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The probability of concentration of greater than 1 mg/L decreased with distance and shows almost the same value between MCS results and MLS-RSM results. Comparing the results by estimation method of PDF, the results show different value at each distance. 5. Conclusions In this study, to reliable risk assessment of groundwater pollution, the flow of Benzene through groundwater considering uncertainties of K and Koc is analyzed. The PDF of random variables can easily be estimated using Hermite polynomials and transformed into space of standard normal random variable. To uncertainty analysis of Benzene transport, MLS-RSM is performed and the results are compared with MCS results. MLS-RSM gives the improvemant in computational efficiency of probability analysis and can achieve results close to accuracy of MCS with a sample size of 100,000. The probability analysis results are directly influenced by PDF of random variables and therefore by estimating the actual PDF using Hermite polynomials could derive a more accurate analysis results. References Baalousha, H. & Köngeter, J. (2006). Stochastic modelling and risk analysis of groundwater pollution using FORM coupled with automatic diffrentiation. Advances in Water Resources, 29, 1815-1832. Box, G.P. & Draper, N.R. (1987). Empirical model-building and response surface. New York: Wiley. Datta, D. & Kushwaha, H.S. (2011). Uncertainty quantification using stochastic response surface method case study-Tansport of chemical contaminants through groundwater. International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications, 2(3), 49-58. Isukapalli, S. S. (1999). Uncertainty analysis of transport-tranformation models. New Jersey: New Brunswick. Jim yeh, T.-C. (1992). Stochastic modelling of groundwater flow and solute transport in aquifers. Hydrological Processes, 6, 369-395. Kang, S.C., Koh H.M. & Choo, J.F. (2010). An efficient response surface method using moving least squares approximation for structural reliability analysis. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 25, 365-371. Phoon K.K. (2003). Representation of random variables using orthogonal polynomials. Proceedings Ninth International Conference on Applications of statistics and Probability in civil Engineering, San Francisco, 1, 97-104. Phoon, K.K. & Huang, S.P. (2007). Geotechnical probabilistic analysis using collocationbased stochastic response surface method. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering. London:Taylor & Francis, 45-51. Ranade, A.K., Pandey, M. & Datta, D. (2010). Stochastic response surface based simulation of ground water modeling, International Conference on modeling, Optimization and Computing, 213-218. Van Genuchten, M.Th. & Alves, W.J. (1982). Analysis solution of the One-dimensional convective-dispersive solute transport equation. United Stated Department of Agriculture, Agricutural Research Service, Technical Bulletin 1661.
Efficiency of water and energy use in the crop of Lactuca Sativa L. cv. Capitata. Some previous results in a plot in the Southern of Spain A. Ruiz-Canales 1* , J.M. Molina 2 , D.G. Fernández-Pacheco 2 , F.J. Cánovas-Rodríguez 3 , H. Puerto Molina 1 1 Agua y Energía para una Agricultura Sostenible (AEAS). Departamento de Ingeniería. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela. Universidad Miguel Hernández, Crtra. de Beniel, km 3,2, 03312 Orihuela (Alicante), Spain. 2 Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería Agromótica y del Mar. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena (Murcia) Spain. 3 Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Campus Muralla del Mar. C/ Doctor Fleming s/n. C.P. 30202 Cartagena (Murcia), Spain. * Corresponding author. E-mail: acanales@umh.es Abstract In the Southern of Spain, where water resources are limited, it is of primary importance an adequate management of irrigation water and energy. Agriculture must maximize water and energy use efficiency in irrigation by controlling these resources in order to permit a more efficient management. In this paper, a case study of a commercial plot of 98.93 ha located in Cartagena (Murcia, Spain) and cultivated with Iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Capitata) with trickle irrigation is carried out. The study was partially based in the methodology employed for Water Users Associations (WUA), but adapted to the specific conditions of a concrete farm. Concretely in this case, the irrigation station is considered as an independent hydraulic-functioning sector with an independent energy contract. Some energy parameters were calculated and monthly energy bills along the season 2010-2011 were collected. Energy and water data were also contrasted, obtaining some descriptive, performance and energy efficiency indicators. Finally, these indicators were utilized for the proposal of measures to improve the use of water and energy. These measures were also financially and energetically valued. A potential energy efficiency improvement with a cost saving of 27% could be achieved after the implementation of the proposed courses of actions, what demonstrates the suitability of adapting the methodology used for WUA to irrigation systems in a farm. Keywords: lettuce, energy, water, costs, irrigation. 1. Introduction Patterns of food production, distribution and consumption have undergone major transformations over the last years. One of the consequences of these changes is that the majority of consumers in developed countries expect to be able to purchase fresh vegetables at any time of the year. In order to overcome the natural seasonality of supply in these countries, one of the basic strategies has been the importation of fresh produce from countries where it is in season (Hospido et al., 2009). A good example of fresh vegetable which is offered along the year in the European Northen countries is the lettuce. Its consumption has increased regularly during the last two decades and the supply chains of these countries import this vegetable during the cold months from warmer countries like Spain. There is some discussion around the quantification of the environmental impacts of these crops that are far away from the supply points. Society is looking for environmentally sustainable supply chains in order to maintain the variety offer of fresh food throughout the year (Hospido et al., 2009). In order to guarantee the environmental sustainability of resources it is necessary to evaluate the use of them. Concretely in irrigation of lettuce, water and energy resources are utilized.
