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“√∫—≠ Table of Contents<br />
ISSN 0125 - 2364<br />
∫√√≥“∏‘°“√·∂≈ß<br />
∫∑§«“¡<br />
❐ ªí®®—¬∑’Ë¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈µàÕ·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π<br />
·≈–‰π‚µ√®’‡π „π°“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ<br />
¢Õ߉´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
Factors Influencing Hydrogenase and<br />
Nitrogenase Activity in Cyanobacterial<br />
Biohydrogen Production<br />
«ÿ≤‘π—π∑å √—°…“®‘µ√å<br />
§¡ —π —®®– ∂“æ√................................. 1<br />
❐ æ◊¥—¥·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡°—∫°“√∂à“¬Ω“° “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡<br />
¥â«¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Agrobacterium tumefaciens<br />
Genetically Modified Plants with Agrobacterium<br />
tumefaciens : a tool for Plant Transformation<br />
¿æ‡°â“ æÿ∑∏√—°…å...................................... 14<br />
❐ °“√‡µ√’¬¡´’√—¡¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§Õ¬à“ßßà“¬‡æ◊ËÕ°“√§âπæ∫<br />
“√∫àß’È∑“ß’«¿“æ<br />
Simple Techniques for Serum Preparations in<br />
Biomarkers Discovery<br />
»‘√‘æ√ ¿—∑√°‘®°”®√<br />
¡π∑‘√“ ®–π—π∑å....................................... 28<br />
❐ ·π«‚πâ¡°“√„âª√–‚¬π宓°Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
Trend of Usage from Halophilic Archaea<br />
»‘√‘≈—°…≥å π“¡«ß…å.................................. 36
“√∫—≠ Table of Contents<br />
ISSN 0125 - 2364<br />
❐<br />
∫∑§«“¡<br />
æ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ —ß‡§√“–Àå: π‘¥ °“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
·≈– ¡∫—µ‘¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
Synthetic Bioplastics: Types, Synthesis<br />
and Properties of Poly(lactic acid)s<br />
¡—ß°√ »√’ –Õ“¥<br />
¬Õ¥∏ß „∫¡“°...................................... 52<br />
❐ µ—«∑”§«“¡√âÕπ PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
Heating Element<br />
ÿ∏√√¡ »√’À≈à¡ —°................................. 71<br />
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
❐<br />
❐<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õߺ≈º≈‘µ®“°<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√奢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
Antioxidant Activity of Maillard Reaction<br />
Product from Chitosan and Sugar<br />
πæ√—µπå ¡–‡À<br />
ºÿ ¥’ ¡ÿÀ–À¡—¥<br />
Õÿ‰√«√√≥ «—≤π°ÿ≈................................ 80<br />
§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–·≈–Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π<br />
√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ<br />
Characterization and Shelf Life of Cold<br />
Pressed Organic Jasmine Rice Bran oil<br />
¿—∑√“¿√≥å ·°â«°Ÿ≈................................ 96
“√∫—≠ Table of Contents<br />
ISSN 0125 - 2364<br />
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
❐ ≈“¬π‘È«¡◊Õ·≈–æÀÿªí≠≠“: °“√»÷°…“‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ<br />
Fingerprint Pattern and Multiple Intelligence:<br />
a Preliminary Study<br />
Somsong Nanakorn<br />
Niyada Honark<br />
Supannee Ungpansattawong<br />
Wichuda Chaisiwamongko<br />
Amnuay Maneesriwongu<br />
Rassame Suwanwerakamtorn<br />
Sarintip Raksasataya<br />
Kusuma Chusilp........................... 105<br />
❐ Effect of Chitosan on Growth and<br />
Development of Phalaenopsis cornucervi<br />
(Breda) Blume & Rchb.f.<br />
Somporn Prasertsongskun<br />
Witool Chaipakdee........................ 113<br />
❐ °“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥åÕ¬à“ßßà“¬<br />
„πµ—«Õ¬à“߬“¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’‚¥¬„â<br />
8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π‡ªìπ√’‡Õ‡®πµå„π°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡<br />
Simple Analytical Method for the Determination<br />
of Sulfonamides in Pharmaceutical Preparations<br />
by Spectrophotometry Using 8-Hydroxyquinoline<br />
as Coupling Reagent<br />
Õ√‘»√“ ®√“°√<br />
«‘¿“√—µπå ‡◊ÈÕ«¥<br />
√—µπ“ π—Ëπ‡¡◊Õß.................................... 120
“√∫—≠ Table of Contents<br />
ISSN 0125 - 2364<br />
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
❐ °“√§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â„π∫√√¬“°“»<br />
¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬<br />
Calculation of Precipitable Water Vapor<br />
in the Atmosphere of Thailand<br />
“¬—πµå ‚æ∏‘χ°µÿ.................................... 130<br />
❐ °“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑»‡æ◊ËÕ»÷°…“<br />
°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’Ë“¬·¥π: °√≥’»÷°…“<br />
Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ à«πµ”∫≈‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß Õ”‡¿Õ<br />
‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß ®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å<br />
An Application of Geoinformation Technology<br />
to Study Ownership in Margin Areas : A Case<br />
Study in Non Din Deang Sub-district<br />
Administrative Organization, Amphoe<br />
