RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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18 Backfill The backfill in the tunnels is not in itself a barrier in the KBS-3 concept. It is, however, necessary in order for the buffer and the rock to have the desired function. The requirements made on the backfill are: • The backfill must have a stiffness that minimizes the upward expansion of the buffer. The density of the buffer is thereby maintained. • The backfill must have a hydraulic conductivity that is comparable to that of the surrounding rock. Otherwise the deposition tunnels may act as conductive pathways that influence the water flux in the repository. • The backfill must exert a given swelling pressure against the roof to maintain a swelling capacity that can seal possible effects of piping and creep movements in the backfill. The backfill may not have any adverse effect on the barriers in the repository, which imposes some requirements on its chemical composition. SKI points out in its review of RD&D 2001 that the backfill is a prerequisite for ensuring that the buffer performs as intended and that the near-field rock is not short circuited as a barrier against groundwater flow. SKI therefore urges SKB to rapidly determine the requirements and criteria that the backfill material must meet so that, prior to licensing, data and methods can be developed that show how these requirements are met (for example with respect to material choice, application technology and inspection methods). 18.1 Initial state of the backfill 18.1.1 Variables More or less the same set of variables is used to describe the backfill as for the buffer, see Table 17-1. 18.1.2 Geometry The dimensions of the backfill are given by the dimensions of the tunnels. 18.1.3 Pore geometry The initial pore geometry (porosity) of the backfill follows trivially from its material specifications. 18.1.4 Radiation intensity The initial radiation intensity in the backfill is negligible. 18.1.5 Temperature A determination of the initial temperature in the backfill is trivial. It will be close to the initial temperature of the rock. RD&D-Programme 2004 227
18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, together with Posiva, is currently studying a number of different concepts for tunnel backfilling /18-1/. The concepts currently being considered for assessment in SR-Can are either a 30/70 mixture of buffer material and crushed rock that is compacted in situ, or block-pressed Friedland clay, see Figure 18-1. Concept A Bentonite and crushed rock The original reference concept: bentonite (same as for buffer) mixed with crushed rock. Concept B Swelling clay Swelling clay that is compacted in-situ in the tunnel. Friedland clay is currently used as a reference, but many different clays could be possible. Concept C Bentonite blocks Non-swelling clay and bentonite blocks Non-swelling clay with bentonite blocks in the roof. Concept D Bentonite blocks Swelling clay that is compacted to blocks and placed in the tunnel. Friedland clay is currently used as a reference, but many different clays could be possible. Concept E Bentonite blocks Crushed rock Blocks of bentonite of buffer quality alternating with layers of crushed rock in a compartment system. Figure 18-1. Different concepts for backfill currently being investigated. 228 RD&D-Programme 2004
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Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
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Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
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welding and nondestructive testing
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Alternative methods. SKB is followi
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5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
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15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
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18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
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Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
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Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
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Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
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Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
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Siting SKB’s main alternative is
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Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
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2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
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environment. The barriers can also
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this cooperation entails that the o
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4 Overview - technology development
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4.7 Design of the deep repository T
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Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
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Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
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Programme The development project c
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Programme Trial fabrication of all
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The technology and procedures for c
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A method and equipment based on las
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Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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2004 2005 Process model welding met
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6.2.2 The welding process In parall
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Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
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Tensile test bars have been taken o
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6.3.3 The welding process The param
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A limitation in the evaluation of t
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Nondestructive testing methods such
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a b Through-transmission Reflection
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simulation program, and the body of
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SKB has devised a quality system fo
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8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
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Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
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The filled canister transport casks
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Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
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Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
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9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
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9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
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absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
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Applicable international and Swedis
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een specified yet. Since the size o
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• Methods exist for full-face dri
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Programme SKB keeps track of curren
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Judgement with regard to long-term
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Furthermore, it must not have an ad
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Studies of equipment will be conduc
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A third type of seal is intended to
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10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
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the long-term safety of the concept
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11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
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Programme Design step D, which incl
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12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
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• Trigger levels for action. •
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Part III Safety assessment and rese
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As a complement to the numerical mo
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Table 13-2. Research on the initial
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13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
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Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
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spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
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concepts or whose descriptions requ
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14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
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At present, the computational time
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Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
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15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
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7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
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15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
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15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
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simulating the repository environme
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238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
Page 167 and 168: The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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Page 171 and 172: The influence of hydrogen peroxide
Page 173 and 174: A research programme to study cast
Page 175 and 176: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
Page 177 and 178: 16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
Page 179 and 180: Programme The ongoing experiments w
Page 183 and 184: Programme Short-term tests aimed at
Page 185 and 186: Swelling properties The buffer must
Page 189 and 190: have been performed for some ten co
Page 191 and 192: 17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
Page 193 and 194: out when the buffer swells, but our
Page 195 and 196: These processes have been studied i
Page 199 and 200: • The gas injection phase will be
Page 203 and 204: Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 205 and 206: 19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
Page 207 and 208: • Tests of the wetting process cl
Page 211 and 212: Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
Page 213 and 214: These phenomena have been studied b
Page 215 and 216: 17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
Page 217: Programme SKB does not consider sor
Page 221 and 222: Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
Page 223 and 224: The wetting of the backfill from th
Page 225 and 226: Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 227 and 228: ackfill must have a compression mod
Page 229 and 230: Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
Page 231 and 232: 18.2.23 Radionuclide transport - so
Page 233 and 234: 10 -5 I-129 Release rate (moles/yea
Page 235 and 236: and the rock matrix, is also crucia
Page 237 and 238: A thermal model will be constructed
Page 239 and 240: In a continuation of the super-regi
Page 241 and 242: A thorough overview has been done o
Page 243 and 244: The authorities are of the opinion
Page 247 and 248: 19.2.11 Advection/mixing - groundwa
Page 249 and 250: a so-called Markov-directed Random
Page 251 and 252: Diffusion measurements in the labor
Page 253 and 254: Uranium series analyses from clay-
Page 255 and 256: 19.2.18 Microbial processes Conclus
Page 257 and 258: 19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
Page 259 and 260: 19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
Page 261 and 262: 19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
Page 263 and 264: development that has taken place ha
Page 265 and 266: 20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
Page 267 and 268: work will continue, particularly in
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2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
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The above work will be pursued in c
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certain substances, such as uranium
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In connection with the Safe project
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20.9 International work and dissemi
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the underlying material are current
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These reports describe dominant fun
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Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
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Shoreline displacement has an isost
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The hydromechanical modellings that
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model that includes these factors a
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The salinity of the sea, inland sea
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• Public opinion and attitudes -
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Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
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Previously existing material is bei
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• The driving forces behind the d
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• Very effective methods for tran
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• A subcritical nuclear reactor w
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out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
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Important results since 2001 includ
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Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
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Kasam says that disposal in Very De
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24 Decommissioning The facilities c
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SKB is responsible for management a
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25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
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25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
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Programme Work on the design of the
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observation is that isosaccharinic
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stored so that the material can be
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6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
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Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
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15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
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17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
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19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
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19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
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20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
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20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
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20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 20
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23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
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SKB’s master plan Appendix A
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A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
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generations unnecessarily. Another
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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facilitated by the fact that the re
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A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
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The system analyses will be largely
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Two safety reports will therefore b
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KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
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Time horizon 2017 The current phase
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
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In the subsequent phase, verificati
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The canister development work will
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Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
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A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
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Already in the feasibility study, l
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In step D2, the facility descriptio
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Table 4. Current situation and prel
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
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Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
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A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
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A possible alternative scenario is
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of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
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Between now and 2008, an organizati
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Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
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GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
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PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
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ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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