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FINAL PROGRAMMATIC BIOLOGICAL OPINION ON U.S. NAVY ACTIVITIES IN THE HAWAII RANGE COMPLEX 2008-2013 Frankel, A. S., and C.W. Clark. 2000. Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to fullscale ATOC signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(4). Frankel, A. S., C. W. Clark, L. M. Herman, C. M. Gabriele, M. A. Hoffhines, T. R. Freeman, and B. K. Patterson. 1989. Acoustic Location and tracking of wintering humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off South Kohala, Hawai’i. In Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals Frankel, A.S. 1994. Acoustic and visual tracking reveals distribution, song variability and social roles of humpback whales in Hawai’ian waters. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai’i. University Microfilms, Inc. Frankel, A.S. 1994. Acoustic and visual tracking reveals distribution, song variability and social roles of humpback whales in Hawai’ian waters. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai’i. University Microfilms, Inc. Frankel, A.S. and C.W. Clark. 1998. Results of low-frequency playback of M-sequence noise to humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in Hawai’i. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:521-535. Frankel, A.S., and C.W. Clark. 2000. Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to fullscale ATOC signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(4). Frankel, A.S., J. Mobley, L. Herman. 1995. Estimation of auditory response thresholds in humpback whales using biologically meaningful sounds. Pages 55-70. In: R.A. Kastelein, J.A. Thomas, P.E. Nachtigall (editors) Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals. De Spil Publication, Woerden, Netherlands. Frantzis, A. 1998. Does acoustic testing strand whales? Nature 392:29. Frantzis, A. 2004. The first mass stranding that was associated with the use of active sonar (Kyparissiakos Gulf, Greece, 1996) in P. G. H. Evans, and L. A. Miller, editors. Proceedings of the Workshop on Active Sonar and Cetaceans. European Cetacean Society's 17th Annual Conference, Auditorio Alfredo Kraus, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. Frantzis, A., J. C. Goold, E. K. Skarsoulis, M. I. Taroudakis, and V. Kandia. 2002. Clicks from Cuvier's beaked whales, Ziphius cavirostris (L). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112:4. Frantzis, A., O. Nikolaou, J. M. Bompar, and A. Cammedda. 2004. Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6:25 - 28. Frantzis, A., P. Alexiadou, G. Paximadis, E. Politi, A. Gannier, and M. Corsini-Foka. 2003. Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 5: 3, 219-232. Frazer, L.N. and E. Mercado III. 2000. A sonar model for humpback whale song. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 25(1): 23. Frid, A. 2003. Dall's sheep responses to overflights by helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft. <strong>Biological</strong> Conservation 110:387-399. Frid, A., and L. Dill. 2002. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conservation Ecology 6:1 - 11. 274
FINAL PROGRAMMATIC BIOLOGICAL OPINION ON U.S. NAVY ACTIVITIES IN THE HAWAII RANGE COMPLEX 2008-2013 Fristrup, K.M., L.T. Hatch, and C.W. Clark. 2003. Variation in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song length in relation to low-frequency sound broadcasts. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113(6): 3411-3424 Fritts, T.H. 1983. Turtles, birds, and mammals in the northern Gulf of Mexico and nearby Atlantic waters. FWS/OBS-82/65. Report prepared for the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service; Washington, D.C. Fromm, D. 2004. Acoustic modeling results of the Haro Strait For 5 May 2003. Naval Research Laboratory Report, Office of Naval Research, 30 January 2004. Frost, K.J. and L.F. Lowry. 1988. Effects of industrial activities on ringed seals in Alaska, as indicated by aerial surveys. p. 15-25. In: W.M. Sackinger et al. (editors), Port and Ocean engineering under Arctic conditions, Vol II. Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska; Fairbanks, Alaska. Gagnon, C. J. and C. W. Clark. 1993. The use of U.S. Navy IUSS passive sonar to monitor the movement of blue whales. Abstracts of the 10th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Galveston, Texas. November 1993. Gailey, G., B. Würsig, and T. L. McDonald. 2007. Abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of western gray whales in relation to a 3-D seismic survey, Northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 134:75-91. Gambell, R. 1968. Aerial observations of sperm whale behavior. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende 57. Gambell, R. 1976. World whale stocks. Mammal Review 6 (1): 41-53. Gambell, R. 1985. Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis (Lesson, 1828). Pages 193-240. In: S.H. Ridgway and R. Harrison (editors). Handbook of marine mammals. Vol. 3: The sirenians and baleen whales. Academic Press; London, United Kingdom. Gard, R. 1974. Aerial census of gray whales in Baja California lagoons, 1970 and 1973, with notes on behavior, mortality and conservation. California Fish and Game 60(3): 132-143. Gaskin, D. E. 1972. Whales, dolphins, and seals; with special reference to the New Zealand region. Gauthier, J and R. Sears. 1999. Behavioral response of four species of balaenopterid whales to biopsy sampling. Marine Mammal Science 15(1): 85-101. Geraci, J.R., S.A. Testaverde, D.S. Staubin and T.H. Loop. 1976. A mass stranding of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus): a study into pathobiology and life history. In: Report Number MMC 75/12. U.S. Marine Mammal Commission; Bethesda, Maryland. Giese, M. 1996. Effects of human activity on Adelie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae breeding success. <strong>Biological</strong> Conservation 75:157. Gill, J. A., K. Norris, and W. J. Sutherland. 2001a. Why behavioral responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance. <strong>Biological</strong> Conservation 97:265-268. 275
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