 292: References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
Page 293 and 294: of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
Page 295 and 296: FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
Page 297 and 298: Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
Page 299 and 300: 1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
Page 301 and 302: the inverter that provides a refere
Page 303 and 304: OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
Page 305 and 306: 1.1 Description of the Study Area T
Page 307 and 308: Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
Page 309 and 310: RE because it has the advantages ov
Page 311 and 312: with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
Page 313 and 314: Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
Page 315 and 316: surfaces requires information on th
Page 317 and 318: climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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