RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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One of the central questions is how the risk measure is to be applied in accordance with SSI’s regulations and how the tools and models are to be adapted accordingly. SKB is awaiting SSI’s general recommendations when it comes to this question. The tools also need to be developed to be able to handle, effectively and flexibly, the new processes that have been identified and the site-specific data that will be produced, see section 20.11. Planned workshops will be important forums for coordinating the assessment of site data with the assessment of the repository’s long-term safety. Methods and knowledge concerning the consequences of radionuclides for the environment will be developed in close connection with the results that have been produced by Fasset and will be produced by Erica. The systems ecology models being developed by SKB are well-suited for calculating the concentration in different types of biota. 20.11 Supportive research for site investigation programme Conceptual and quantitative uncertainties in the biosphere are largely caused by a lack of, and poor quality of, site data. To support the development of dose models and furnish site-specific data for the safety assessments, data need to be gathered during site investigations. A number of examples have been given in the above paragraphs. When it comes to the biosphere, in contrast to other disciplines, SKB has relatively little experience historically of gathering data from field investigations. That is why methods have been developed at the same time as available knowledge and resources have been compiled. The goal, however, is that most of the data collection should take place within SKB’s site investigation organization. The site investigation programme is one of the most extensive data collection efforts for simultaneous measurement of parameters ever undertaken in Sweden on a limited site. Variables and parameters judged to be important to collect in a site investigation were given in a report /20-5/. The site investigation has also been coordinated with the geosphere programme in order to find common needs of data for boundary conditions, material for the environmental impact assessment, material for future monitoring programmes, and measures to reduce environmental disturbances in connection with the site investigations. A great emphasis has also been placed on identifying the impact different investigations have on each other. The site investigation programme is described in /20-2, 20-5/, and the first summarizing results can be found in version 1.1, which is the first site investigation for each site. The site descriptions are based on a series of background reports which describe the various parts of the ecosystems, for example vegetation /20-47/, fauna, topography, climate, land use and deposits. Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its review See section 20.2. Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001 The biggest effort of recent years has been to convey the safety assessment’s data needs to the site investigation organization, and furnish experts in different fields to plan and execute investigations in the surface ecosystems /20-55, 20-69, 20-70, 20-78/. A heavy emphasis has been placed on planning and optimizing the site investigations and the analysis work so that the results are of good enough quality to be used for safety assessment, understanding of processes and modelling /20-2/. A technical group, EKG, has been started with monthly meetings to expedite the exchange of information between site investigations, the analysis group, safety assessment and research. Important new insights that have led to a better understanding of processes and the distribution of features in the ecosystems have been described in a number of reports. The aquatic ecosystems have been investigated and described in /20-70, 20-75, 20-113/. RD&D-Programme 2004 289
These reports describe dominant functional groups, and their extent and biomass in sea and lakes. Furthermore, the geometric demarcations, for example catchments and their morphometric parameters, have been described /20-70/. Abiotic features in the biosphere such as hydrology, meteorology and Quaternary deposits have been described in /20-25, 20-114 to 20-116/ and terrestrial ecosystems in /20-47, 20-53, 20-54, 20-55, 20-117 to 20-123/. Programme During the coming period, research activities will mainly be needed to support analysis of collected data and to perform in situ measurements of process rates. Close cooperation between research, safety assessment and the site investigations is necessary, and information exchange in the form of workshops and meetings will be developed. Workshops are planned to compile and process information from the sites and build models that describe the flow of materials and radionuclides. At present, workshops have been planned for the terrestrial ecosystems, the interface between geosphere and biosphere, lakes, sea, mire and man. 290 RD&D-Programme 2004
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Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
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Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
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welding and nondestructive testing
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Alternative methods. SKB is followi
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5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
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15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
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18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
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Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
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Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
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Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
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Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
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Siting SKB’s main alternative is
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Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
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2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
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environment. The barriers can also
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this cooperation entails that the o
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4 Overview - technology development
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4.7 Design of the deep repository T
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Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
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Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
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Programme The development project c
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Programme Trial fabrication of all
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The technology and procedures for c
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A method and equipment based on las
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Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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2004 2005 Process model welding met
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6.2.2 The welding process In parall
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Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
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Tensile test bars have been taken o
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6.3.3 The welding process The param
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A limitation in the evaluation of t
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Nondestructive testing methods such
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a b Through-transmission Reflection
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simulation program, and the body of
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SKB has devised a quality system fo
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8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
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Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
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The filled canister transport casks
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Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
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Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
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9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
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9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
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absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
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Applicable international and Swedis
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een specified yet. Since the size o
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• Methods exist for full-face dri
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Programme SKB keeps track of curren
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Judgement with regard to long-term
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Furthermore, it must not have an ad
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Studies of equipment will be conduc
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A third type of seal is intended to
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10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
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the long-term safety of the concept
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11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