Non Din Deang, Buriram Province<br />
§√√‘µ æ‘√–¿“§.................................... 137<br />
❐ µ—«ª√–¡“≥Õ—µ√“ à«πµ—«„À¡à¢Õß§à“‡©≈’ˬª√–“°√<br />
„π°“√ ÿࡵ—«Õ¬à“ß·∫∫Õ¬à“ßßà“¬<br />
A new Ratio Estimator of a Population in<br />
Random Sampling<br />
®—π∑√“ ª√–‡ √‘∞ °ÿ≈<br />
π‘¿“¥“ æ“¿—°¥’................................. 149
ISSN 0125 - 2364<br />
Publisher<br />
Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University,<br />
Thailand.<br />
Office<br />
Faculty of Science, Building 6, Khon Kaen<br />
University. Khon Kaen Thailand, 40002<br />
Tel. 0-4320-2372 Fax 0-4320-2371<br />
Objectives<br />
1. To promote dissemination of knowledge<br />
in all fields of science.<br />
2. To publish research results of faculty,<br />
researchers and students.<br />
3. To be a medium for the exchange of<br />
knowledge and ideas among faculty,<br />
researchers and students of Khon Kaen<br />
University and other institutions.<br />
Publishing frequency<br />
KKU Science Journal is a quarterly<br />
journal. Each volume consists of 4 numbers.<br />
Number 1 January - March<br />
Number 2 April - June<br />
Number 3 July - September<br />
Number 4 October- December<br />
Advisory Committee<br />
Dean, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University<br />
(Assist. Prof. Dr. Kiat Sangaroon)<br />
Act for Editor<br />
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sakda Daduang<br />
Editorial Board<br />
Khon Kaen University<br />
Prof. Dr. M.R. Jisnuson Svasti Mahidol University<br />
Prof. Dr. Supot Hannongbua Chulalongkorn University<br />
Prof. Dr. Chidchanok Lursinsap Chulalongkorn University<br />
Prof. Dr. Sukit Limpijumnong Suranaree University<br />
of Technology<br />
Prof. Dr. Arun Puttanothai Khon Kaen University<br />
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chutima Hanjavanit Khon Kaen University<br />
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sartra Wongthanavasu Khon Kaen University<br />
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supalax Srijaranai Khon Kaen University<br />
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somdej Kanokmedhakul Khon Kaen University<br />
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sujitra Youngme Khon Kaen University<br />
Assoc. Prof. Kitti Akamphon Khon Kaen University<br />
Assoc. Prof. Supunnee Ungpansattawong Khon Kaen University<br />
Assoc. Prof. Amnuay Maneesriwongkul Khon Kaen University<br />
Assist. Prof. Dr. Kittikorn Nakprasit Khon Kaen University<br />
Assist. Prof. Dr. Ngamnit Art-In Khon Kaen University<br />
Assist. Prof. Dr. Wilailak Siripornadulsil Khon Kaen University<br />
Assist. Prof. Dr. Sriprajak Krongsuk Khon Kaen University<br />
Assist. Prof. Dr. Adcharaporn Pagdee Khon Kaen University<br />
Dr. Kanlaya Kong-ngern Khon Kaen University<br />
Dr. Keaitsuda Nakprasit Khon Kaen University<br />
Dr. Nonglak Meethong Khon Kaen University<br />
Dr. Pornpimol Jieranaipreeprem Khon Kaen University<br />
Dr. Polson Mahakhan<br />
Khon Kaen University<br />
Dr. Rina Pattaramanon Khon Kaen University<br />
Dr. Wijarn Sodsiri<br />
Khon Kaen University<br />
Artists<br />
Mr.Kilen Tinnoraset<br />
Khon Kaen University<br />
Managing Staff and Secretary<br />
Miss Suphaporn Phimwapi<br />
Miss Phikun Ratphonsan<br />
Miss Jiraporn Pimphumee<br />
Miss Jaroonluk Suporn<br />
Mr.Saksit Suwan<br />
Khon Kaen University<br />
Khon Kaen University<br />
Khon Kaen University<br />
Khon Kaen University<br />
Khon Kaen University<br />
ç With the Financial Support<br />
of the Commission on<br />
Higher Education é<br />
The views and opinions expressed in this journal are those of the author(s), and do not<br />
necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the editorial board.
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µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ·≈–§“¥À¡“¬«à“ ®–¡’ß“π«‘®—¬¥’Ê ¡“∑’ˇ√“ ૬„Àâ«“√ “√¢Õ߇√“ÕÕ° Ÿà “¬µ“¢Õß∑à“π<br />
‰¥â ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ ·≈–¡’¡“µ√∞“π Ÿßµ“¡‰ª°—∫ß“π¢Õß∑à“π¥â«¬<br />
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≈◊¡‡≈◊Õπ‰¥â À“°∑à“π‰¥âπ”¢âÕ§«“¡„π«“√ “√π’ȉª„âª√–‚¬πå ·≈–°√ÿ≥“Õâ“ßÕ‘ß∫∑§«“¡„π«“√ “√<br />
¢Õ߇√“‡≈à¡π’È<br />
¢Õ∫§ÿ≥§√—∫ ·≈–æ∫°—π„À¡à©∫—∫Àπâ“<br />
√».¥√.»—°¥“ ¥“¥«ß<br />
√Õߧ≥∫¥’ΩÉ“¬«‘®—¬·≈–«‘‡∑» —¡æ—π∏å<br />
§≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ<br />
√—°…“°“√∫√√≥“∏‘°“√
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 1-13 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 1-13 (2011)<br />
ªí®®—¬∑’Ë¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈µàÕ·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π<br />
·≈–‰π‚µ√®’‡π „π°“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ<br />
¢Õ߉´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
Factors Influencing Hydrogenase and Nitrogenase<br />
Activity in Cyanobacterial Biohydrogen Production<br />
«ÿ≤‘π—π∑å √—°…“®‘µ√å 1* §¡ —π —®®– ∂“æ√ 1<br />
∫∑π”<br />
«‘°ƒµ°“√≥å¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈–ªí≠À“<br />
