International Giant Otter Studbook Husbandry and Management

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References Autuori, M.P. and Deutsch, L.A. 1977. Contribution to the knowledge of the giant Brazilian otter, Pteronura brasiliensis (Gmelin 1788), Carnivora, Mustelidae. Zool. Garten 47:1-8. Baker, A.J.; Baker, A.M. and Thompson, K.V. 1996. Parental Care in Captive Mammals. Pp.497- 512. In: Wild Mammals in Captivity - Principles and Techniques (D.G. Kleiman, M.E. Allen, K.V. Thompson and S. Lumpkin, eds.). University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Bartmann, W. 1996. International census of the giant river otter (P. brasiliensis) in captivity (1996). Tierpark Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany. Unpublished report. B.M.E.L.F. (Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten (Hrsg.)) 1996. Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren. Bonn, Deutschland. Brecht-Munn, M. & Munn, C. (1988). The Amazon's Gregarious Giant Otters. Animal Kingdom Sept. / Oct. 1988; pp. 34-41 Burnette, C. 1994. Handrearing Mustelids. In: Infant Diet Notebook. AZA Animal Health Committee, 8403 Colesville Rd, Ste. 710, Silver Springs, MD 20910. http://www.aza.org. 301-562-0777 Carter, A.; McFeely, M; Muzzy, M.; John G. Shedd Aquarium North American River Otter Husbandry and Training Practices; in : North American River Otter Husbandry Notebook, Grand Rapids, 2001. Carter, S.K.; and Rosas, F.C.W. 1997. Biology and conservation of the Giant Otter Pteronura brasiliensis. Mammal Rev. 27:1-26. Carter, S.K.; Rosas, F.C.W.; Cooper A.B.; & Cordeiro-Duarte, A.C. 1999. Consumption rate, food preferences and transit time of captive giant otters Pteronura brasiliensis: Implications for the study of wild populations. Aquatic Mammals 25.2: 79-90. Colares, E.P. & Best, R.C. 1991. Blood parameters of Amazon otters (Lutra longicaudis, Pteronura brasiliensis) (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Comparative Physiology, 99A (4), 513-515. Crissey, S.D. 1998. Handling Fish Fed to Fish-Eating Animals: A Manual of Standard Operating Procedures. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Agricultural Library. Defler, T.R. 1986. The giant river otter in El Tuparro National Park, Colombia. Oryx Vol. 20 No. 2/April; pp. 87-88 Defler. T.R. 1983. Associations of the giant river otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) with freshwater dolphins (Inia geoffrensis). Journal Mammal 64 (4) 1983; pp. 692. Dauphine, David; "The Tres Chimbadas Otter Project". Unpublished report; Stanford University http://www.perunature.com/downloads/Dauphineotterreport01.doc 270
Duplaix, N. 1980. Observations on the ecology and behavior of the giant river otter Pteronura brasiliensis in Surinam. Revue Ecologique (Terre Vie) 34: 495-620. Duplaix, N. 1980 b . Giant otters : "Big water dogs in peril". National Geographic Magazine 158(1) 1980; pp. 130-142 Duplaix-Hall, N. 1972. Notes on maintaining river otters in captivity. Inter. Zoo Yrbk. 12:178- 181. Duplaix-Hall, N. 1975. River Otters in Captivity: a Review. Pp.311-327. In: Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity (R.D. Martin, ed.). Academic Press: New York. Ellis-Joseph, S. 1994. The Decision to Handrear. In: Infant Diet Notebook. AZA Animal Health Committee, 8403 Colesville Rd., Ste 710 Silver Springs, MD 20910. http://www.aza.org. 301-562-0777 Flügger, M. 1997. Haltung, Zucht und Erkrankungen von Riesenottern (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark. Verh. Ber. Erkg. Zootiere 38:125-130. Foster-Turley, P. 1990. Otters in Captivity. In: Otters: An Action Plan for their Conservation (Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C., eds.). International Union for Conservation of Nature. Gatz, V. 2002. Protected Contact Training of the Giant Otter. In: Proceedings VIIth International Otter Colloquium March 14-19, 1998. (Eds. Dulfer, R.; Conroy, J.; Nel J.; Gutleb, A.) IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bull. 19A / 2002. Gatz, V. & Sykes-Gatz, S. 1999-2003. Unpublished Study. “Giant Otter Husbandry Training at Dortmund Zoo. Training for ultrasounds, weighing, transport, physical exams, physiological data collection etc....” Dortmund Zoo Germany. “Genealogical Meeting on Giant Otters in Captivity in Brazil”, lectures/workshop discussions, December 3-4, 1998. Jardim Zoologico de Brasília , Brasilia, Brazil. Daniel Louzada da Silva and Dr. Claudio Valladares-Padua, conference organizers. Gerson, K. 1986. Orphaned and Abandoned Wildlife : Treatment and Care Pp. 367-372. Veterinary Technician Vol 7, No. 8. September 1986. “Giant River Otter Symposium at Dallas World Aquarium; Dallas, Texas, U.S.A; June 21, 2003”. Conference organizers: Dallas World Aquarium. Gomez, J.R., Jorgenson, J.P., Valbuena, R. 1999. Report on the rehabilitation and release of two giant river otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) pups in the Bita river (Vichada, Colombia). Pp. 86-89. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 16(2) 1999. Gomez, J. R. 2003. Follow Up To A Rehabilitation Of Giant Otter Cubs In Colombia. Pp. 42- 44. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 20(1) 2003. Green, R. 1998. Rearing otter cubs. Unpublished report. The Vincent Wildlife Trust 271
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International Giant Otter Studbook
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Dear reader, With this, the second
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Section 2 Introduction to Substrate
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Parental Behavior Overview.........
