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6. Conclusion An optimization model for working time of pump has presented in this research. Based on this optimization model, the working time has been diminished to 18 hours that previously was 24 hours. Also the operational intervals located in low cost tariffs periods. The electricity costs for 6 months cultivation period in previous schedule was 2222 $. The mentioned operation time optimization has reduced the electricity costs to 1755 $ during same period. Obviously the reduction in costs will more considerable in long term prospective, and also for larger pumping systems it would be more beneficial. At the second stage the PRV replaced by a turbine. The turbine produces the electricity of 98 kilo watt per hour that causes that pump do not need to get electricity from electricity network. 7. Reference List Aggidis, G.A., Luchinskaya, E., Rothschild, R. (2010). The C osts of Small-Scale Hydro Power Production: Impact on the Development of Existing Potential. Journal of Renewable Energy, 35, 2632-2638. Arriaga, m. (2010). Pump as Turbine – A Pico-Hydro Alternative in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Journal of Renewable Energy, 35, 1109–1115. Catalão, J.P.S., Pousinho, H.M.I., Mendes, V.M.F. (2011). Hydro E nergy Systems Management in Portugal: Profit-Based Evaluation of a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Approach. Journal of Energy, 36, 500-507. Dihrab, Salwan S., Sopian,K. (2010). Electricity generation of hybrid PV/wind systems in Iraq. Journal of Renewable Energy, 35, 1303–1307. Fadaee, M. J., and Besharat, M. (2005). Design Optimization of Offshore Platforms Using Genetic Algorithms and Wave-Net, Eight International Conference on the Application of Artificial Intelligence to Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Civil-Comp Press, Rome, Italy. Maurice Pigaht, R.J. (2009). Innovative private micro-hydro power development in Rwanda, Journal of Energy Policy, 37, 4753–4760. NAST (National Assessment Synthesis Team), (2000). Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, Overview Report, U. S. Global Change Research Program, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 154. Ramos, J.S., Ramos, H.M. (2009). Sustainable application of renewable sources in water pumping systems: Optimized energy system configuration. Journal of Energy Policy, 37, 633–643. Vieira, F., Ramos, H.M. (2008). Hybrid solution and pump -storage optimization in water supply system efficiency: A case study. Journal of Energy Policy, 36, 4142–4148.
Application of Surface Cover and Soil Amendment for Reduction of Soil Erosion from Sloping Field in Korea Su-in Lee, Chul-hee Won, Min-hwan Shin, Woon-ji Park, Yong-hun Choi, Jae-young Shin, Joongdae Choi* Dept. of Regional Infrastructures Eng., Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea *Corresponding author. E-mail: jdchoi@kangwon.ac.kr Abstract Runoff from sloping fields in Korea has been blamed for the water quality degradation in rivers and lakes. No-till is known to be one of the best practices to reduce muddy runoff. However, no-till practice does not fit well to intensive vegetation farming and other alternative practices are required in Korea. The objective of the paper was to investigate the effect of surface mulch materials on the reduction of runoff and sediment from sloping experimental plots. The mulch materials were made of straw mat, PAM, rice chaff, sawdust, and gypsum. Three surface cover materials were tested and analyzed under 10 and 20% slopes and 30 mm/h rainfall simulation. Runoff reduced significantly under covered conditions. The average reduction of runoff under 10 and 20% slopes was 85.6% and 72.0%, respectively. The average reduction of sediment discharge from mulched plots was 99%. It was concluded that the cover materials were effective in reducing muddy runoff from sloping fields. Key words: Muddy runoff, water quality, sloping field, rice straw mat, sediment. 1. Introduction Muddy runoff from sloping highland fields during heavy storm events has caused serious water quality problems in rivers and dam lakes that are important to domestic water supply in Korea. The soil surface of these fields is not well protected either by crop canopy or crop residues during the storm events in general because of the timing of vegetable cultivation (Won et al., 2011). Muddy runoff are largely influenced by rainfall amount, intensity and duration, soil texture, crop, tillage, surface cover, infiltration, slope and slope length, runoff amount and velocity (Choi, 1997; Choi et al., 2000; Sharpley and Halvorson, 1994). Effective and economic control of these factors could reduce runoff and soil erosion, resulting in the reduction of muddy runoff. No-till practice is known to be one of the best BMPs to reduce muddy runoff. However, no-till practice does not fit well to intensive vegetable farming and other alternatives that could resemble no-till practice are required in Korea. One of the alternatives could be rice straw mulch on the soil surface. Shin et al. (2009) tested the effect of rice straw mat mulch on runoff, infiltration and sediment discharges under a laboratory rainfall simulation condition. Use of anion PAM and gypsum is also an alternative to reduce runoff (Flanagan et al., 1997; Choi et al., 2010; Keren and Shainberg, 1981). Use of phosphogypsum and PAM mixture could contribute to the reduction of soil erosion (Lee et al., 2001; Jian et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2010). Won et al. (2011) reported that the treatment of rice straw mat, PAM, sawdust and rice chaff mixtures could reduce soil erosion significantly compared to control treatment. However, the effect of surface mulch combined with rice straw mat, PAM and phosphogypsum has not been reported in Korea. The objectve of this research was to experimentally test the effect of surface mulch combined with rice straw mat on runoff and soil erosion under laboratory rainfall simulation. 2. Methods The main experimental system of this research composed of eight soil boxes, two Norton Ladder-type Rainfall Simulators, and 10% and 20% stands for slope control. The soil boxes
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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We used a completely randomized in
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5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
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2 However, the cultures are not alw
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4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
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only the expansion of agricultural
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FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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were respectively applied in the fi
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TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
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NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
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Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
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IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
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mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
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This method consists of covering th
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uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
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coliforms and E-coli that might hav
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WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
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in a grinder and passed through a 0
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3.2. Determination of the required
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ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
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This methodology consists of a sequ
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FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
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Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
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higher demand than those of scenari
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YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
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uniformity of flowering. The irriga
Page 105 and 106: Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
Page 107 and 108: SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
Page 109 and 110: 3. Results and Discussion The value
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Page 113 and 114: Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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Page 117 and 118: (a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
Page 119 and 120: Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
Page 121 and 122: 2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
Page 123 and 124: TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
Page 125 and 126: Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
Page 127 and 128: Relative error (RE): Index of agree
Page 129 and 130: Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
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Page 133 and 134: show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Page 137 and 138: Pressure: it was obtained by means
Page 139 and 140: them cover similar percentages. Dur
Page 141 and 142: Relationship among compaction, mois
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Page 145 and 146: Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
Page 147 and 148: Simulation of water flow with root
Page 149 and 150: water contents were almost greater
Page 151 and 152: Operation and Energy Optimization M
Page 153 and 154: Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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Page 161 and 162: Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
Page 163 and 164: 1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
Page 165 and 166: Therefore, the remaining works are
Page 167 and 168: network makes such volumes unaccept
Page 169 and 170: Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
Page 173 and 174: 3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
Page 175 and 176: Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
Page 177 and 178: data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
Page 179 and 180: TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
Page 181 and 182: References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
Page 183 and 184: This work, after applying Kennessey
Page 185 and 186: TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Page 189 and 190: 2. Material and Methods The experim
Page 191 and 192: TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
Page 193 and 194: BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
Page 195 and 196: 2. Materials and Methods The study
Page 197 and 198: Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
Page 199 and 200: Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
Page 201 and 202: 2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Page 205 and 206: Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
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extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
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Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
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measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
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FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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