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡√‘Ë¡ àߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ«‘∂’°“√¥”√ß’«‘µ<br />
¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ‡àπ ªí≠À“«‘°ƒµπÈ”¡—π √“§“<br />
πÈ”¡—π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡º—πº«π·≈–æÿàß Ÿß¢÷Èπ„πà«ß‡«≈“∑’Ë<br />
ºà“π¡“ ·≈–§“¥«à“®–¡’√“§“ Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ’°„πÕ𓧵<br />
Õ—π„°≈â ´÷Ë߇°‘¥®“°§«“¡µâÕß°“√„âæ≈—ßß“π∑’Ë¡“°‡°‘π<br />
·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“πÀ≈—°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰¥â®“°°“√ —𥓪<br />
(combustion) ‡◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßøÕ ´‘≈À√◊ÕπÈ”¡—π¥‘∫ àߺ≈<br />
„Àâ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π‡°‘¥§«“¡¢“¥·§≈πæ≈—ßß“πøÕ ´‘≈®π<br />
Õ¬Ÿà„π¢—Èπ«‘°ƒµ Õ’°∑—Èß°“√ —𥓪‡◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßøÕ ´‘≈<br />
∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (greenhouse gas) Õ—π‰¥â·°à<br />
§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO 2<br />
) ¡’‡∑π (CH 4<br />
) ·≈–<br />
‰¥‰π‚µ√‡®π¡ÕπÕ°‰´¥å (N 2<br />
O) ‡ªìπµâπ °ä“´¥—ß°≈à“«<br />
àߺ≈µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ (global warming)<br />
‚¥¬µ√ßµ“¡¡“ „πªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√»÷°…“§âπ§«â“«‘®—¬‡æ◊ËÕ<br />
‡ “–À“·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π„π√Ÿª·∫∫Õ◊Ëπ‡¢â“¡“„â<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√„âæ≈—ßß“π‡◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßøÕ ´‘≈·≈–૬≈¥<br />
¡≈æ‘…µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ æ≈—ßß“π‰Œ‚¥√‡®π (hydrogen<br />
energy) ‡ªìπ·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π∑“߇≈◊Õ°Õ’°√Ÿª·∫∫Àπ÷Ëß<br />
∑’Ë “¡“√∂π”¡“∑¥·∑π‰¥â ¥â«¬‡Àµÿº≈‡‘ß∫«°À≈“¬<br />
Õ¬à“ß ‡àπ „π¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ æ≈—ßß“π‰Œ‚¥√‡®π<br />
‡ªìπ‡◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß∑’Ë –Õ“¥ (clean fuel) ‡ªìπ°ä“´∑’ˉ¡à¡’ ’<br />
·≈–‰¡à¡’°≈‘Ëπ ‡¡◊ËÕ∂Ÿ°‡º“‰À¡â¥â«¬ÕÕ°´‘‡®π„Àâ<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å‡ªìππÈ”·≈–§«“¡√âÕπ´÷Ë߉¡à¡’°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°<br />
‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®÷߇ªìπ¡‘µ√µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (Lindblad, 1999)<br />
ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’°“√„âæ≈—ßß“π‰Œ‚¥√‡®π∑’˺≈‘µ¢÷Èπ®“°<br />
°√–∫«π°“√∑“߇§¡’‡ªìπ‡◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß„πÀ≈“¬¥â“π ·µà<br />
µâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘µ¬—ß§ß ŸßÕ¬Ÿà π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑—Ë«‚≈°®÷ß<br />
À—π¡“ π„®»÷°…“æ≈—ßß“π‰Œ‚¥√‡®π®“°·∫§∑’‡√’¬ À√◊Õ<br />
∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ (biohydrogen) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°<br />
‡ªìπ¡‘µ√µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¡“°°«à“°√–∫«π°“√∑“߇§¡’<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ ‰¥â·°à<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬<br />
· ß·≈–·∫§∑’‡√’¬π‘¥‰¡à„âÕÕ°´‘‡®π ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
1<br />
¿“§«‘“‡∑§π‘§°“√ —µ«·æ∑¬å §≥–‡∑§π‘§°“√ —µ«·æ∑¬å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å ‡¢µ®µÿ®—°√ °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10900<br />
* Corresponding Author, E-mail: cvtwnr@ku.ac.th
2 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ À√◊Õ “À√à“¬ ’‡¢’¬«·°¡<br />
πÈ”‡ß‘π (cyanobacteria À√◊Õ blue-green algae<br />
À√◊Õ cyanophytes) ®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„πÕ“≥“®—°√‚ª√§“√‘‚Õµ“<br />
(kingdom of prokaryota) ¥‘«‘—π‰´¬“‚π‰øµ“<br />
(division of cyanophyta) (Oren, 2004) °“√®—¥®”·π°<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ „π√–¥—∫¢Õß®’π— ·≈– ªï´’ å®–<br />
Õ“»—¬≈—°…≥–∑“ß —≥∞“π«‘∑¬“ (Rippka, 1988) ‚¥¬<br />
æ‘®“√≥“®“°≈—°…≥–°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ ‡ªìπ‡´≈≈凥’ˬ«<br />
√«¡°—π‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡ À√◊Õ‡√’¬ßµ—«°—πÕ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ‡ â𠓬 ·≈–<br />
≈—°…≥–¢Õß‚§‚≈π’∫πÕ“À“√·¢Áß (solid agar) ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬¡’√Ÿª√à“ß 2 ·∫∫ §◊Õ (1) ‡ªìπ<br />
‚§‚≈π’À√◊Õ‡´≈≈凥’ˬ«∑’ˉ¡à‡ªìπ‡ â𠓬 (single cell,<br />
unicellular or non filamentous form) ‡àπ Chroococcus<br />
sp., Eucapsis sp., Merismopedia sp. ·≈– Anacystis<br />
sp. ‡ªìπµâπ (2) ¡’√Ÿª√à“߇ªìπ‡ â𠓬 (filamentous form)<br />
‡´≈≈å®–‡√’¬ßµàÕ°—π‡ªìπ‡ â𠓬µ√ß·≈–‡√’¬∫‰¡à¡’°“√<br />
·µ°·¢πß ‡àπ Anabaena sp., Lyngbya sp., Nostoc<br />
sp. ·≈– Oscillatoria sp. ‡ªìπµâπ À√◊Õ‡´≈≈å∫‘¥‡ªìπ<br />
‡°≈’¬« ‡àπ Spirulina sp. ‡ªìπµâ𠂧√ß √â“߇´≈≈å<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ºπ—߇´≈≈å (cell wall)<br />
¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å¡’‰√‚∫‚´¡ (ribosome) ‰¡à¡’‡¬◊ËÕÀÿâ¡<br />
𑫇§≈’¬ ¡’‰∑≈“§Õ¬¥å (thylakoid) ·≈–¡’§≈Õ‚√øî≈≈å‡Õ<br />
(chlorophyll a) „â„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ß πÕ°®“°<br />
π’Ȭ—ß¡’‡¡Á¥ ’æ«°·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å (carotenoid) ‰ø‚§∫‘≈‘π<br />
