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productive varieties to be grown, which typically require more water and more technologically. Irrigated crops with moderate irrigation requirements, such as table grapes, show highly inelastic demand curves, at least in the first price phases. As this resource becomes more expensive, demand falls while the surface area with marginal management increases, which may be the step prior to future crop abandonment. For the typical rainfed crops, the demand curves display strong inelasticity, demonstrating the huge value of having an extra cubic meter of water, this to be applied at specific moments and in low doses. In general, Mediterranean crops make very efficient use of the water supplied, even at doses below agronomic irrigation needs. Allocations should be supplied at the point in time most crucial to the crop, which often coincides with reduced water availability, and this availability becomes a more limiting factor than the price. This does not mean water high prices can be paid, since the real affordable price is much lower. Water prices to be paid can theoretically be very high, which does not indicate that sustained high prices are to be met. In fact, the first step taken by farmers is to increase the surface area with marginal management (prior step to abandonment) and concentrate investment in the more profitable fields or varieties. Therefore, it is foreseeable that a tariff policy implementing high prices would result in the gradual abandonment of Mediterranean crop cultivation and thereby reduce the economic activity in large tracts of land, especially in the inland regions. 6. Acknowledgment We are grateful to the financial aid received from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the ERDF through the GEAMED project "Gestión y eficiencia del Uso Sostenible del agua de Riego en la Cuenca mediterránea" (AGL2010-22221-C02-01). References Bazzani, G.M., Di-Pasquale, S., Gallerani, V. & Viaggi, D. (2004). Irrigated agriculture in Italy and water regulation under the European Union water framework directive. Water Resource Research, Vol. 40(7), W07S04. ISSN 0043-1397 Fernández-Zamudio, M.A. & De-Miguel, M.D. (2006). Sustainable management for woody crops in Mediterranean dry-lands. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 4(2), pp. 111-123. ISSN: 1695-971-X Fernández-Zamudio, M.A., Alcón, F. & De-Miguel, M.D. (2007). Irrigation water pricing policy and its effects on sustainability of table grape production in Spain. Agrociencia, Vol. 41(7), pp. 805-845. ISSN: 1405-3195 Gurovich, L.A. (2002). Irrigation scheduling of table grapes under drip irrigation: an approach for saving irrigation water and energy cost in Chile. International Water Irrigation, Vol. 22(2), pp. 44-50. INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística). (March, 2011). Estadísticas agrarias. Encuesta sobre la estructura de las explotaciones agrícolas. Available from http://www.ine.es/inebase/menu6_agr.htm Jorge, R.F., Costa-Freitas, M.B., Seabra; M.L. & Ventura, M.R. (2003). Droughts: will farmers change therir decisions? New Medit, Vol. 2(4), pp. 46-50. ISSN: 1594-5685. Keeney, R.L. & Raiffa, H. (1976). Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade offs. John Wiley & Sons, New York. MARM (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of Spain). (March, 2011). Anuario de estadística. Available from http://www.marm.es/es/estadistica/temas/anuario-deestadistica/default.aspx Sumpsi, J.M., Garrido, A., Blanco, M., Varela, C. & Iglesias, E. (1998). Economía y Política de Gestión del Agua en la Agricultura. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Ed. Mundi Prensa, ISBN: 84-7114-781-5, Madrid, Spain. 6
YIELD AND BEAN SIZE OF COFFEA ARABICA (CV CATUAÍ) CULTIVED UNDER DIFFERENT POPULATION ARRANGEMENTS AND WATER AVAILABILITY Eduardo A. A. Barbosa 1 , Emilio Sakai 2 , Jane M. C. Silveira 3 , Regina C. M. Pires 2 1 Ph.D. Student in Agricultural Engineering, FEAGRI/UNICAMP, Campinas – SP; 2 Researcher, D.Sc, (IAC/APTA), Campinas –SP; 3 Researcher, D.Sc, APTA Regional Nordeste Paulista, Mococa –SP. Abstract: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation under different population arrangements on coffee productivity and bean size classification according to sieve retention of two harvests (2008/2009 and 2009/2010). The experiment with Coffea arabica L. cv Catuaí was carried out in Mococa, São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was a 6 x 2 factorial scheme in randomized blocks, with four replications. The six densities of plantation were E1 (1.60 x 0.50); E2 (1.60 x 0.75); E3 (1.60 x 1.00); E4 (3.20 x 0.50); E5 (3.20 x 0.75) and E6 (3.20 x 1.00), which were divided in irrigated and non-irrigated groups. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and averages compared by Tukey test at 1 and 5% of probability. In the first two years of Catuaí coffee crop cultivation, the adoption of irrigation was more advantageous in denser crops, ensuring higher production of processed coffee. In the first years the adoption of irrigation technique provided an increase in bean size. In this cycle the average temperatures during the grain filling stage, were lower than the observed temperatures in the 2009/2010 crop cycle. When there was high water availability due to the rain, irrigation did not affected grain size and grain type, but when there was low water availability, the adoption of irrigation technique increased grain size. In the first year, the cultivation without irrigation had a higher percentage of peaberry beans in relation to irrigate group. The production of peaberries is partially related to adverse environmental factors, mainly in the flowering and fruiting. So appropriate management of irrigation in these phases provided better conditions for the formation of beans, thus reducing the percentage of peaberries. Keyword: Drip irrigation, Plant density, Fertigation 1. Introduction The adoption of irrigation in coffee crop is becoming increasingly common (Rezende et al. 2006) due to increases in grain yield provided by the technique, since the soil water deficit is a main factor that affects the productivity of coffee (DaMatta & Ramalho, 2006). Other benefit of irrigation system is to allow a lower dependence on climatic factors. In Brazil, according to the study of Esperancini and Paes (2005), adoption of drip irrigation has been shown as economically viable. The adequate water supply to plants favors photosynthesis and therefore greater availability of assimilates to fill the coffee beans (Barros et al 1997). In the culture of coffee, studies on the use of irrigation show different effects on grain size. Rezende et al. (2006) and Silva et al. (2009) found effect on the average sieve with the use of irrigation and Custodio et al (2007), analyzing five seasons, found no effect of irrigation in four seasons. Another advantage of irrigation in coffee is the synchronization of flowering, allowing a more uniform ripening of the grains (Masarirambi, 2009).
