TCAS II V7.1 Intro booklet

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TCAS/TCAS Coordination........................................................................................... 34 Air/Ground Communications........................................................................................ 34 Traffic Advisory (TA) Display ..................................................................................... 35 Resolution Advisory (RA) Displays ............................................................................. 35 Aural Annunciations ..................................................................................................... 35 Performance Monitoring............................................................................................... 37 Requirements for Use ....................................................................................................... 37 Regulations and Operational Guidance ........................................................................ 37 Training Programs ........................................................................................................ 41 Operational Experience..................................................................................................... 42 Performance Monitoring Programs............................................................................... 42 Observed Performance.................................................................................................. 43 Summary........................................................................................................................... 46 Abbreviations.................................................................................................................... 47 Glossary ............................................................................................................................ 48 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 50 4
The TCAS Solution After many years of extensive analysis, development, and flight evaluation by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), other countries’ Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs), and the aviation industry, Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System or TCAS was developed to reduce the risk of mid-air collisions between aircraft. In the international arena, this system is known as the Airborne Collision Avoidance System or ACAS. TCAS is a family of airborne devices that function independently of the ground-based air traffic control (ATC) system, and provide collision avoidance protection for a broad spectrum of aircraft types. All TCAS systems provide some degree of collision threat alerting, and a traffic display. TCAS I and II differ primarily by their alerting capability. TCAS I provides traffic advisories (TAs) to assist the pilot in the visual acquisition of intruder aircraft. TCAS I is mandated for use in the U.S. for turbine powered, passenger-carrying aircraft having more than 10 and less than 31 seats. TCAS I is also installed on a number of general aviation fixed wing aircraft and helicopters. TCAS II provides TAs and resolution advisories (RAs), i.e., recommended escape maneuvers, in the vertical dimension to either increase or maintain the existing vertical separation between aircraft. TCAS II is mandated by the U.S. for commercial aircraft, including regional airline aircraft with more than 30 seats or a maximum takeoff weight greater than 33,000 lbs. Although not mandated for general aviation use, many turbine-powered general aviation aircraft and some helicopters are also equipped with TCAS II. The TCAS concept makes use of the same radar beacon transponders installed on aircraft to operate with ATC’s ground-based radars. The level of protection provided by TCAS equipment depends on the type of transponder the target aircraft is carrying. The level of protection is outlined in Table 1. It should be noted that TCAS provides no protection against aircraft that do not have an operating transponder. Target Aircraft Equipment Table 1. TCAS Levels of Protection Mode A XPDR ONLY Mode C or Mode S XPDR Own Aircraft Equipment TCAS I TCAS II TA TA TA TA and Vertical RA TCAS I TA TA and Vertical RA TCAS II TA TA and Coordinated Vertical RA Early Collision Avoidance Systems The 1956 collision between two airliners over the Grand Canyon spurred both the airlines and aviation authorities to initiate development of an effective collision avoidance system that would act as a last resort when there is a failure in the ATCprovided separation services. During the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, collision avoidance development efforts included an emphasis on passive and non-cooperating systems. These concepts proved to be impractical. One major operational problem that could not be overcome with these designs was the need for non-conflicting, complementary avoidance maneuvers which require a high-integrity communications link between aircraft involved in the conflict. 5
Page 2 and 3: Preface This booklet provides the b
Page 6 and 7: One of the most important collision
Page 8 and 9: Operational Performance Standards (
Page 10 and 11: in 2003. To guarantee the effective
Page 12 and 13: transmitting extended squitters, it
Page 14 and 15: status of traffic can be derived by
Page 16 and 17: SPEED ALT L-NAV AP1 A/THR 360 FL 31
Page 18 and 19: Aircraft that are not equipped with
Page 20 and 21: Interference Limiting Interference
Page 22 and 23: Collision Avoidance Concepts Airbor
Page 24 and 25: 14 12 Range, Nautical Miles 10 8 6
Page 26 and 27: Protected Volume A protected volume
Page 28 and 29: The CAS tracker also uses the diffe
Page 30 and 31: T CAS RA ”Cl i mb” i s s u e d
Page 32 and 33: RA Type Positive (Corrective) Posit
Page 34 and 35: there will be sufficient horizontal
Page 36 and 37: alert. TCAS aural annunciations wil
Page 38 and 39: also responding to a TCAS RA, do no
Page 40 and 41: Table 6. Recommended Phraseology fo
Page 42 and 43: environment. When the inclusion of
Page 44 and 45: Version 7.0. While unnecessary devi
Page 46 and 47: Summary TCAS II is a last resort ai
Page 48 and 49: KIAS LCD LED MDF MHz MOPS MTL NAS N
Page 50: TRANSPONDER, MODE C: ATC transponde

TCAS II V7.1 Intro booklet

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