(phycobilin) ´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ ‰ø‚§‰´¬“π‘π<br />
(phycocyanin) ·≈–‰ø‚§Õ‘√‘∑√‘π (phycoerythrin)<br />
(Oren, 2004)<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬‡ªìπ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡<br />
“¡“√∂ª√—∫µ—«„À⇢⓰—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ËÕ“»—¬‰¥â¥’<br />
·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ “¡“√∂π”æ≈—ßß“π<br />
· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·≈–§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å¡“„⇪ìπ·À≈àß<br />
æ≈—ßß“π‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß„π√Ÿª¢ÕßπÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§ ºà“π<br />
°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ß´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√૬≈¥<br />
ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥ÕÕ°´‘‡®π‰¥â<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬π—∫‡ªìπºŸâº≈‘µ‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ (primary<br />
producer) ·≈–‡ªìπ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡“µ‘∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥§à“<br />
‡àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫æ◊—Èπ Ÿß (oxygenic photosynthesis plant)<br />
¥â«¬§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß∫«°À≈“¬¥â“π¢Õ߉´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑—Ë«‚≈°®÷ßπ‘¬¡„≴¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
‡ªìπµâπ·∫∫„πß“π«‘®—¬∑“ß’«‡§¡’ æ—π∏ÿ«‘»«°√√¡<br />
·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’’«¿“æ ∫∑§«“¡π’È°≈à“«∂÷ß≈—°…≥–<br />
¡∫—µ‘¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å 2 °≈ÿà¡ ‰¥â·°à ‰π‚µ√®’‡π<br />
(nitrogenase) ·≈–‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (hydrogenase) (Das and<br />
Veziroglu, 2001; Tamagnini et al., 2007) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π<br />
’«¿“æ„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ √«¡∑—Èß°≈à“«∂÷ßªí®®—¬<br />
¿“¬„π·≈–ªí®®—¬¿“¬πÕ°∑’Ë¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ<br />
·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å∑—Èß Õß„π°“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π<br />
’«¿“æ¥â«¬<br />
‰π‚µ√®’‡π (nitrogenase) ‡ªìπ‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’Ë<br />
æ∫‰¥â„π‚§√ß √â“߇Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå (heterocyst) ¢Õß<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬·∫∫‡ â𠓬 (filamentous<br />
cyanobacteria) ∑’ˇ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¢“¥‰π‚µ√‡®π<br />
(nitrogen deficiency) ¿“¬„π‡Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå ‰´¬“‚π<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬®–µ√÷߉π‚µ√‡®π„πÕ“°“»·≈⫇ª≈’ˬπ‰ª<br />
‡ªìπ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬°—∫‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‚¥¬„âæ≈—ßß“π ATP<br />
(√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) ‰π‚µ√®’‡π ∑’Ëæ∫„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬¡’<br />
√Ÿª·∫∫∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π 3 √Ÿª·∫∫ ´÷Ëß·∫àßµ“¡π‘¥¢Õß<br />
‚≈À–∑’ˇªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫√à«¡„π‚§√ß √â“ß ‰¥â·°à<br />
‚¡≈‘ª¥’π—¡‰π‚µ√®’‡π (Mo-containing nitrogenase)<br />
(Thiel, 1993) «“‡π‡¥’¬¡‰π‚µ√®’‡π (V-containing<br />
nitrogenase) (Kentemich et al., 1991) ·≈–‰ÕÕÕπ<br />
‰π‚µ√®’‡π (Fe-containing nitrogenase) (Bishop and<br />
Premakumar, 1992) ‚§√ß √â“ߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‚ª√µ’π 2<br />
Àπ૬ §◊Õ ‰¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π ·≈–‰¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π √’¥—§‡∑<br />
(Flores and Herrero, 1994; Orme-Johnson, 1992)<br />
1. ‰¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π (dinitrogenase) ‡ªìπ<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°∂Õ¥√À— ·≈–·ª≈√À— ®“°¬’π nifD ·≈–<br />
nifK ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‚ª√µ’π 2 Àπ૬¬àÕ¬ §◊Õ ‚ª√µ’π<br />
NifD ·≈–‚ª√µ’π NifK µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß<br />
‰¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π ‡ªìπ heterotetramer (NifD-α 2 Àπ૬<br />
·≈– NifK-β 2 Àπ૬) ¡’¢π“¥‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ª√–¡“≥ 220
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 3<br />
∂÷ß 240 °‘‚≈¥“≈µ—π (Tamagnini et al., 2007)<br />
2. ‰¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π √’¥—°‡∑ (dinitrogenase<br />
reductase) ‡ªìπ‡Õπ‰´¡å´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°∂Õ¥√À— ·≈–·ª≈√À—<br />
®“°¬’π nifH ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‚ª√µ’π NifH 2 Àπ૬<br />
‚§√ß √â“ߢÕ߉¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π √’¥—§‡∑ ‡ªìπ homodimer<br />
¡’¢π“¥‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ª√–¡“≥ 60 ∂÷ß 70 °‘‚≈¥“≈µ—π<br />
‰¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π √’¥—§‡∑ ¡’Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπµ—«°≈“ߢπ àß<br />
Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ®“° ferredoxin À√◊Õ flavodoxin ‰ª„Àâ°—∫<br />
