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THERMOFHYSICS PROPERTIES OF THE OIL EXTRACTED OF THE GENOTYPES OF CASTOR BEAN Katcilanya Menezes de Almeida 1 , Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil Juarez Paz Pedroza Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil Napoleão Esberard de M. Beltrão, Av. Oswaldo Cruz, 1143, Campina Grande, PB, 58428-095, Brazil katcilanya@yahoo.com.br Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the possible changes in the thermophysics properties between the oil extracted from three different genotypes of castor bean, two modified cultivars (BRS Paraguaçu e BRS Energia) and other wild genotype caught in a vacant land, just for a standard comparison. The oil was characterized through analysis thermo-physics: density, point of minimum flow, viscosity and specific heat. The data were statistically analyzed and compared by analysis of variance for a randomized design using ASSISTAT program 7.0 version. The specific heat found to each genotype was: 0,2742 cal/gºC to BRS Paraguaçu; 0,3653 cal/gºC to BRS Energia and 0,2792 cal/gºC to the wild one. The point of minimum flow ranged from -18,17 to -18,47 ºC. In relation to density variable there was no significant interaction between the genotypes, but it’s reduced significantly with the increase of the temperature. The viscosity showed significant differences between the genotypes and also reduced significantly with the increase of the temperature. Key-words: Ricinus communis L., oil, thermo-physics. 1. Introduction The oil extracted from castor bean seeds has a high industrial value, due to versatility of applications constituting a raw material for the manufacture of plastics, synthetic fibers, enamels, resins and lubricants (Freire, 2001; O `Brien et al. 2000). In addition to the various uses of castor oil, it has been widely studied for biodiesel production, because of the specific characteristics: high productivity, it can be miscible in methanol and ethanol, it can be used as an additive until 10% (v/v) and high viscosity (Delgado et al., 2011). Although many applications recognized, there are still incipient technological information about the variability among genotypes of castor oil, which makes a more complete exploration of the industrial potential of this product for other applications (COSTA et al., 2008). 2. Materials and Methods The seeds of castor beans Energy BRS, BRS Paraguaçu (produced by the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisas Agropecuária – Embrapa/CNPA) and wild one were subjected to cold pressing in a mechanical press with manual pressure capacity of 30 tons without any pretreatment. After extraction the samples, it were subjected to centrifugation at a speed of 3000 rpm during five minutes, to remove some impurities and waste.
The density analysis was performed with the aid of a 25 mL beaker where the sample was weighed and measured, then subjected to the desired temperature, -15, -10, -5, and 0 o C in vertical freezer, 20, 40 and 60 o C in B.O.D, 80 o C in an oven, monitored by a thermocouple, after get the temperature, the sample was weighed again and it was checked to made a relationship between the mass and volume (Equation 1) to obtain the density. m ρ = v (1) where: ρ = Density (g/cm 3 ); m = mass (g); v = volume (cm 3 ) Determination of the point of minimum flow was second 1149 NBR- Oil Product - The point of minimum flow is the lowest temperature at which the lubricating oil is still flowing. In the test, it cooled the oil sample within a tube and each decrease of 3 °C in temperature, it was observed whether or not the movement of the surface of the oil inside the tube and, after 5 seconds is lacking movement that temperature, it will have reached the freezing point and a temperature of 3 °C above this temperature will be at the point of minimum flow. It was used to determine the viscosity, the B3 Hoppler viscosimeter. The viscosity of castor oil was determined in a temperature range of -15, -10, -5, 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 0 C with the aid of a thermostated bath for obtaining the same. This is done through the time interval (Δt) that particular sphere of specific mass (ρ), constant (K) and diameter (D) known travels a distance (ΔL). The calculation is done by Equation 2: µ = K (δ 2 - δ 1 ) ∆t (2) which: μ = viscosity, mPas -1 K = constant of the sphere, mPacm -3 δ 2 = specific mass of the sphere, gcm -3 δ 1 = density of sample, gcm -3 ∆t = fall time, s. The specific heat was determined using a handmade colorimeter constructed in a thermical bottle with a layer of glass fiber placed inside of a PVC tube, where a digital thermometer measures the temperature inside the calorimeter. To determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter are placed 100 g of water at environmental temperature (25 °C) within the calorimeter; this, in turn, it is sealed with a rubber coupled to a thermometer indicating a temperature T 1 within the calorimeter and then are placed in the container in 100 g of water at an average temperature of approximately 3 °C, corresponding to the temperature T 2 ; stir the calorimeter at the time of 10 min until they reach the equilibrium temperature T 3 . The heat capacity was determined by Equation 3: C 1 m 1 (T 1 -T 3 ) + Ccal (T 1 -T 3 ) = C 2 m 2 (T 3 -T 2 ) (3)
Page 1 and 2: POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
Page 3 and 4: Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
Page 5 and 6: 1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Page 7 and 8: Matsura Department of hydraulic and
Page 9 and 10: P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
Page 11 and 12: temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
Page 13 and 14: two types of reference surfaces rep
Page 15 and 16: (d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
Page 17 and 18: Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
Page 21 and 22: Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
Page 23: 5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
Page 27 and 28: Figure1 - Relationship between the
Page 29 and 30: 4 Conclusions • The density obtai
Page 31 and 32: characteristics resulting from of g
Page 33 and 34: Table1. Morphological characteristi
Page 35 and 36: Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
Page 37 and 38: The fertilization growth and harden
Page 39 and 40: Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
Page 41 and 42: Abstract Agriculture and water sour
Page 43 and 44: In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
Page 45 and 46: spring area. It is also prohibited
Page 47 and 48: Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
Page 49 and 50: We used a completely randomized in
Page 51 and 52: 5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
Page 53 and 54: 2 However, the cultures are not alw
Page 55 and 56: 4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
Page 57 and 58: accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
Page 59 and 60: only the expansion of agricultural
Page 61 and 62: FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
Page 63 and 64: Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
Page 65 and 66: were respectively applied in the fi
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
Page 69 and 70: NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
Page 73 and 74: IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
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mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
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This method consists of covering th
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uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
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coliforms and E-coli that might hav
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WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
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in a grinder and passed through a 0
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3.2. Determination of the required
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ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
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This methodology consists of a sequ
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FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
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Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
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higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
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uniformity of flowering. The irriga
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Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
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SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
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Simulation of water flow with root
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water contents were almost greater
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
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extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
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Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
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measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
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FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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