International Giant Otter Studbook Husbandry and Management

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Part C. Family/Social Structure Management & How Family/Social Structure Management Affects Breeding and Cub-Rearing Success.................................................................................... Section 11 Additional Enclosures and Separable Enclosure Areas................................................................... Section 12 Natural Underground Dens, Hills/Banks, Varied Terrain, Flat Land, Steep Banks/Hills, Ramps & Stairs............................................................................................................................................ Section 13 Den Construction............................................................................................................................. Section 14 Nestbox Construction and Temporary Transport Crates................................................................. Section 15 Toys & Methods for Additional Behavioral Enrichment................................................................. Section 16 Water Source and Treatment............................................................................................................ Section 17 Record Keeping................................................................................................................................ Section 18 Introducing Unfamiliar & Temporarily Separated Otters............................................................... Section 19 Diet and Feeding.............................................................................................................................. Section 20 Transport........................................................................................................................................... 162 170 171 175 178 181 184 186 187 193 197 Chapter 3 Husbandry Training: For Better Management & Attaining Valuable Information 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 2. Training Method Overview......................................................................................................... 3. Training Basics............................................................................................................................ 4. Behaviors..................................................................................................................................... Positive Relationship Introducing the Bridge Target Training Target follow / Stationing Scale training Crate training Ultrasound, Body Examination, Milk Sampling Training: An Overview 5. Giant Otter Training at Dortmund Zoo...................................................................................... 6. Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................... 200 200 200 204 206 211 Chapter 4 Reproductive Biology, Cub Development & Parental Behavior Introduction................................................................................................................................... Section 1 Mating, Gestation, Cub Development & Parental Behavior in Captivity 212 4
Parental Behavior Overview............................................................................................................. Estrus, Delayed Implantation & Mating Behaviors.......................................................................... Gestation, False Pregnancies, Signs of Parturition, Reproductive Capabilities at Late Age, Litter Births and Initial Care....................................................................................................................... Cub Development in Captivity......................................................................................................... Nursing in Very Young Cubs........................................................................................................... Eyes First Open................................................................................................................................ Leaving/Entering the Nestbox.......................................................................................................... Determining Cub Sex....................................................................................................................... When Parents First Take Cubs To The Water.................................................................................. First Swim Alone.............................................................................................................................. First Eat Fish and Weaning Ages..................................................................................................... Reports of Physical Development in Captivity............................................................................... Sexual Maturity in Captivity........................................................................................................... Section 2 Reports of Cub Development and Parental Behavior in the Wild.................................................... 212 213 215 217 217 218 218 219 219 220 220 220 222 222 Chapter 5 Handrearing Giant Otters Introduction..................................................................................................................................... Section 1 Cub Assessment, Cub Weights & Record Keeping.......................................................................... Section 2 Electrolyte/Glucose Solutions (For health problems & for diet changes during health problems); Emergency Medical Care & Abnormal Body Temperatures........................................................... Section 3 Elimination (Feces / Urine) & Dehydration..................................................................................... Section 4 Toileting: To produce elimination in young or unhealthy cubs....................................................... Section 5 Formula Choices............................................................................................................................... Section 6 Formula Preparation Techniques & Sanitation................................................................................ Section 7 Switching from Mother’s Milk to a Milk Replacer or One Milk Replacer to Another................... Section 8 Feeding Amounts and Frequency.................................................................................................... Section 9 Feeding Apparatuses, Feeding Problems (Aspiration) & Emergencies........................................... Section 10 Feeding Techniques, Encouragement & Problems.......................................................................... Section 11 Techniques to Administer Oral Medications / Nutritional Supplements......................................... Section 12 Weaning & Feeding Techniques for Weaning................................................................................. Section 13 Housing Cubs................................................................................................................................... 224 224 226 228 231 231 235 236 239 241 242 245 246 249 5
Page 1 and 2: International Giant Otter Studbook
Page 3 and 4: Dear reader, With this, the second
Page 5: Section 2 Introduction to Substrate
Page 9 and 10: Introduction This manual is a secon
Page 11 and 12: Contributing Institutions/Individua
Page 13 and 14: Dortmund Zoo: Current Director: Dr.