‰¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π (Masepohl et al., 1997)<br />
‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (hydrogenase)<br />
1. Õ—æ‡∑§ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (uptake hydrogenase)<br />
‡ªìπ‡Õπ‰´¡å´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°∂Õ¥√À— ·≈–·ª≈√À— ®“°¬’π<br />
hupSL(C) ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‚ª√µ’π 3 Àπ૬¬àÕ¬ §◊Õ<br />
‚ª√µ’π HupL ¢π“¥‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ª√–¡“≥ 60 °‘‚≈¥“≈µ—π<br />
‚ª√µ’π HupS ¢π“¥‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ª√–¡“≥ 35 °‘‚≈¥“≈µ—π<br />
·≈–‚ª√µ’π HupC ´÷Ë߬—߉¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√¬◊π¬—π§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
·≈–Àπâ“∑’Ë (√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) ‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ—æ‡∑§ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π<br />
“¡“√∂æ∫‰¥â∑’ˇ¬◊ËÕ‰∑≈“§Õ¬¥å¢Õ߇Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå¢Õß<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬·∫∫‡ â𠓬 ‰¥â·°à Anabaena strain<br />
PCC 7120, Nostoc strain PCC 73102, Nostoc<br />
punctiforme ATCC 29133, Anabaena variabilis ATCC<br />
29413, Lyngbya majuscule CCAP 1446/4 (Happe et<br />
al., 2000; Linberg et al., 2000; Leitão et al., 2005)<br />
·≈– Gloeothece sp. ATCC 27152 (Oliveira et al.,<br />
2004) ‡ªìπµâπ ‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ—æ‡∑§ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π ¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë<br />
√—∫Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ®“°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰ª àß„Àâ°—∫<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ÕÕ°´‘‡®π¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√À“¬„®√–¥—∫‡´≈≈å<br />
2. ‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (bidirectional<br />
hydrogenase) À√◊Õ‡√’¬°Õ’°◊ËÕ«à“ √’‡«Õ√å ‘‡∫‘≈ ‰Œ‚¥√<br />
®’‡π (reversible hydrogenase) ‡ªìπ‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’Ëæ∫<br />
∫√‘‡«≥‡¬◊ËÕ‰´‚µæ≈“ ´÷¡¢Õ߇´≈≈å ·µà°≈‰°°“√∑”ß“π<br />
∑’Ë·∑â®√‘߬—߉¡à∑√“∫·πà—¥ —ππ‘…∞“π«à“¡’∫∑∫“∑<br />
‡ªìπµ—«√—∫Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ®“° NADH À√◊Õ H 2<br />
(Boison<br />
et al., 1999) (√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) ‡Õπ‰´¡å‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈ ‰Œ‚¥√<br />
®’‡π ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°∂Õ¥√À— ·≈–·ª≈√À— ®“°¬’π hoxEFUYH<br />
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‚ª√µ’πÀ≈—° 2 à«π∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π<br />
(dimeric protein association) (Schmitz et al., 1995;<br />
2002) §◊Õ (1) à«π¢Õ߉Œ‚¥√®’‡π (hydrogenase<br />
subunit) ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°∂Õ¥√À— ·≈–·ª≈√À— ®“°¬’π hoxYH<br />
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‚ª√µ’π 2 Àπ૬¬àÕ¬ §◊Õ ‚ª√µ’π HoxH<br />
·≈–‚ª√µ’π HoxY ¢π“¥‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ª√–¡“≥ 49 ·≈–<br />
24 °‘‚≈¥“≈µ—𠵓¡≈”¥—∫ (2) à«π¢Õ߉¥Õ–‚ø‡√<br />
(diaphorase subunit) ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°∂Õ¥√À— ·≈–·ª≈√À—<br />
®“°¬’π hoxEFU ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‚ª√µ’π 3 Àπ૬¬àÕ¬<br />
§◊Õ ‚ª√µ’π HoxE, ‚ª√µ’π HoxU ·≈–‚ª√µ’π HoxF<br />
¢π“¥‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ª√–¡“≥ 20, 28 ·≈– 61 °‘‚≈¥“≈µ—π<br />
µ“¡≈”¥—∫ æ∫‡Õπ‰´¡å‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π<br />
„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬À≈“°À≈“¬ “¬æ—π∏ÿå ‰¥â·°à<br />
Synechocystis strain PCC 6803, Synechococcus strain<br />
6301, Anabaena strain PCC 7120, Anabaena variabilis<br />
strain ATCC 29413, Anabaena variabilis strain IAM<br />
M58 (Schmitz et al., 1995; 2002), Microcystis<br />
aeruginosa (Asada et al., 1987) ·≈– Spirulina maxima<br />
(Llama et al., 1979) ‡ªìπµâπ
4 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 °≈‰°≈°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‡¡µ“∫Õ≈‘ ¡„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬<br />
(1) ‡Õπ‰´¡å‰π‚µ√®’‡π (nitrogenase) ´÷Ëßæ∫‰¥â„π‚§√ß √â“߇Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå (heterocyst) ∑”Àπâ“∑’˵√÷ß<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰π‚µ√‡®π·≈–‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª‡ªìπ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬·≈–‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰Œ‚¥√‡®π °≈‰°°“√∑”ß“π‡√‘Ë¡®“°Àπ૬¬àÕ¬<br />
‰¥‚µ√®’‡π √’¥—§‡∑ (NifH) √—∫Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ¿“¬πÕ°®“°µ—«„ÀâÕ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ ferredoxin À√◊Õ flavodoxin<br />
·≈â« àßÕ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ„ÀâÀπ૬¬àÕ¬‰¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π (NifDK) ®“°π—Èπ‰¥‰π‚µ√®’‡π ®–√’¥‘«´å‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈<br />