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Programme Design step D, which incl
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12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
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• Trigger levels for action. •
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Part III Safety assessment and rese
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As a complement to the numerical mo
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Table 13-2. Research on the initial
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13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
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Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
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spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
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concepts or whose descriptions requ
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14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
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At present, the computational time
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Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
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15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
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7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
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15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
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15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
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simulating the repository environme
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238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
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The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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oxidant consumption in the bulk sol
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The influence of hydrogen peroxide
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A research programme to study cast
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16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
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Programme The ongoing experiments w
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Programme Short-term tests aimed at
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Swelling properties The buffer must
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have been performed for some ten co
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17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
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out when the buffer swells, but our
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These processes have been studied i
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• The gas injection phase will be
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19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
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• Tests of the wetting process cl
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Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
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These phenomena have been studied b
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17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
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Programme SKB does not consider sor
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18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
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Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
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The wetting of the backfill from th
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ackfill must have a compression mod
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Page 235 and 236: and the rock matrix, is also crucia
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Page 239 and 240: In a continuation of the super-regi
Page 241 and 242: A thorough overview has been done o
Page 243 and 244: The authorities are of the opinion
Page 245 and 246: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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Page 251 and 252: Diffusion measurements in the labor
Page 253 and 254: Uranium series analyses from clay-
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Page 257 and 258: 19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
Page 259 and 260: 19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
Page 261 and 262: 19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
Page 263 and 264: development that has taken place ha
Page 265 and 266: 20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
Page 267 and 268: work will continue, particularly in
Page 269 and 270: 2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
Page 271 and 272: The above work will be pursued in c
Page 273 and 274: certain substances, such as uranium
Page 275 and 276: In connection with the Safe project
Page 277 and 278: 20.9 International work and dissemi
Page 279: the underlying material are current
Page 283 and 284: Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
Page 285 and 286: Shoreline displacement has an isost
Page 287 and 288: The hydromechanical modellings that
Page 289 and 290: model that includes these factors a
Page 291 and 292: The salinity of the sea, inland sea
Page 293 and 294: • Public opinion and attitudes -
Page 295 and 296: Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
Page 297 and 298: Previously existing material is bei
Page 299 and 300: • The driving forces behind the d
Page 301 and 302: • Very effective methods for tran
Page 303 and 304: • A subcritical nuclear reactor w
Page 305 and 306: out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
Page 307 and 308: Important results since 2001 includ
Page 309 and 310: Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
Page 311 and 312: Kasam says that disposal in Very De
Page 313 and 314: 24 Decommissioning The facilities c
Page 315 and 316: SKB is responsible for management a
Page 317 and 318: 25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
Page 319 and 320: 25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
Page 321 and 322: Programme Work on the design of the
Page 323 and 324: observation is that isosaccharinic
Page 325 and 326: stored so that the material can be
Page 327 and 328: 6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
Page 329 and 330: Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
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15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
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17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
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19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
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19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
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20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
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20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
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20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 20
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23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
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SKB’s master plan Appendix A
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A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
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generations unnecessarily. Another
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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facilitated by the fact that the re
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A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
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The system analyses will be largely
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Two safety reports will therefore b
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KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
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Time horizon 2017 The current phase
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
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In the subsequent phase, verificati
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The canister development work will
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Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
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A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
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Already in the feasibility study, l
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In step D2, the facility descriptio
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Table 4. Current situation and prel
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
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Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
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A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
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A possible alternative scenario is
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of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
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Between now and 2008, an organizati
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Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
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GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
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PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
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ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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