RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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21 Climate On the time scale for which the performance and safety of a final repository for spent nuclear fuel are studied, i.e. hundreds of thousands of years and even longer, the Scandinavian climate has undergone repeated ice ages. Over the past 800,000 years or so, a cyclic pattern has dominated climate variation. A cycle consists of roughly 100,000 years long periods with a progressively colder climate, known as glacials, ended by a rapid transition to shorter periods with a warm climate similar to today’s, known as interglacials. During the glacial periods, which consist of warmer and colder phases, ice sheets have successively – by repeated advances and decays – grown to reaching a maximum extent towards the end of the period, see Figure 21-1. With a view towards the processes that are of importance for the performance and safety of a deep repository, three characteristic climate-driven process domains can be identified during a glacial period and the intervening interglacial periods. Climate-driven process domains, in the following called climate domains, are defined as climate-determined environments in which a number of characteristic conditions prevail. The three climate domains are: • Glacial domain. • Permafrost domain. • Temperate/boreal domain. The climate domains comprise a general description of the characteristic conditions, with an emphasis on those processes that are of importance for the performance and safety of the deep repository. Extremes, which can be made site-specific, can be identified within each climate domain. Changes in the climate can be seen as variations of the extent of the climate domains in time and space. The different climate domains succeed each other in a cyclical pattern, see Figure 21-2. On any given site, the succession may not include all the climate domains shown in the figure. On a high-lying site in southeastern Sweden, for example, a period with permafrost may be followed directly by a temperate/boreal domain without an intervening period with a glacial domain. Depending on the geographic location, the periods with different climate domains will also differ in length. It is reasonable to assume that the climatic progression we have seen over the past 800,000 years, with glacials succeeded by interglacials, will be repeated in the future. In recent decades, man’s impact on the climate has been a much-debated scientific and social issue. The debate has focused on human greenhouse gas emissions, which are believed to cause global warming. Model simulations /21-1, 21-2/ show that as a result of human emissions of Luleå Kiruna Malmö Stockholm 100,000 50,000 0 Figure 21-1. Schematic drawing of the advance of the ice sheet during the most recent glacial period – the Weichselian. RD&D-Programme 2004 291
Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Boreal Boreal Temperate Figure 21-2. Climate-related changes can be viewed as a cycle with successive transitions between periods of different length when different climate domains prevail. greenhouse gases, the current period of warm interglacial climate may turn out to be very long. This is another conceivable future scenario. Current knowledge of the earth’s climate system is not sufficient to predict the climate over the long spans of time involved here. There are great uncertainties associated with each climate scenario, both ice age and greenhouse scenarios. Based on current knowledge, it is however possible to describe with resonable confidence the limits within which the Scandinavian climate has varied, and will vary, both in a long-term perspective and with regard to man’s influence on the climate. If it can be shown that the repository will remain safe during the different possible climate domains, the actual climatic evolution is of less importance. SKB is therefore focusing its research efforts within the climate field on identifying and understanding the conditions and processes within each climate domain that are of importance for the repository and its safety. In the studies of the climate domains, it is important to include conceivable transitions between different climate domains and to investigate the importance of the duration of the different domains. An important process in the latter contexts is shoreline displacement. It is caused above all by the build-up and melting of ice sheets, which are processes that belong to the glacial domain but is of great importance also for the conditions during both the permafrost domain and the temperate/boreal domain. The extent of the continental ice sheet is crucial for the prevailing climate domain. Simulations of the Scandinavian ice sheet using numerical ice sheet modelling therefore comprise a key project in SKB’s climate programme. A well-underpinned description of the most recent glacial period – the Weichselian – is necessary to interpret and understand current conditions and to study many of the climate-related processes that are of importance for the performance and safety of a deep repository. 292 RD&D-Programme 2004
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Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
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Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
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welding and nondestructive testing
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Alternative methods. SKB is followi
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5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
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15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
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18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
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Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
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Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
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Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
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Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
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Siting SKB’s main alternative is
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Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
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2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
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environment. The barriers can also
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this cooperation entails that the o
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4 Overview - technology development
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4.7 Design of the deep repository T
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Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
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Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
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Programme The development project c
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Programme Trial fabrication of all
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The technology and procedures for c
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A method and equipment based on las
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Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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2004 2005 Process model welding met
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6.2.2 The welding process In parall
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Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
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Tensile test bars have been taken o
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6.3.3 The welding process The param
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A limitation in the evaluation of t
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Nondestructive testing methods such
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a b Through-transmission Reflection
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simulation program, and the body of
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SKB has devised a quality system fo
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8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
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Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
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The filled canister transport casks
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Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
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Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
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9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
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9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
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absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
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Applicable international and Swedis
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een specified yet. Since the size o
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• Methods exist for full-face dri
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Programme SKB keeps track of curren
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Judgement with regard to long-term
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Furthermore, it must not have an ad
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Studies of equipment will be conduc
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A third type of seal is intended to
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10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
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the long-term safety of the concept
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11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