‰π‚µ√‡®π‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª‡ªìπ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬ ·≈–‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰Œ‚¥√‡®π´÷Ëß„π°√–∫«π°“√µâÕß„âæ≈—ßß“π ATP (2)<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ—æ‡∑§ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (uptake hydrogenase, HupSL(C)) ´÷Ëßæ∫‰¥â∑’ˇ¬◊ËÕ‰∑≈“§Õ¬¥å¢Õß<br />
‡Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå ∑”Àπâ“∑’ËÕÕ°´‘‰¥´å‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰ª‡ªìπ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰ÕÕÕπ (H + ) ·≈–Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ<br />
(3) ‡Õπ‰´¡å‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (bidirectional hydrogenase) ´÷Ëßæ∫‰¥â∫√‘‡«≥‡¬◊ËÕ‰´‚µæ≈“ ´÷¡<br />
¢Õ߇´≈≈å ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√’¥‘«´å‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰ÕÕÕπ°≈—∫‰ª‡ªìπ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰Œ‚¥√‡®π °≈‰°°“√∑”ß“π¬—߉¡à∑√“∫<br />
·πà—¥ —ππ‘…∞“π«à“‡ªìπ°“√∑”ß“π§«∫§Ÿà°—π¢ÕßÀπ૬¬àÕ¬‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (HoxHY) ·≈–‰¥Õ–‚ø‡√<br />
(HoxEFU) „π°“√√—∫Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ®“° NADH ·≈â« àßÕ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ„Àâ°—∫‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰ÕÕÕπ‡°‘¥º≈‘µº≈<br />
‡ªìπ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰Œ‚¥√‡®π·≈– NAD + (Tamagnini et al., 2007)
å<br />
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 5<br />
‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π ‡ªìπ‡Õπ‰´¡å„π°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë¡’‚≈À–<br />
π‘°‡°‘≈ (Ni) ‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫„π‚§√ß √â“߇àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å¬Ÿ√’‡Õ (urease) ·≈–§“√å∫Õπ ¡ÕπÕ°‰´¥å<br />
¥’‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase)<br />
(Casalot and Rousset, 2001) °≈ÿࡇÕπ‰´¡å‡À≈à“π’È<br />
µâÕß°“√‚ª√µ’πµ—«à«¬ (auxiliary protein À√◊Õ<br />
accessory protein) „π°“√∑”ß“π ®“°°“√»÷°…“<br />
§ÿ≥≈—°…≥– ¡∫—µ‘¢Õß‚ª√µ’πµ—«à«¬ æ∫«à“ ≈”¥—∫<br />
𑫧≈’‚Õ‰∑¥å·≈–≈”¥—∫°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å¡’§«“¡<br />
§≈⓬°—π·≈–Õπÿ√—°…å (homology and conservation)<br />
„π°≈ÿà¡·∫§∑’‡√’¬ (Lutz et al., 1991) ‡Õπ‰´¡å‰Œ‚¥√<br />
®’‡π ¢Õ߉´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬¡’‚ª√µ’πµ—«à«¬√à«¡∑”ß“π<br />
‡àπ°—π §◊Õ °≈ÿà¡‚ª√µ’π Hyp (HypB, HypA, HypE,<br />
HypD, HypC ·≈– HypF) ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°∂Õ¥√À— ·≈–·ª≈<br />
√À— ®“°¬’π hypBAEDCF (Wünschiers et al., 2003)<br />
°≈ÿà¡‚ª√µ’π Hyp æ∫„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬À≈“°À≈“¬<br />
“¬æ—π∏ÿå Õ“∑‘ Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101,<br />
Anabaena strain PCC 7120 ·≈– Synechocystis strain<br />
PCC 6803, Synechococcus strain 6301, Nostoc strain<br />
PCC 73102, Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133,<br />
Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 ·≈– Lyngbya<br />
majuscule CCAP 1446/4 (Happe et al., 2000; Linberg<br />
et al., 2000; Leitão et al., 2005; Tamagnini et al.,<br />
2007)<br />
ªí®®—¬∑’Ë àߺ≈µàÕ°“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ<br />
„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
ªí®®—¬¿“¬„π (Intrinsic factors) Õ“∑‘‡àπ<br />
°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å„π‡¡µ“∫Õ≈‘ ¡<br />
·≈–°“√ —߇§√“–À凴≈≈å摇»… ‡ªìπµâπ ‡´≈≈å¡’°≈‰°<br />
„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡åÕ—æ‡∑§<br />
‰Œ‚¥√‚√®’‡π ·≈–‡Õπ‰´¡å‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ૬√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈‰Œ‚¥√‡®π¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å Õ“∑‘ °“√<br />
≈¥·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡åÕ—æ‡∑§ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π §«∫§Ÿà<br />
°—∫°“√‡æ‘Ë¡·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈<br />
‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (Tamagnini et al., 2002) °“√∑”„À⬒π∑’Ë<br />
—߇§√“–Àå‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ—æ‡∑§ ‰Œ‚√®’‡π ‡ ’¬Àπâ“∑’ˉª (hup<br />
gene knock-out) ૬‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√º≈‘µ<br />
‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ (Tamagnini et al., 2002) ‰´¬“<br />
‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Nostoc muscorum ∑’ˉ¡à¡’¬’π hupL π—Èπ<br />
‰¡à “¡“√∂ÕÕ°´‘‰¥´å‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰¥â (Axelsson<br />
et al., 1999) ‡¡◊ËÕ√–¥—∫°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß‚ª√µ’π HupL<br />
¢Õß Lyngbya majuscule ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ æ∫«à“ ·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’<br />
¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡åÕ—æ‡∑§ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¥â«¬‡àπ°—π<br />
(Leitão et al., 2005) ·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å‰π‚µ√®’‡π<br />
·≈–‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π ∂Ÿ°¬—∫¬—Èߥ⫬‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ÕÕ°´‘‡®π∑’ˇ°‘¥<br />
