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APPLICATION OF TREATED DOMESTIC SEWAGE IN THE SOIL FOR DESIGN THE SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION Marcelo L. C. Elaiuy 1* , Leonardo N. S. dos Santos 1 , Allan C. M. de Sousa 1 , Edson E. Matsura 1 1 University of Campinas / College of Agricultural and Engineering, Campinas-SP, 13083- 875, Brazil *Corresponding author: trangokauk@gmail.com ABSTRACT: The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) combined with the subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) method in agriculture can decrease the costs in agricultural production, in attempts to fertigate crops more efficiently. In this paper we compare the dimensions of the wet bulb formed by the application of TSE and municipal water supply (MWS) in a dusk red latosol. We have evaluated the effect of water quality and discharge between drippers used in sugar cane crop. Comparing the results from different wetted soil profiles we observed that dimensions vertical and horizontal of the wet bulb are similar for the MWS and TSE, being peculiars according to the discharges used and volume applied. In addition, the results suggest that the TSE presents a greater solute concentration near the emitter, decreasing progressively towards the wetting front. KEYWORDS: Fertigation; Wastewater; TDR; Water Content; Electrical Conductivity. INTRODUCTION Although profitable, irrigated agriculture is the human activity responsible for increases water demand in worldwide generating conflicts in relation for other water uses. Growing competition over dwindling water resources in many agricultural areas in Brazil increases the use of marginal quality water with drip irrigation which requires sound fertigation practices that reconcile environmental concerns with viable crop production objectives. In this context, the subsurface drip irrigation system are becoming increasingly popular as a means for supplying water more efficiently contributing to increase agricultural productivity (CAMP, 1998; SINGH et al., 2006). In São Paulo/Brazil the use of irrigation system such as the subsurface is also a technical viability to increase the productivity levels of sugar cane, due to the high cost of production areas (BARROS et al., 2009). Nowadays there is a worldwide trend that aims to use treated sewage effluent (TSE) for crop irrigation. In addition, the use of TSE in agriculture delivery a required amount of water and nutrients (ferigation) to the plant and it´s a practice of water reuse and preservation of water resources. The combined use of TSE with subsurface drip irrigation aimed at sustainable use of this resource and implements the concept of modern agriculture that seeks not only to increase the tillage production, but also press for the preservation of the environment. In this case the soil is used as a debugger and decreases the contamination risk of the environment allowing its use for the TSE application. In the midst of various drip irrigation systems used, the subsurface applies water directly to the root zone forming the wet bulb. In this region, the soil water content keeps close to the field capacity and evaporative losses are minimized. Nevertheless, it is necessary to known the support capacity of each soil-plant system in order to establish the most appropriate application rate by preserving the integrity of natural resources. The main problems related to the effluent application in the soil are salinization and deep water contamination caused by leaching process. The wet bulb sizing assists in proper estimate of the number of driplines per plant and its location relative to the plants or plants rows, directly influences the project costs of irrigation and crop yields. Unfortunately, these sizing are often overlooked and current practices in Brazil and elsewhere in the world are too often based on empirical information or on data gleaned indiscriminately from professional literature. Alternatively, according to SOUZA et al. (2009) the shape of a wetted soil volume can be measured and controlled using water content sensing equipment such as time domain reflectometry (TDR), which
measures water content and electrical conductivity using a single probe within the same soil volume. Although several studies that investigate the wet bulbs sizing in subsurface drip irrigation are available in the literature, none use the TSE with the TDR technique to monitor the dynamic of the water and solute in the soil. In this paper we shape and compare the dimensions of wet bulbs from the subsurface drip irrigation with MWS and TSE. Our findings contributes to underpin the design and management of sugar cane fertigation, increasing this crop productivity and reducing costs with fertilizers and water consumption, evaluating concomitantly possible impacts of the TSE application in the environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS The field experiment was performed during 2011 at the College of Agricultural Engineering (University of Campinas), with geographic coordinates 22º81’ 89’’ South latitude and 47º06’22’’ West longitude. The soil of the study area is classified as dusk red latosol, medium to clayey texture, according to criteria set by (EMBRAPA, 1999). The experiment was based according to flow rate 1.0 Lh -1 and 1.6 Lh -1 , and the water quality classified as municipal water supply (MWS) and treated sewage effluent (TSE). The effluent used comes from the college which is composed by sanitary and domestic wastes. It is treated in an up-flow ascendent sludge blanket (UASB) and subsequently forwarded to the “wetlands” for a secondary treatment. The physical and chemical carachteristics of the TSE and the MWS were analyzed based on the “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater”, before being applied in soil. Three trenches were opened and 21 three-rod TDR probes were installed. The TDR probes were placed at 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65 m – in depth, and 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 m – distance from the dripper, totaling 21 probes in mesh per trench. This layout was described in detail by BARROS et al. (2009). Can be observed that in two opposite walls of each trench this procedure was replicated using a pressure-compensating dripper (Netafim - DripNet PC TM AS 16150) buried at 0.30 m for each constant discharge of 1.0 L h -1 and 1.6 L h -1 . According to PIRES et al. (2008) this depth value is ideal for sugar cane irrigation. The three rod probes TDR used in the experiment were built in the laboratory of hydraulic and irrigation and the constructive details are described in SOUZA et al. (2006). Due to differences in soil physical properties caused during its movement and consequently the distribution of the MWS and the TSE, the readings were only taken after the restructuring period of soil that was in approximately two months. Firstly we applied 1L of MWS at each hour for a total of 10 applications. The monitoring of water distribution was performed before and after each application. This methodology was developed based on the work of COELHO & OR (1999). For the MWS