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Introduction This manual is a secon
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Contributing Institutions/Individua
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Dortmund Zoo: Current Director: Dr.
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Giant Otter Characteristics (The fo
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Chapter 1 Husbandry and Management
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informal international network has
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are only released into the wild, th
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malfunctions, due to severe inbreed
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maturity (i.e. at 2 years old), the
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emaining 3 institutions bred otters
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elow 240 m² (2,583.4 ft²) in size
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difficulties/abnormalities to a mod
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are to the water, but it is also de
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deep digging areas as recommended,
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greater problems. I.e. the ability
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additions that can be made to enclo
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(esp. around approx. 10 to 11 years
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Hagenbecks Tierpark Giant Otter Vac
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Dietary Related Problems: Diarrhea
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times over 10 years) then disappear
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Thyroid Malfunctions: see Chapter 1
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unpublished report 1997). His hind
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vitamin B 1 tablet and one 400 IU v
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otters were exposed to in their enc
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animal, e.g. for serious/life threa
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conditions/problems can be identifi
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that the otters are very familiar a
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Section 5 Handrearing Captive-Born
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Chapter 5 for how to measure, Chapt
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proper authorities (i.e. park offic
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oth cubs were adopted by a wild ott
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Chapter 2: Husbandry and Management
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The following conditions (i.e. Numb
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The provision of the conditions lis
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proportionately increased and the w
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does not offer the same advantages
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*Note: Duplaix’s guidelines for o
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dry easily, drain well, and be resi
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It is necessary that every indoor a
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Deep Digging Area Necessary For Eac
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play, exercise etc. on. Note: when
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Cleaning Procedures for Substrates
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[4”] in width, could be placed 10
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The aforementioned problems are cau
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difficulties/abnormalities involvin
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they could cause similar walking di
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It is not uncommon that pink foot/t
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No additional or detailed informati
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provided as recommended, so that ot
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housed. It also may be that the lon
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or high humidity, esp. extended per
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dry areas in enclosures should also
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These husbandry provisions produce
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underground den building which is a
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more unsuitable the enclosure land
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unfamiliar and temporarily separate
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exposed to similar situations as ju
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inappropriate the enclosure conditi
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study. They also have been successf
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furnishings will also remain drier
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Live growing bamboo springs back up
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Section 5 Locations and Designs for
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all substrates) with/without vegeta
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indoors. Otters can also use each c
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Enclosures between 240 m² to 600 m
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other than substrates, and toys fro
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to help prevent water filtration/dr
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Section 10B discusses the locations
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areas may be sufficient when otters
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their normal daily terrestrial acti
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described below and in Section 12 b
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hear, that even familiar keepers ar
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nervous in behavior even during nor
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expansive enclosures are available
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the husbandry practices recommended
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keep cubs from crawling out (Duplai
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Chapter 1 for studies that should b
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practices and enclosure designs all
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care for the cubs (Schenck & Schenc
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was moved to another enclosure (Gat
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Inbreeding, physical, behavioral, a
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underground dens in this expansive
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Section 12 Natural Underground Dens
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22.34 ft] (11 sites) ; Kabo creek (
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Section 13 Den Construction “Den
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should not be introduced with physi
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door) could instead be made in the
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Section 15 Toys & Methods for Addit
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Although once items such as cardboa
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e designed or modified with these c
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Section 18 Introducing Unfamiliar &
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have been housed together and then
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contact introduction, i.e. to stop
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Section 19 Diet and Feeding Only go
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Cuiaba Zoo in Brazil (Marcato de Ol
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are consumed in varying amounts acc
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Captive giant otters have been obse
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part of the target. The target we u
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to secure the guillotine door with
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it stays close to the target. This
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these births may go undetected. Ult
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those working with her, from being
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ody temperatures to be taken, when
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abnormally frequent or excessive, i
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with a male (other than growing up
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of course, because information rega
Page 221 and 222: seen entering the shelter alone, bu
Page 223 and 224: At Hagenbeck Tierpark, Wünnemann (
Page 225 and 226: 52.5 cm [20.6"]. It is assumed that
Page 227 and 228: cub weight growth curve in Graph 2
Page 229 and 230: contain glucose rather than sucrose
Page 231 and 232: and frequency after each toileting/
Page 233 and 234: Section 4 Toileting: To produce eli
Page 235 and 236: when no other better formula is ava
Page 237 and 238: prepared artificial milk replacers
Page 239 and 240: avoid dietary problems and help cub
Page 241 and 242: formula is accomplished. When cubs
Page 243 and 244: suggested above. The same feeding f
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Page 247 and 248: should then be allowed to lick the
Page 249 and 250: The general guideline that food/for
Page 251 and 252: very gently dipped in the bowl into
Page 253 and 254: enough), and explore while under su
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Page 257 and 258: ecome healthy and their housing can
Page 259 and 260: Section 16 Companion Cubs and Handr
Page 261 and 262: Cubs must exercise and explore to p
Page 263 and 264: Table 3 : Summary of the internatio
Page 265 and 266: Table 5 : International giant otter
Page 267 and 268: Days/ Months Sex Weight/Length (ent
Page 269 and 270: Table 7: Adult Giant Otter Weights
Page 271: Graph 2 : Giant Otter Cub Weight Gr
Page 275 and 276: asiliensis, Gmelin, 1788) No Zooló
Page 277 and 278: Otter Colloquium Pietermaritzburg 1
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