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4. Conclusions When comparing the evapotranspiration values estimated by means of the Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance method (BREB) with the values measured in the lysimeter, in any of the modalities studied in this paper, it was followed that Bowen method underestimated the evapotranspiration flux, allowing to detect a process of sensible heat advection, which can be considered as an important energy source that increases the crop evapotranspiration. Nevertheless, no greater attention to this phenomenon was paid, since it was out of the scope of this study. The heat flux advection and its influence when measuring and estimating evapotranspiration was analysed by Gavilán (2002), who considers that it can contribute up to 40% of the total energy used in the evapotranspiration process. A comparison of the hourly values of ET calculated by applying the FAO-56 Penman- Monteith equation (Allen et al. 1998) with the ones estimated by the BREB method, using both thermocouples and RTDs for measuring the temperature gradients, proved that both systems underestimated the evapotranspiration, existing significant differences between both systems. Even though, the ET values estimated with the BREB method by using RTDs showed a better adjustment, precision and stability, highlighting a better suitability for calculating the Bowen ratio. Acknowledgements This work has been partially supported by the PPII10-0319-8732 (Ministry of Education and Science from the Government of Castilla la Mancha) and 08729/PI/08 (Seneca Foundation) projects. References Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Paper number 56. Rome: FAO Irrigation and drainage. Bowen, J.S. (1926). The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface. Physical Review, 27, 779-787. Casa, R., Russell, G., & Lo Casciom, B. (2000). Estimation of evapotranspiration from a field of linseed in central Italy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 104(4), 289-301. Dunin, F.X., Barrs, H.D., Meyer, W.S., & Trevitt, A.C.F. (1991). Foliage temperature and latent flux of irrigated wheat. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 55, 133-147. Farahani, H.J., & Bausch, W.C. (1995). Performance of Evapotranspiration models for maize –bare soil to closed canopy. Transactions of the ASAE, 38(4), 1049-1059. Gavilán, P.D. (2002). La advección de calor sensible en el Valle Medio del Guadalquivir y su influencia en la medida y estimación de la evapotranspiración. Doctoral Thesis. Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba. Ibañez, M., & Castellví, F. (2000). Simplifying daily evapotranspiration estimates over short full-canopy crops. Agronomy Journal, 92, 628-632. Kjelgaard, J.F., Stockle, C.O., Villar Mir, J.M., Evans, R.G., & Campbell, G.S. (1994). Evaluating methods to estimated corn evapotranspiration from short-time interval weather data. Transactions of the ASAE, 37(6), 1825-1833.
Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H., & Ek, M. (1996). Daytime variation of sensible heat flux estimated by the bulk aerodynamic method over a grass canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 81, 131-143. Pérez, P.J., Castellví, F., Ibáñez, M., & Rossell, J.l. (1999). Assessment of reliability of Bowen ratio method for partitioning fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 97, 141- 150. Prueger, J. H., Hatfield, J.L., Aase, J.K., & Pikul Jr., J.L. (1997). Bowen-ratio comparisons with lysimeter evapotranspiration. Agronomy Journal 89, 730-736.
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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We used a completely randomized in
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5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
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2 However, the cultures are not alw
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4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
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only the expansion of agricultural
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FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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were respectively applied in the fi
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TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
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NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
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Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
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IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
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mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
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This method consists of covering th
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uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
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coliforms and E-coli that might hav
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WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
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in a grinder and passed through a 0
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3.2. Determination of the required
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ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
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This methodology consists of a sequ
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FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
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Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
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higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
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uniformity of flowering. The irriga
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Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
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SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
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3. Results and Discussion The value
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espectively, compared to that obser
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Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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all periods are computed using Eq.
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(a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
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2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
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TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
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Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
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Relative error (RE): Index of agree
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Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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widely used for various fields such
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show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Efficiency of water and energy use
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Pressure: it was obtained by means
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them cover similar percentages. Dur
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Relationship among compaction, mois
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Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
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Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
Page 147 and 148: Simulation of water flow with root
Page 149 and 150: water contents were almost greater
Page 151 and 152: Operation and Energy Optimization M
Page 153 and 154: Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
Page 155 and 156: changes have been done in system. F
Page 157 and 158: Application of Surface Cover and So
Page 159 and 160: significantly lower than those from
Page 161 and 162: Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
Page 163 and 164: 1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
Page 165 and 166: Therefore, the remaining works are
Page 167 and 168: network makes such volumes unaccept
Page 169 and 170: Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
Page 173 and 174: 3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
Page 175 and 176: Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
Page 177 and 178: data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
Page 179 and 180: TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
Page 181 and 182: References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
Page 183 and 184: This work, after applying Kennessey
Page 185 and 186: TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
Page 187 and 188: Figure 3 also reports a comparison
Page 189 and 190: 2. Material and Methods The experim
Page 191 and 192: TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
Page 193 and 194: BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
Page 195 and 196: 2. Materials and Methods The study
Page 197: Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
Page 201 and 202: 2 Material end methods The wastewat
Page 203 and 204: Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
Page 205 and 206: Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
Page 207 and 208: 2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
Page 209 and 210: 3. Results The water balance model
Page 211 and 212: Acknowledgments This work was carri
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Page 215 and 216: 40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
Page 217 and 218: REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
Page 219 and 220: The mathematical modeling in the wa
Page 221 and 222: OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
Page 223 and 224: OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
Page 225 and 226: Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
Page 227 and 228: mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
Page 229 and 230: 1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
Page 231 and 232: 3 into an oven with circulating air
Page 233 and 234: 5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
Page 235 and 236: 7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
Page 237 and 238: CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
Page 239 and 240: This document was created with Win2
Page 241 and 242: extractable and non-extractable bou
Page 243 and 244: MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
Page 245 and 246: Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
Page 247 and 248: measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
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FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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