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POSTER SW: SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERI
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Presenter: Jose Euclides Paterniani
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1 Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Matsura Department of hydraulic and
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P-2064 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF
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temperature-based (e.g., Thornthwai
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two types of reference surfaces rep
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(d) Baft (c) Bam (b) Kerma n (a) Ji
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Estevez, J., Gavilan, P., & Berenge
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The hy
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Ia = n × v ec Equation 3 which: Ia
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5. References ALLEN, R.G.; PEREIRA,
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The density analysis was performed
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Figure1 - Relationship between the
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4 Conclusions • The density obtai
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characteristics resulting from of g
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Table1. Morphological characteristi
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Transpiration of Eucalyptus spp see
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The fertilization growth and harden
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Cool, J. B., Rodrigo, G. N., Garcí
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Abstract Agriculture and water sour
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In 1985 and 1986 hygienic protectio
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spring area. It is also prohibited
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Biological Nitrogen Fixation In Gen
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Page 77 and 78: This method consists of covering th
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Page 83 and 84: WATER TREATMENT BY COAGULATION WITH
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Page 87 and 88: 3.2. Determination of the required
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Page 99: higher demand than those of scenari
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Page 107 and 108: SUGARCANE FERTIRRIGATED WITH MINERA
Page 109 and 110: 3. Results and Discussion The value
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Page 113 and 114: Optimal Reservoir Operation Model w
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Page 117 and 118: (a) Calibration (b) Verification Fi
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Page 121 and 122: 2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study
Page 123 and 124: TABLE 2: Devices for collecting of
Page 125 and 126: Calibration of Hargreaves Equation
Page 127 and 128: Relative error (RE): Index of agree
Page 129 and 130: Stochastic modelling of Contaminant
Page 131 and 132: widely used for various fields such
Page 133 and 134: show that Extvalue and Logistic dis
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Page 139 and 140: them cover similar percentages. Dur
Page 141 and 142: Relationship among compaction, mois
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Page 145 and 146: Figure 9 High compaction. Bulk dens
Page 147 and 148: Simulation of water flow with root
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Operation and Energy Optimization M
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Urmia Salt Lake Urmia FIGURE 1: Gha
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changes have been done in system. F
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Application of Surface Cover and So
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significantly lower than those from
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Choi, J. D., (1997). Effect of Rura
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1.1. Scope and aim The growth of th
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Therefore, the remaining works are
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network makes such volumes unaccept
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Reclaimed wastewater reuse has been
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Fig. 2 shows the monitoring results
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3. Conclusions Reclaimed wastewater
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Q P Ia 2 P Ia S for P≥Ia Q 0
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data P (mm), gauged in 130 pluviogr
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TABLE 2: CN emp values obtained for
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References Chapman, T. G. & Maxwell
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This work, after applying Kennessey
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TABLE 2 - Partial runoff coefficien
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Figure 3 also reports a comparison
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2. Material and Methods The experim
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TABLE 2: Summary of variance analys
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BEZERRA, I. L.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNA
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2. Materials and Methods The study
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Figure 3. Hourly values of ET estim
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Ortega-Farias, S.O., Cuenca, R.H.,
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2 Material end methods The wastewat
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Queiroz et al. (2004) and (Fonseca
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Reference list CEREDA, M.P. (2001)