Page 15 and 16: Giant Otter Characteristics (The fo
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Husbandry and Management
Page 19 and 20: informal international network has
Page 21 and 22: are only released into the wild, th
Page 23 and 24: malfunctions, due to severe inbreed
Page 25 and 26: maturity (i.e. at 2 years old), the
Page 27 and 28: emaining 3 institutions bred otters
Page 29 and 30: elow 240 m² (2,583.4 ft²) in size
Page 31 and 32: difficulties/abnormalities to a mod
Page 33 and 34: are to the water, but it is also de
Page 35 and 36: deep digging areas as recommended,
Page 37 and 38: greater problems. I.e. the ability
Page 39 and 40: additions that can be made to enclo
Page 41 and 42: (esp. around approx. 10 to 11 years
Page 43 and 44: Hagenbecks Tierpark Giant Otter Vac
Page 45 and 46: Dietary Related Problems: Diarrhea
Page 47 and 48: times over 10 years) then disappear
Page 49 and 50: Thyroid Malfunctions: see Chapter 1
Page 51 and 52: unpublished report 1997). His hind
Page 53 and 54: vitamin B 1 tablet and one 400 IU v
Page 55 and 56: otters were exposed to in their enc
Page 57 and 58:
animal, e.g. for serious/life threa
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conditions/problems can be identifi
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that the otters are very familiar a
Page 63 and 64:
Section 5 Handrearing Captive-Born
Page 65 and 66:
Chapter 5 for how to measure, Chapt
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proper authorities (i.e. park offic
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oth cubs were adopted by a wild ott
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Chapter 2: Husbandry and Management
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The following conditions (i.e. Numb
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The provision of the conditions lis
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proportionately increased and the w
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does not offer the same advantages
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*Note: Duplaix’s guidelines for o
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dry easily, drain well, and be resi
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It is necessary that every indoor a
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Deep Digging Area Necessary For Eac
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play, exercise etc. on. Note: when
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Cleaning Procedures for Substrates
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[4”] in width, could be placed 10
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The aforementioned problems are cau
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difficulties/abnormalities involvin
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they could cause similar walking di
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It is not uncommon that pink foot/t
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No additional or detailed informati
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provided as recommended, so that ot
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housed. It also may be that the lon
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or high humidity, esp. extended per
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dry areas in enclosures should also
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These husbandry provisions produce
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underground den building which is a
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more unsuitable the enclosure land
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unfamiliar and temporarily separate
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exposed to similar situations as ju
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inappropriate the enclosure conditi
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study. They also have been successf
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furnishings will also remain drier
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Live growing bamboo springs back up
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Section 5 Locations and Designs for
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all substrates) with/without vegeta
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indoors. Otters can also use each c
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Enclosures between 240 m² to 600 m
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other than substrates, and toys fro
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to help prevent water filtration/dr
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Section 10B discusses the locations
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areas may be sufficient when otters
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their normal daily terrestrial acti
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described below and in Section 12 b
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hear, that even familiar keepers ar
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nervous in behavior even during nor
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expansive enclosures are available
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the husbandry practices recommended
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keep cubs from crawling out (Duplai
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Chapter 1 for studies that should b
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practices and enclosure designs all
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care for the cubs (Schenck & Schenc
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was moved to another enclosure (Gat
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Inbreeding, physical, behavioral, a
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underground dens in this expansive
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Section 12 Natural Underground Dens
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22.34 ft] (11 sites) ; Kabo creek (
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Section 13 Den Construction “Den
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should not be introduced with physi
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door) could instead be made in the
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Section 15 Toys & Methods for Addit
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Although once items such as cardboa
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e designed or modified with these c
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Section 18 Introducing Unfamiliar &
Page 191 and 192:
have been housed together and then
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contact introduction, i.e. to stop
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Section 19 Diet and Feeding Only go
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Cuiaba Zoo in Brazil (Marcato de Ol
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are consumed in varying amounts acc
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Captive giant otters have been obse
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part of the target. The target we u
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to secure the guillotine door with
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it stays close to the target. This
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these births may go undetected. Ult
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those working with her, from being
Page 213 and 214:
ody temperatures to be taken, when
Page 215 and 216:
abnormally frequent or excessive, i
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with a male (other than growing up
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of course, because information rega
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seen entering the shelter alone, bu
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At Hagenbeck Tierpark, Wünnemann (
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52.5 cm [20.6"]. It is assumed that
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cub weight growth curve in Graph 2
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contain glucose rather than sucrose
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and frequency after each toileting/
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Section 4 Toileting: To produce eli
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when no other better formula is ava
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prepared artificial milk replacers
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avoid dietary problems and help cub
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formula is accomplished. When cubs
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suggested above. The same feeding f
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successfully can often be difficult
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should then be allowed to lick the
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The general guideline that food/for
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very gently dipped in the bowl into
Page 253 and 254:
enough), and explore while under su
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dig into, well-draining etc.) are n
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ecome healthy and their housing can
Page 259 and 260:
Section 16 Companion Cubs and Handr
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Cubs must exercise and explore to p
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Table 3 : Summary of the internatio
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Table 5 : International giant otter
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Days/ Months Sex Weight/Length (ent
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Table 7: Adult Giant Otter Weights
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Graph 2 : Giant Otter Cub Weight Gr
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Duplaix, N. 1980. Observations on t
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asiliensis, Gmelin, 1788) No Zooló
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Otter Colloquium Pietermaritzburg 1
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International Giant Otter Studbook Husbandry and Management

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