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FIGURE 5. Distribution of electrical conductivity in the soil, 1.0 Lh -1 FIGURE 6. Distribution of electrical conductivity in the soil, 1.6 Lh -1 CONLUSION The following conclusions may drawn from the results: (1) There were no significant differences between the dimensions of the wet bulb formed from the application of MWS and TSE to the flow rate of 1.0 Lh -1 in a dusk red latosol at 0.30 m of depth, as well as to the flow rate of 1.6 Lh -1 ; (2) The interactions between the different profiles (water content versus electrical conductivity) revealed a gradient distribution of the solute in the soil near the emitter, decreasing progressively towards the wetting front; (3) Increasing the flow rate from 1.0 Lh -1 to 1.6 Lh -1 raised the horizontal radius of the wet bulb suggesting a wider spacing between drippers, such as recommended by the manufacturer of the dripper. AKNOWLEDGMENTS Fapesp – São Paulo Research Foundation / CNPq - National Council for Scientific and Technology Development REFERENCES ABAIDOO, R. C.; BERNARD, K. D.; PRIYANKA, D.; AKPLE S. M. Soil and Crop Contamination ThroughWastewater Irrigation and Options for Risk Reduction in Developing Countries , In: P. Dion (ed) Soil Biology and Agriculture in the Tropics, Springer Verlag, Heilderbrg (2009). BARROS, A.C., FOLEGATTI, M. V., SOUZA, C. F.; SANTORO B. L. Distribuição de água no solo aplicado por gotejamento enterrado e superficial, Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental v.13, n.6, p.700–707, 2009. CAMP, C.R. Subsurface drip irrigation: a review. Transactions of ASAE, St. Joseph, v. 41, p. 1353–1367, 1998. CHARLESWORTH, P.B.; MUIRHEAD, W.A. Crop establishment using subsurface drip
irrigation: a comparison of point and area sources. Irrigation Science, New York, v. 22, n.4, p. 171-176, Nov. 2003. COELHO, E. F.; OR, D. Root distribution and water uptake patterns of corn under surface drip irrigation. Plant and Soil, v.206, p.123-136, 1999. EMBRAPA. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. Brasília: Embrapa-SPI; EMBRAPA- CNPS, 1999. 412 p. KANDELOUS, M. M.; SIMUNEK, J.; van GENUCHTEN, M.TH.; MALEK, K. Soil Water Content Distributions between Two Emitters of a Subsurface Drip Irrigation System, Soil Science Society American Journal, Vol. 75, Number 2, March–April, 2011. KOFFLER, N. F. A profundidade sistema radicular e o suprimento de água às plantas no cerrado. Piracicaba, Potafós, 12 p., 1986. LOPES, L. do N.; SOUZA, C.F.; SANTORO, B. de L. Utilização da tdr para monitoramento da solução de nitrato de potássio em latossolo vermelho-amarelo. Engenharia Agrícola, Jaboticabal, v.30, n.5, p.932-947, 2010. PIRES, R. C. M.; ARRUDA, F. B.; SAKAI, E. Irrigação e drenagem. In: Dinardo-Miranda, L. L.; VasconceloS, A. C. M.; Landell, M. G. A. (Ed.). Cana-de-açúcar. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, 2008, 882p. ROQUE, M.W. Variabilidade espacial de atributos físico-hídricos do solo cultivado com feijão irrigado submetido a diferentes sistemas de preparo. Campinas, 2007. 198 p. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Agrícola) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola. SCHWARTZMAN, M.; ZUR, B. Emitter spacing and geometry of wetted soil volume. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, New York, v.112, p.242-253, 1986. SINGH, D. K.; T. B. S. RAJPUT; D. K. SiNGH; H. S. SIKARWAR, R. N. SAHOO; T. AHMAD. Simulation of soil wetting pattern with subsurface drip irrigation from line source. Agric. Water Mgmt. 83(1‐2): 130‐134, 2006. SOUZA, C.F.; MATSURA, E.E. Distribuição da água no solo para o dimensionamento da irrigação por gotejamento. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Campina Grande, v.8, n.1, p.7-15, 2004. SOUZA, C.F; FOLEGATTI, M.V.; OR, D. Distribution and storage characterization of soil solution for drip irrigation. Irrigation Science, DOI 10.1007/s00271-008-0143-y 27:277–288, 2009. SOUZA, C.F.; MATSURA, E.E.; FOLEGATTI, M.V.; COELHO, E.F.; OR, D. Sondas de tdr para a estimativa da umidade e da condutividade elétrica do solo. Irriga, Botucatu, v. 11, n. 1, p. 12-25, jan./mar. 2006. ZUR, B. Wetted soil volume as a design objective in trickle irrigation. Irri. Sci. 16 (3): 101- 105, 1996.
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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We used a completely randomized in
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5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
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2 However, the cultures are not alw
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4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
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only the expansion of agricultural
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FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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were respectively applied in the fi
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TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
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NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
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Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
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IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
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mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
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This method consists of covering th
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uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
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coliforms and E-coli that might hav
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WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
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in a grinder and passed through a 0
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3.2. Determination of the required
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ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
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This methodology consists of a sequ
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FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
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Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
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higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
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uniformity of flowering. The irriga
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Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
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SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
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Simulation of water flow with root
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water contents were almost greater
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
Page 199 and 200: Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
Page 201 and 202: 2 Material end methods The wastewat
Page 203 and 204: Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
Page 205 and 206: Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
Page 207 and 208: 2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
Page 209 and 210: 3. Results The water balance model
Page 211 and 212: Acknowledgments This work was carri
Page 213 and 214: and the need to reduce costs, it be
Page 215 and 216: 40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
Page 217 and 218: REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
Page 219 and 220: The mathematical modeling in the wa
Page 221 and 222: OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
Page 223 and 224: OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
Page 225 and 226: Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
Page 227 and 228: mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
Page 229 and 230: 1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
Page 231 and 232: 3 into an oven with circulating air
Page 233 and 234: 5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
Page 235 and 236: 7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
Page 237 and 238: CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
Page 239 and 240: This document was created with Win2
Page 241 and 242: extractable and non-extractable bou
Page 243 and 244: MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
Page 245 and 246: Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
Page 247 and 248: measures water content and electric
Page 249: As observed, increasing the dischar
Page 253 and 254: field operations (STRECK et al., 20
Page 255 and 256: 3. Results and discussions Table 1
Page 257 and 258: 4. Conclusions It can be concluded
Page 259 and 260: water maintenance. At the same time
Page 261 and 262: TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
Page 263 and 264: TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
Page 265 and 266: turbulent flow energy produced by w
Page 267 and 268: The numerical model was validated a
Page 269 and 270: 4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
Page 271 and 272: 2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
Page 273 and 274: economic factors. In this is a very
Page 275 and 276: FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
Page 277 and 278: WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
Page 281 and 282: • The effectiveness of the crop c
Page 283 and 284: As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
Page 285 and 286: 1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
Page 287 and 288: elationships. There is forest area,
Page 289 and 290: B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
Page 291 and 292: References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
Page 293 and 294: of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
Page 295 and 296: FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
Page 297 and 298: Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
Page 299 and 300: 1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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