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2. Data and Methods 2.1. Methods Ir
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3. Results The water balance model
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Acknowledgments This work was carri
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and the need to reduce costs, it be
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40 mm 65.30 59.00 8.70 8.10 60 mm 6
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REFERENCES BERTRAND, J. P. et al. L
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The mathematical modeling in the wa
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OD (mg L -1 ) OD obs (mg L -1 ) TAB
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OD (mg L -1 ) DBO (mg L -1 ) 8,00 7
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Effect of Rice Straw Mulch on Runof
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mg/L, 14.6 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, resp
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1 PAPAYA SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION FROM
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3 into an oven with circulating air
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5 14 12 Stem diameter (mm) 10 8 6 4
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7 Root dry matter (g plant -1 ) 8 7
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CAVALCANTE, L. F.; CORDEIRO, J. C.;
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This document was created with Win2
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extractable and non-extractable bou
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MOD-E and MOD-B, and 65.99% and 80.
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Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud,
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measures water content and electric
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As observed, increasing the dischar
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irrigation: a comparison of point a
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field operations (STRECK et al., 20
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3. Results and discussions Table 1
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4. Conclusions It can be concluded
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water maintenance. At the same time
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TABLE 1 Stream discharge for each m
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TABLE 5 Correlation analysis of wat
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turbulent flow energy produced by w
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The numerical model was validated a
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4. Conclusion FIGURE 6: The shape o
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2.1 Case study The Zayandeh-Rud bas
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economic factors. In this is a very
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FIGURE 1. Location of the Wuliangsu
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WT( o C) (a) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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• The effectiveness of the crop c
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As evidenced by Rana et al. (2005),
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1.20 1.20 2010 2011 0.90 0.90 K c 0
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elationships. There is forest area,
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B = ( c − a) A − ( c − d) c
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References Choi, W.-J., Lee, S.-M.,
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of faecal bacteria (Kummerer, 2004;
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FIGURE 1 - Project tasks and links
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Oliveira, A.B. & Henriques, M. (201
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1 Introduction To irrigate is to su
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the inverter that provides a refere
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OLIVEIRA FILHO, D. ; SAMPAIO, R. P.
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1.1 Description of the Study Area T
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Refrences: Bruce J.P. (1994). Natur
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RE because it has the advantages ov
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with L 1 2 com obs J ( k ) = ∑{ f
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Relative hydraulic conductivity r 1
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surfaces requires information on th
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climate. Therefore a special coeffi
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FIGURE 2: The relation between K pa
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Coagulation using Moringa oleifera
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After the assembly of the experimen
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For the positive control test, the
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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL OF PRINCIP
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The multiple regression equations w
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Table 3 - Regression models that be
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Is Imaging Analysis Quantifying the
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of the computer. All additional ima
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The final enhanced images were segm
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image analysis is well suited and f
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EVALUATION OF CROP CANOPY EFFECT ON
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∂e ∂e ∂e + u + v ∂t ∂x
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4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spat
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Benchmarking of Irrigated Agricultu
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Indicators can be thought of as sta
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total area is about 13,700 km2. The
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