RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

More documents

Recommendations

Info

A3 Encapsulation A3.1 Overview Development of the technology for encapsulation is in an intensive phase. The work is now focused on the supporting material for the permit application for the encapsulation plant. After a permit has been granted, the focus will shift to construction, commissioning and trial operation. According to SKB’s timetable, it should be possible to obtain a licence for operation of the encapsulation plant by 2017. The basic requirements on encapsulation are that the canisters to be deposited must be leaktight, possess long-term corrosion resistance in the environment existing in the deep repository, and be able to withstand the loads predicted to arise after deposition. They must be functionally unaffected by the handling chain from sealing to deposition. The work of deriving quantitative requirements regarding material quality and dimensions, as well as tolerances in fabrication and sealing, from these basic requirements has been under way for a long time. Figure 6 is a simplified illustration of the flow in the encapsulation process. There are different methods for fabrication of the canister’s components. In cooperation with suppliers, SKB has refined and tested several methods on a full scale. This work will be pursued further in order to arrive at a finished industrial-scale fabrication process. A key component in the production process is sealing, which takes place directly after fuel assemblies have been placed in the canister. Sealing consists of welding a copper lid on the copper tube that comprises the canister’s outer shell. Extensive development work is required in order to be able to weld with sufficiently high reliability in the relevant materials and thicknesses. SKB is developing two methods – EBW (electron beam welding) and FSW (friction stir welding). In parallel with the development of fabrication and sealing methods, techniques are being developed for quality inspection by means of nondestructive testing. In order to ensure that the quality goals are achieved, a quality assurance system is being developed. The system stipulates quality requirements and how they are to be satisfied and documented. It includes procedures and quality plans, as well as requirements on testing methods and associated acceptance criteria. Methods and suppliers for fabrication, sealing and inspection will be qualified, and a dialogue is being held with SKI regarding the forms for this qualification. Even though the production process is being developed towards the goal of very high reliability, the risk that canisters that fail to satisfy the specifications will nevertheless occasionally be produced and pass the inspection system must be taken into consideration. This risk must be quantified and taken into account in the safety assessments. This quantification will be based on trial production and statistical evaluation of the resulting quality. The risk that a canister will fail to satisfy the specifications is dependent on the reliability of both the welding process and the quality control system. Clab Supplier A Spent nuclear fuel Canister factory Canisters Encapsulation plant Encapsulated nuclear fuel Deep repository Supplier B Figure 6. Overview of the production process. 376 RD&D-Programme 2004
Time horizon 2017 The current phase in the implementation of encapsulation is dominated by development and testing of technology and processes, which will gradually phase into qualification of established systems and procedures. Within a time horizon of 2017, the programme will also undergo design, construction and commissioning phases, after which an operating phase will commence in 2017. Figure 7 shows an implementation plan for encapsulation, up to the start of operation. Encapsulation 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Encapsulation plant Layout D Main documents Design basis Documentation PSR Construction Rock works SSR Buildings, installations, process equipment Commissioning Components, systems, trial operation Consultations, EIA Early Extended, EIA System analyses Sysdjup Sysinka Safety assessments SR-Site SR-Can Canister development Sealing welding EBW and FSW Verification and demo Sealing welding chosen method Training of personnel Sealing Fabrication methods Fabrication technology Development of methods and design Production system – canisters Fabrication of canisters according to verified method Fabrication of inserts and copper tubes Qualification Programme – NDT, fabrication methods Preparations for qualification Procedures for qualification Genomförande Canister factory Siting, design Construction, installations Commissioning Milestones Permit application encapsulation plant Permit encapsulation plant Operating licence application Initial operation Operating licence 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Figure 7. Plan for encapsulation, 2003–2018. RD&D-Programme 2004 377
Page 1 and 2:
Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
Page 3 and 4:
Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
Page 5 and 6:
welding and nondestructive testing
Page 7 and 8:
Alternative methods. SKB is followi
Page 9 and 10:
5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
Page 11 and 12:
15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
Page 13 and 14:
18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
Page 15 and 16:
Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
Page 17 and 18:
Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
Page 23 and 24:
Siting SKB’s main alternative is
Page 25 and 26:
Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
Page 27 and 28:
2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
Page 29 and 30:
Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
Page 31 and 32:
2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
Page 33 and 34:
environment. The barriers can also
Page 35 and 36:
this cooperation entails that the o
Page 37 and 38:
4 Overview - technology development
Page 39 and 40:
4.7 Design of the deep repository T
Page 41 and 42:
Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
Page 43 and 44:
Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 45 and 46:
Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
Page 49 and 50:
Programme The development project c
Page 51 and 52:
Programme Trial fabrication of all
Page 53 and 54:
The technology and procedures for c
Page 55 and 56:
A method and equipment based on las
Page 57 and 58:
Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
Page 59 and 60:
Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
Page 61 and 62:
2004 2005 Process model welding met
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
6.2.2 The welding process In parall
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
Page 69 and 70:
Tensile test bars have been taken o
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
6.3.3 The welding process The param
Page 75 and 76:
A limitation in the evaluation of t
Page 77 and 78:
Nondestructive testing methods such
Page 79 and 80:
a b Through-transmission Reflection
Page 81 and 82:
simulation program, and the body of
Page 83 and 84:
SKB has devised a quality system fo
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
Page 91 and 92:
The filled canister transport casks
Page 93 and 94:
Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
Page 97 and 98:
9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
Page 99 and 100:
9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
Page 101 and 102:
absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
Page 103 and 104:
Applicable international and Swedis
Page 105 and 106:
een specified yet. Since the size o
Page 107 and 108:
• Methods exist for full-face dri
Page 109 and 110:
Programme SKB keeps track of curren
Page 111 and 112:
Judgement with regard to long-term
Page 113 and 114:
Furthermore, it must not have an ad
Page 115 and 116:
Studies of equipment will be conduc
Page 117 and 118:
A third type of seal is intended to
Page 119 and 120:
10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
