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Kramer, P. J., & Boyer, J. S. (1995). Water relations of plants and soils. Academic Press. Meyer, J. L., & Peck, D. (1985). Avocado root distribution with microsprinklers. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International drip/trickle irrigation congress, Fresno vol 2, pp 682– 686. Pierret, A., Doussan, C., & Pages, L. (2006). Spatio-temporal variations in axial conductance of primary and first-order lateral roots of a maize crop as predicted by a model of the hydraulic architecture of root systems. Plant Soil 282: 117–126. Roth, R. L., & Gardner, B. R. (1985). Root distribution of mature orange trees irrigated by pressurized systems. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International drip/trickle irrigation congress, Fresno, vol 2, pp 579–586. Sakovich, N. J., & Post SEC (1986). Lemon root distribution in sprinkler. Drip systems Citrograph 71(7):143–144. Vrugt, J. A., van Wijk, M. T., Hopmans, J. W., & Simunek, J. (2001). One-, two-, and threedimensional root water uptake functions for transient modeling. Water Resour Res 37: 2457– 2470.
Operation and Energy Optimization Model for Gharah-Bagh Water Conveyance System Mohsen Besharat 1 *, Mohammad T. Aalami 2 , Avin Dadfar, Sina Besharat 1 Saghez, 66819-73477 Iran, Islamic Azad University, Saghez Branch 2 Tabriz, 51666-16471 Iran, University of Tabriz *Corresponding Author, E-mail: mohsen.besharat@gmail.com Abstract Optimum and efficient energy consumption has been a considerable issue worldwide. Water conveyance systems (WCS) require energy to transfer water to higher elevation by pumping, and it causes high electricity costs. As a conclusion, optimization of energy and effective consumption lead to lower costs. In this work, an optimization model for Gharah-Bagh WCS in Iran has been implemented. The model has two parts. One part manages the operation time of pumping system in order to an optimum hourly operation of pump based on electricity tariffs is earned. Another part of optimization model refers to idea of producing the electricity in gravity branch of system. System has a gravity branch with considerable elevation difference between start and end nodes that presents a good opportunity for installation a turbine and producing electricity. Key words: Energy, Optimization, Turbine, Water Systems 1. Introduction Water problem is one of the biggest challenges of this century. The problem mandates such a situation that requires exact planning and management of water sources to raise the efficiency. In Iran 69% of the total amount of water goes to agriculture, 23% goes to industry and 8% goes to domestic consumption. Agriculture resources are the main consumers of high quality water. Average amount of water taken for irrigation has increased by 60% since 1960 that about 20% to 30% of this amount evaporates or goes to waste (NAST, 2000). The amount of water per acre, in developing countries due to lack of appropriate instruments is twice of the developed countries, while the rate of their crops is one-third. Moreover, in most arid and semi-arid areas, due to lack of rainfall climate, 90% of water needed for irrigation is supplied from fresh water, while in developed countries this rate is 40% (Aggidis et al. 2010). It is not for many years that human being has come to the belief of efficient using of energy. In previous times because of world’s few populations and little energy consumption, optimum energy consumption was not an apprehension for people. But in recent years by increasing of world’s population and its consequences as decreasing in fossil energy sources, increasing in fossil energy source costs and most important subject, irretrievable damages of fossil fuels on environment and communities, effort for using better forms of energy and decreasing the consumption of fossil energy sources has begun (Vieira & Ramos, 2008). These problems will be more tangible if the vital role of water in every action on the earth and human life be imagined. A huge amount of energy is exhausted in order to supply the required water for human being. In all countries big amount of energy is spent for clean water supplying for people annually. Therefore in event that decreasing of water supply energy is able, it will be mainly useful. Hence many researches have been done in energy efficiency optimization in
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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We used a completely randomized in
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5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
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2 However, the cultures are not alw
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4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
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only the expansion of agricultural
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FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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were respectively applied in the fi
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TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
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NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
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Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
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IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
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mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
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This method consists of covering th
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uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
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coliforms and E-coli that might hav
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WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
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in a grinder and passed through a 0
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3.2. Determination of the required
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ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
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This methodology consists of a sequ
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FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
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Water technology improvements and t
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The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
Page 99 and 100: higher demand than those of scenari
Page 101 and 102: YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
Page 103 and 104: uniformity of flowering. The irriga
Page 105 and 106: Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
Page 107 and 108: SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
Page 109 and 110: 3. Results and Discussion The value
Page 111 and 112: espectively, compared to that obser
Page 113 and 114: Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
Page 115 and 116: all periods are computed using Eq.
Page 117 and 118: (a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
Page 119 and 120: Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
Page 121 and 122: 2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
Page 123 and 124: TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
Page 125 and 126: Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
Page 127 and 128: Relative error (RE): Index of agree
Page 129 and 130: Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
Page 131 and 132: widely used for various fields such
Page 133 and 134: show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
Page 135 and 136: Efficiency of water and energy use
Page 137 and 138: Pressure: it was obtained by means
Page 139 and 140: them cover similar percentages. Dur
Page 141 and 142: Relationship among compaction, mois
Page 143 and 144: Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
Page 145 and 146: Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
Page 147 and 148: Simulation of water flow with root
Page 149: water contents were almost greater
Page 153 and 154: Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
Page 155 and 156: changes have been done in system. F
Page 157 and 158: Application of Surface Cover and So
Page 159 and 160: significantly lower than those from
Page 161 and 162: Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
Page 163 and 164: 1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
Page 165 and 166: Therefore, the remaining works are
Page 167 and 168: network makes such volumes unaccept
Page 169 and 170: Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
Page 173 and 174: 3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
Page 175 and 176: Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
Page 177 and 178: data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
Page 179 and 180: TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
Page 181 and 182: References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
Page 183 and 184: This work, after applying Kennessey
Page 185 and 186: TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
Page 187 and 188: Figure 3 also reports a comparison
Page 189 and 190: 2. Material and Methods The experim
Page 191 and 192: TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
Page 193 and 194: BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
Page 195 and 196: 2. Materials and Methods The study
Page 197 and 198: Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
Page 199 and 200: Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
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extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
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Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
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measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
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FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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