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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We used a completely randomized in
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5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
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2 However, the cultures are not alw
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4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
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only the expansion of agricultural
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FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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were respectively applied in the fi
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TABLE 1: Irrigation depth and actua
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NUTRIENT RETENTION IN WETLANDS USIN
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Table 2. Daily affluent concentrati
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IMPORTANCE OF DRY GEAR MASS CULTURE
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mobilizing assimilated exerted by c
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This method consists of covering th
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uncovered ones, that mixed the wate
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coliforms and E-coli that might hav
Page 83 and 84: WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
Page 85 and 86: in a grinder and passed through a 0
Page 87 and 88: 3.2. Determination of the required
Page 89 and 90: ANALYSIS OF LEVELS OF LAND DEGRADAT
Page 91 and 92: This methodology consists of a sequ
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 5. A - Area of exploitation
Page 95 and 96: Water technology improvements and t
Page 97 and 98: The Multiattribute Utility Theory (
Page 99 and 100: higher demand than those of scenari
Page 101 and 102: YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABI
Page 103 and 104: uniformity of flowering. The irriga
Page 105 and 106: Table 3 - Analysis of variance for
Page 107 and 108: SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
Page 109 and 110: 3. Results and Discussion The value
Page 111 and 112: espectively, compared to that obser
Page 113 and 114: Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
Page 115 and 116: all periods are computed using Eq.
Page 117 and 118: (a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
Page 119 and 120: Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cont
Page 121 and 122: 2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
Page 123 and 124: TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
Page 125 and 126: Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
Page 127 and 128: Relative error (RE): Index of agree
Page 129 and 130: Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
Page 131 and 132: widely used for various fields such
Page 133: show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
Page 137 and 138: Pressure: it was obtained by means
Page 139 and 140: them cover similar percentages. Dur
Page 141 and 142: Relationship among compaction, mois
Page 143 and 144: Cylindrical containers (191mm diame
Page 145 and 146: Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
Page 147 and 148: Simulation of water flow with root
Page 149 and 150: water contents were almost greater
Page 151 and 152: Operation and Energy Optimization M
Page 153 and 154: Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
Page 155 and 156: changes have been done in system. F
Page 157 and 158: Application of Surface Cover and So
Page 159 and 160: significantly lower than those from
Page 161 and 162: Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
Page 163 and 164: 1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
Page 165 and 166: Therefore, the remaining works are
Page 167 and 168: network makes such volumes unaccept
Page 169 and 170: Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
Page 173 and 174: 3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
Page 175 and 176: Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
Page 177 and 178: data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
Page 179 and 180: TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
Page 181 and 182: References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
Page 183 and 184: This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
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extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
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Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
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measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
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FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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