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Storage( EL. m) additional water supply, such as 0.17, 0.50, 0.70, 1.00, 1.50, and 3.00 m 3 /sec. The cases in which the amounts of additional water supply are less than 0.70 m 3 /sec with target water stages lower than 194.0 m show that the hydro-electric power outputs are more than the historical average, and the total amounts of water supply are less influenced by the amounts of additional water supply. 200 190 180 170 Obs. 188.68 m 160 191.50 m 194.00 m 196.50 m 150 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time (10days) Figure 6: Comparison of water stages, varying with operation conditions during a dry term Figure 7: Comparison of hydro-electric power outputs, varying with operation conditions and flow regimes 4. Conclusions The objective of the study is to develop an optimal reservoir operation model and to suggest the appropriate amount of additional water supply and optimal operation rule of reservoirs. The model uses a non-linear, multiple objective function and a global optimum search method, the SCE-UA method. The objective function is to establish ways to maintain target reservoir storage amounts, to satisfy the demand for water, and to maximize the hydro-electric power outputs. To evaluate the model's applicability, the model is applied to operations of an irrigation reservoir and a multi-outlet reservoir. In addition, the model is used for assessing an additional water supply project to satisfy increasing water demand downstream. The results after comparing optimal operations and historical data in three case studies show that the model can provide reasonable results and, consequently, it can be used for assessing water supply capacities of reservoirs. References Duan, Q., Soroooshian, S., & Gupta, V. K. (1994). Optimal use of the SCE-UA global optimization method for calibrating watershed models. Journal of Hydrology, 158, 265-284. Dandy G. C., Connarty, M. C., & Loucks, D. P. (1997). Comparison of methods for yield assessment of multiple reservoir systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 123(6), 350-358. Wurbs, R. A. (1993). Reservoir-system simulation and optimization models. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 119(4), 455-472. Yeh, W. W-G. (1985). Reservoir management and operation models: A state-of-art review. Water Resources Research, 21(12), 1797-1818.
Characteristics of Heavy Metal Contents in Marine Sediment and Paddy Soil of South Korea Jaesung Park 1 , Younghwan Son 2 *, Sookack Noh 1 , Taeho Bong 1 1 Gratuate Student of department of rural systems eng. of Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea 2 Professor of department of rural systems eng. of Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea *Corresponding author. E-mail: syh86@snu.ac.kr Abstract This paper was aimed to characterize the behavior of heavy metals in soil particle and pore water. Pore water is an element of three phases of a soil system with soil particle and air. It has become important to collect pore water and to analyze properties of pore water in various environmental engineering fields such as sediment quality assessment, soil physics and geo-environmental studies. The analysis of pore water contamination is also very important in agricultural research because most plants are grown in the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). In this study, two kinds of samples were used to measure and compare the concentrations of heavy metal content. One was marine sediment soil, which was obtained from Young-il Bay, Southeastern coastal part of South Korea. The other was paddy soil sample, which was taken from a farm in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Each specimen was separated into three types - oven dried soil particles, dilution sample (soil:water=1:3) and pore water. Pore water was extracted from each soil sample by the squeezing method (ASTM D4542). The concentrations of heavy metal including Cd, Cu, Pb, As, Zn, Ni, Hg and Cr were measured by the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) method and the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP) method. In soil particles, the concentrations of most heavy metals in paddy soil were 2~6 times greater than those of marine sediment. This is probably due to paddy site is located near metropolitan area where is most likely to be polluted. In pore water and dilution samples, heavy metal concentrations of pore water were detected while those of dilution water samples were below detection limit for most heavy metals. This may indicate that it is not appropriate to use dilution water for the assessment of soil heavy metal contamination. Especially, the copper ion was higher than any other heavy metals in pore water as compared with soil particles. The copper tends to be ionized more readily and thus it could affect the growth of crops. Therefore, it is important to measure the concentrations of copper in pore water as well as soil solid in order to understand their relationship each other. This study will help estimate the level of soil solid contamination using the analysis of heavy metal contents in pore water. Key words: heavy-metals, pore-water, soil-contamination, paddy-soil, marine-sediment 1. Introduction Soil is the most basic environmental factor as water and air. Recently, it has become an important research area in environmental fields to research about heavy metal contamination of soil. Because the soil contaminant is very low fluidity, it has characteristic which is cause long-term contamination in soil systems. So, when the soil is polluted, it is costly and timeconsuming in order to recover. Also, the polluted soil can be harm to humans through the food chain as shown in Fig. 1
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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We used a completely randomized in
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5. References AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT,
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2 However, the cultures are not alw
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4 TABEL 2: Mean values of radiation
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accumulated ETo (mm dia -1 ) 6 900
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only the expansion of agricultural
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FIGURE 2: Content of chlorophyll a,
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Coeffic
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were respectively applied in the fi
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
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extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
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Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
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measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
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FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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