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Programme Design step D, which incl
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12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
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• Trigger levels for action. •
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Part III Safety assessment and rese
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As a complement to the numerical mo
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Table 13-2. Research on the initial
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13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
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Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
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spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
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concepts or whose descriptions requ
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14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
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At present, the computational time
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Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
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15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
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7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
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15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
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15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
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simulating the repository environme
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238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
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The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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oxidant consumption in the bulk sol
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The influence of hydrogen peroxide
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A research programme to study cast
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16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
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Programme The ongoing experiments w
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Programme Short-term tests aimed at
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Swelling properties The buffer must
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have been performed for some ten co
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17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
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out when the buffer swells, but our
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These processes have been studied i
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• The gas injection phase will be
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19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
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• Tests of the wetting process cl
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Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
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These phenomena have been studied b
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17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
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Programme SKB does not consider sor
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18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
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Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
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The wetting of the backfill from th
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ackfill must have a compression mod
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Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
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Page 235 and 236: and the rock matrix, is also crucia
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Page 239 and 240: In a continuation of the super-regi
Page 241 and 242: A thorough overview has been done o
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Page 245 and 246: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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Page 251 and 252: Diffusion measurements in the labor
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Page 257 and 258: 19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
Page 259 and 260: 19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
Page 261 and 262: 19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
Page 263 and 264: development that has taken place ha
Page 265 and 266: 20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
Page 267 and 268: work will continue, particularly in
Page 269 and 270: 2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
Page 271 and 272: The above work will be pursued in c
Page 273 and 274: certain substances, such as uranium
Page 275 and 276: In connection with the Safe project
Page 277 and 278: 20.9 International work and dissemi
Page 279 and 280: the underlying material are current
Page 281: These reports describe dominant fun
Page 285 and 286: Shoreline displacement has an isost
Page 287 and 288: The hydromechanical modellings that
Page 289 and 290: model that includes these factors a
Page 291 and 292: The salinity of the sea, inland sea
Page 293 and 294: • Public opinion and attitudes -
Page 295 and 296: Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
Page 297 and 298: Previously existing material is bei
Page 299 and 300: • The driving forces behind the d
Page 301 and 302: • Very effective methods for tran
Page 303 and 304: • A subcritical nuclear reactor w
Page 305 and 306: out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
Page 307 and 308: Important results since 2001 includ
Page 309 and 310: Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
Page 311 and 312: Kasam says that disposal in Very De
Page 313 and 314: 24 Decommissioning The facilities c
Page 315 and 316: SKB is responsible for management a
Page 317 and 318: 25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
Page 319 and 320: 25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
Page 321 and 322: Programme Work on the design of the
Page 323 and 324: observation is that isosaccharinic
Page 325 and 326: stored so that the material can be
Page 327 and 328: 6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
Page 329 and 330: Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
Page 331 and 332: 15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
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17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
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19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
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19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
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20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
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20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
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20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 20
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23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
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SKB’s master plan Appendix A
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A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
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generations unnecessarily. Another
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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facilitated by the fact that the re
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A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
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The system analyses will be largely
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Two safety reports will therefore b
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KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
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Time horizon 2017 The current phase
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
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In the subsequent phase, verificati
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The canister development work will
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Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
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A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
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Already in the feasibility study, l
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In step D2, the facility descriptio
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Table 4. Current situation and prel
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
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Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
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A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
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A possible alternative scenario is
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of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
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Between now and 2008, an organizati
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Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
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GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
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PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
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ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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