evaporation, we waited a period of 15 days to start the applications with TSE. Using the Reflectometer TDR 100 equipped with RS 232 interface and data collector CR 1000, we monitored the water content and electrical conductivity analyzing the electromagnetic signal. We based the schedule of the readings on application of MWS and TSE at a dripper at a time, with the 21 readings being carried out in real time, with the aid of multiplexers SDMX 50. The TDR requires a calibration equation to convert measured bulk dielectric permittivity (Ka) to soil water content (Ѳ). In this study we used the equation based on the work of ROQUE (2007) as follows: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The treatments used in this field experiment were encoded to facilitate the discussion of the results as: Municipal water supply flow rate 1.0 Lh -1 (W1), Treated sewage effluent flow rate 1.0 Lh -1 (E1), Municipal water supply flow rate 1.6 Lh -1 (W1.6) and Treated sewage effluent flow rate 1.6 Lh -1 (E1.6). Due to the large number of figures, the wet bulbs chosen to represent the profiles were the 1,3,5,7,10 L to 1.0 Lh -1 and 1,3,5,8,10 L to 1.6 Lh -1 .
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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We used a completely randomized in
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5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
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2 However, the cultures are not alw
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4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
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only the expansion of agricultural
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FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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were respectively applied in the fi
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TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
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NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
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Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
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IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
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mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
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This method consists of covering th
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uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
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coliforms and E-coli that might hav
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WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
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in a grinder and passed through a 0
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3.2. Determination of the required
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ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
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This methodology consists of a sequ
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FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
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Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
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higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
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uniformity of flowering. The irriga
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Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
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SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
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Simulation of water flow with root
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water contents were almost greater
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
Page 195 and 196: 2. Materials and Methods The study
Page 197 and 198: Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Page 201 and 202: 2 Material end methods The wastewat
Page 203 and 204: Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
Page 205 and 206: Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
Page 207 and 208: 2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
Page 209 and 210: 3. Results The water balance model
Page 211 and 212: Acknowledgments This work was carri
Page 213 and 214: and the need to reduce costs, it be
Page 215 and 216: 40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
Page 217 and 218: REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
Page 219 and 220: The mathematical modeling in the wa
Page 221 and 222: OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
Page 223 and 224: OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
Page 225 and 226: Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
Page 227 and 228: mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
Page 229 and 230: 1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
Page 231 and 232: 3 into an oven with circulating air
Page 233 and 234: 5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
Page 235 and 236: 7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
Page 237 and 238: CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
Page 239 and 240: This document was created with Win2
Page 241 and 242: extractable and non-extractable bou
Page 243 and 244: MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
Page 245: Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
Page 249 and 250: As observed, increasing the dischar
Page 251 and 252: irrigation: a comparison of point a
Page 253 and 254: field operations (STRECK et al., 20
Page 255 and 256: 3. Results and discussions Table 1
Page 257 and 258: 4. Conclusions It can be concluded
Page 259 and 260: water maintenance. At the same time
Page 261 and 262: TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
Page 263 and 264: TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
Page 265 and 266: turbulent flow energy produced by w
Page 267 and 268: The numerical model was validated a
Page 269 and 270: 4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
Page 271 and 272: 2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
Page 273 and 274: economic factors. In this is a very
Page 275 and 276: FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
Page 277 and 278: WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
Page 281 and 282: • The effectiveness of the crop c
Page 283 and 284: As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
Page 285 and 286: 1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
Page 287 and 288: elationships. There is forest area,
Page 289 and 290: B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
Page 291 and 292: References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
Page 293 and 294: of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
Page 295 and 296: FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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