¢÷Èπ®“°°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ß ‰´¬“‚π<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬®÷ß¡’°≈‰°„π°“√ª°ªÑÕ߉¡à„Àâ‡Õπ‰´¡å —¡º—<br />
°—∫‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ÕÕ°´‘‡®π‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß Õ“∑‘‡àπ (1) °“√<br />
√â“߇´≈≈å摇»…¢÷Èπ„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬π‘¥<br />
µ√÷߉π‚µ√‡®π ‡√’¬°«à“ ‡Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå (heterocyst)<br />
(√Ÿª∑’Ë 2) ૬„π°“√µ√÷߉π‚µ√‡®π„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’<br />
ÕÕ°´‘‡®π (aerobic condition) ‡Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå‰¡à‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß<br />
°—∫°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ß ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷߉¡à¡’<br />
°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ‡Õπ‰´¡å‰π‚µ√®’‡π ®÷ß∑”ß“π<br />
‰¥âª°µ‘ (Lang et al., 1987; Fay, 1992; Adams, 2000)<br />
(2) ¡’°“√°√–µÿâπ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å‰π‚µ√®’‡π<br />
·≈–‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π „πà«ß ¿“«–∑’ˉ¡à¡’· ß §«“¡‡¢â¡<br />
· ßπâÕ¬À√◊Õ∑’Ë¡◊¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥‚Õ°“ —¡º— °—∫‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈<br />
ÕÕ°´‘‡®π∑’Ë∂Ÿ°º≈‘µ¢÷Èπ¢≥– —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ß ´÷Ëß<br />
°√–∫«π°“√π’È®–æ∫‰¥â„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ “¬æ—π∏ÿ<br />
∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂ √â“߇Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå (Bergman et al., 1997)
6 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 °“√ª√“°Ø¢Õ߇Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå (heterocysts) a) ‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬π‘¥µ√÷߉π‚µ√‡®π Anabaena variabilis<br />
(µ”·Àπàß∑’Ë≈Ÿ°»√’ȧ◊Õ‡Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå) ¿“梬“¬ 300 ‡∑à“ (bar —; 20 ‰¡‚§√‡¡µ√) (Lang et al., 1987)<br />
b) · ¥ßµ”·ÀπàߢÕ߇Œ‡∑Õ‚√´‘ µå∑’Ë¡’°“√µ√÷߉π‚µ√‡®π‰ª‡ªìπ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬<br />
ªí®®—¬¿“¬πÕ° (Extrinsic factors or environmental<br />
factors) ∑’Ë¡’º≈‡‘ß∫«°·≈–‡‘ß≈∫µàÕ°“√<br />
‡æ‘Ë¡º≈º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π¢Õ߉´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ‰¥â·°à<br />
· ß Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ §«“¡‡ªìπ°√¥-¥à“ß §«“¡‡æ’¬ßæÕ¢Õß<br />
“√Õ“À“√ ·√à∏“µÿ·≈–ªí®®—¬Õ◊ËπÊ (µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1)<br />
1. · ß ‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬„ⷠ߇ªìπ·À≈àß<br />
æ≈—ßß“πÀ≈—°¢Õ߇´≈≈å·≈–· ߇ªìπµ—«·ª√ ”§—≠<br />
∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π·≈–‚ª√µ’π„π<br />
°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ß æ∫«à“ ‡¡◊ËÕ§«“¡‡¢â¡<br />
· ߇æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 250-300 µmol photons/m 2 /sec ‡´≈≈å<br />
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ‡æ‘Ë¡°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß<br />
¬’π psbA2, psbD2 ·≈– hypA (slr1675) ¡“°°«à“ ¿“«–<br />
ª°µ‘ (Hihara et al., 2001; Gill et al., 2002) ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
·¡â«à“‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬À≈“¬ “¬æ—π∏ÿå®–‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ<br />
‰¥â¥’„πà«ß· ߧ«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 680 π“‚π‡¡µ√ ·µà<br />
§«“¡µâÕß°“√· ß„π°“√º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ<br />
°≈—∫·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·µà≈– “¬æ—π∏ÿå Õ“∑‘‡àπ ‰´¬“‚π<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Spirulina platensis (Aoyama et al., 1997)<br />
·≈– Synechococcus PCC 7942 (Asada and Miyake,<br />
1999) º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰¥â„π∑’Ë¡◊¥ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–¡“≥<br />
32 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ·≈–ª√“»®“°ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ‰´¬“‚π<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬π‘¥µ√÷߉π‚µ√‡®π Oscillatoria sp.,<br />
Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 ·≈– Anabaena<br />
variabilis PK84 º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥⥒„π∑’Ë<br />
¡’· ߇撬ßæÕ·≈–¡’§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å 2 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå<br />
(Stal and Krumbein, 1985; Tsygankov et al., 1999)<br />
¢≥–∑’ˇ´≈≈å Anabaena cylindrica º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π<br />
’«¿“扥â„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡· ßπâÕ¬·≈–¡’°ä“´<br />
Õ“√å°Õπ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å (Jeffries et al., 1978) ·≈–‡´≈≈å<br />
Nostoc muscorum º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥â∑—Èß<br />
„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’· ß·≈–‰¡à¡’· ß ·µàª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ„π<br />
à«ß∑’Ë¡’· ß¡’¡“°°«à“„πà«ß∑’ˉ¡à¡’· ß (Shah et al.,<br />
2003)<br />
2. Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Dutta et al. (2005) ‰¥â√“¬ß“π<br />