Page 121 and 122:
the long-term safety of the concept
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
Page 129 and 130:
Programme Design step D, which incl
Page 131 and 132:
12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
Page 133 and 134:
• Trigger levels for action. •
Page 135 and 136:
Part III Safety assessment and rese
Page 137 and 138:
As a complement to the numerical mo
Page 139 and 140:
Table 13-2. Research on the initial
Page 141 and 142:
13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
Page 143 and 144:
Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
Page 145 and 146:
spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
Page 147 and 148:
concepts or whose descriptions requ
Page 149 and 150:
14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
Page 151 and 152:
At present, the computational time
Page 153 and 154:
Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
Page 155 and 156:
15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
Page 157 and 158:
7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
Page 159 and 160:
15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
Page 161 and 162:
15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
Page 163 and 164:
simulating the repository environme
Page 165 and 166:
238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
Page 167 and 168:
The catalytic effect of uranium dio
Page 169 and 170:
oxidant consumption in the bulk sol
Page 171 and 172:
The influence of hydrogen peroxide
Page 173 and 174:
A research programme to study cast
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
Page 179 and 180:
Programme The ongoing experiments w
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Programme Short-term tests aimed at
Page 185 and 186:
Swelling properties The buffer must
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
have been performed for some ten co
Page 191 and 192:
17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
Page 193 and 194:
out when the buffer swells, but our
Page 195 and 196:
These processes have been studied i
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
• The gas injection phase will be
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
Page 207 and 208:
• Tests of the wetting process cl
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
Page 213 and 214:
These phenomena have been studied b
Page 215 and 216:
17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
Page 217 and 218:
Programme SKB does not consider sor
Page 219 and 220:
18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
Page 221 and 222:
Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
Page 223 and 224:
The wetting of the backfill from th
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
ackfill must have a compression mod
Page 229 and 230:
Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
Page 231 and 232:
18.2.23 Radionuclide transport - so
Page 233 and 234:
10 -5 I-129 Release rate (moles/yea
Page 235 and 236:
and the rock matrix, is also crucia
Page 237 and 238:
A thermal model will be constructed
Page 239 and 240:
In a continuation of the super-regi
Page 241 and 242:
A thorough overview has been done o
Page 243 and 244:
The authorities are of the opinion
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
19.2.11 Advection/mixing - groundwa
Page 249 and 250:
a so-called Markov-directed Random
Page 251 and 252:
Diffusion measurements in the labor
Page 253 and 254:
Uranium series analyses from clay-
Page 255 and 256:
19.2.18 Microbial processes Conclus
Page 257 and 258:
19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
Page 259 and 260:
19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
Page 261 and 262:
19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
Page 263 and 264:
development that has taken place ha
Page 265 and 266:
20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
Page 267 and 268:
work will continue, particularly in
Page 269 and 270:
2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
Page 271 and 272:
The above work will be pursued in c
Page 273 and 274:
certain substances, such as uranium
Page 275 and 276:
In connection with the Safe project
Page 277 and 278:
20.9 International work and dissemi
Page 279 and 280:
the underlying material are current
Page 281 and 282:
These reports describe dominant fun
Page 283 and 284:
Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
Page 285 and 286:
Shoreline displacement has an isost
Page 287 and 288:
The hydromechanical modellings that
Page 289 and 290:
model that includes these factors a
Page 291 and 292:
The salinity of the sea, inland sea
Page 293 and 294:
• Public opinion and attitudes -
Page 295 and 296:
Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
Page 297 and 298:
Previously existing material is bei
Page 299 and 300:
• The driving forces behind the d
Page 301 and 302:
• Very effective methods for tran
Page 303 and 304:
• A subcritical nuclear reactor w
Page 305 and 306:
out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
Page 307 and 308:
Important results since 2001 includ
Page 309 and 310:
Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
Page 311 and 312:
Kasam says that disposal in Very De
Page 313 and 314: 24 Decommissioning The facilities c
Page 315 and 316: SKB is responsible for management a
Page 317 and 318: 25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
Page 319 and 320: 25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
Page 321 and 322: Programme Work on the design of the
Page 323 and 324: observation is that isosaccharinic
Page 325 and 326: stored so that the material can be
Page 327 and 328: 6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
Page 329 and 330: Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
Page 331 and 332: 15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
Page 333 and 334: 17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
Page 335 and 336: 19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
Page 337 and 338: 19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
Page 339 and 340: 20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
Page 341 and 342: 20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
Page 343 and 344: 20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 20
Page 345 and 346: 23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
Page 347 and 348: SKB’s master plan Appendix A
Page 349 and 350: A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
Page 351 and 352: generations unnecessarily. Another
Page 353 and 354: Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
Page 355 and 356: facilitated by the fact that the re
Page 357 and 358: A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
Page 359 and 360: The system analyses will be largely
Page 361 and 362: Two safety reports will therefore b
Page 363: KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
Page 367 and 368: 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
Page 369 and 370: In the subsequent phase, verificati
Page 371 and 372: The canister development work will
Page 373 and 374: Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
Page 375 and 376: A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
Page 377 and 378: Already in the feasibility study, l
Page 379 and 380: In step D2, the facility descriptio
Page 381 and 382: Table 4. Current situation and prel
Page 383 and 384: 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
Page 385 and 386: Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
Page 387 and 388: A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
Page 389 and 390: A possible alternative scenario is
Page 391 and 392: of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
Page 393 and 394: Between now and 2008, an organizati
Page 395 and 396: Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
Page 397 and 398: GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
Page 399 and 400: PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
Page 401: ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
show all

RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?