«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡µàÕ°“√º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π<br />
’«¿“æ„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬Õ¬Ÿà„πà«ß°«â“ß√–À«à“ß<br />
30-40 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Nostoc<br />
muscorum º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥⥒∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
40 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ (Ernst et al., 1979) ·≈–¡’ª√‘¡“≥<br />
Ÿß°«à“∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 30 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ª√–¡“≥ 2.5 ‡∑à“<br />
(Shah et al., 2003) ·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å<br />
‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π (bidirectional-hoxhydrogenase)<br />
¢Õß Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ‡æ‘Ë¡<br />
¢÷Èπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘µ—Èß·µà 30 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ∂÷ß 60 Õß»“
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 7<br />
‡´≈‡´’¬ ·≈–‡Õπ‰´¡å¡’·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
70 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ (Baebprsert et al., 2010) ¢≥–∑’Ë<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Anabaena variabilis SPU 003 º≈‘µ<br />
°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥⥒∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 30 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
(Datta et al., 2000) ‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Calothrix336/3<br />
∑’ˇ≈’Ȭ߄πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇◊ÈÕ ≥ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 23 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 2 ‡∑à“ Ÿß°«à“<br />
Calothrix336/3 ∑’ˇ≈’È¬ß ≥ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 30 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
(Allahverdiyeva et al., 2010)<br />
3. §«“¡‡ªìπ°√¥-¥à“ß (pH) °“√º≈‘µ°ä“´<br />
‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ¢Õ߉´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Anabaena<br />
PCC 7120 ∑’Ë pH 7.5 ¡“°°«à“∑’Ë pH 8.2 ¢≥–∑’Ë<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Calothrix XPORK5E º≈‘µ°ä“´<br />
‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ∑’Ë pH 7.5 ¡“°°«à“∑’Ë pH 6.8<br />
(Allahverdiyeva et al., 2010)<br />
4. ·À≈àßÕ“À“√§“√å∫Õπ ‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
“¡“√∂„âπÈ”µ“≈À≈“¬π‘¥‡ªìπ·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ„π<br />
°“√‡æ‘Ë¡°“√º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ ‡àπ ‰´¬“‚π<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Anabaena variabillis ·≈– Anabaena CH3<br />
(Reddy et al., 1996; Chen et al., 2008) “¡“√∂„â<br />
πÈ”µ“≈ø√—°‚µ ‡ªìπ·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ‡æ◊ËÕ„â„π°“√º≈‘µ<br />
°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 “¡“√∂<br />
„âπÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§ πÈ”µ“≈ø√—°‚µ ·≈–πÈ”µ“≈´Ÿ‚§√<br />
‡ªìπ·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ‡æ◊ËÕ„â„π°“√º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π<br />
’«¿“扥⠴÷Ëß°≈Ÿ‚§ „Àâº≈º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π¡“°<br />
∑’Ë ÿ¥ (Baebprasert et al., 2010)<br />
5. ·À≈àßÕ“À“√‰π‚µ√‡®π “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
‰π‚µ√‡®π„π√Ÿª‰π‰µ√µå (NO 2-<br />
), ‰π‡µ√µ (NO 3-<br />
) ·≈–<br />
·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬ (NH 3<br />
) ¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√º≈‘µ°ä“´<br />
‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°<br />
·À≈à߉π‚µ√‡®π∑’ˇµ‘¡‡æ‘Ë¡≈߉ª„πÕ“À“√®–¬—∫¬—Èß<br />
°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå‡Õπ‰´¡å‰π‚µ√®’‡π (Rawson,<br />
1985) “√ª√–°Õ∫‰π‰µ√µå ‰π‡µ√µ ·≈–<br />
·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬¬—∫¬—Èß°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å‰π‚µ√®’‡π<br />
¢Õ߉´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Anabaena cylindrica ·≈–<br />
Anabaena variabilis SPU 003 àߺ≈„Àâ√–¥—∫°“√<br />
º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ≈¥≈ß (Lambert et al., 1979;<br />
Datta et al., 2000) Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’‡¡◊ËÕ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥<br />
·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬¡„πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇◊ÈÕ≈߇ªìπ 0.10 ¡‘≈≈‘‚¡≈“√å<br />
°“√º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
Anabaena cylindrica °≈—∫‰¡à∂Ÿ°¬—∫¬—Èß (Jeffries et al.,<br />
1978) „π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‰π‚µ√‡®πª√‘¡“≥®”°—¥ (nitrogen<br />
limitation) æ∫«à“‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Gloeocapsa alpicola<br />
¡’°“√‡æ‘Ë¡·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å ‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈<br />
‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π ¡“°¢÷Èπ (Sheremetieva et al., 2002)<br />
„π∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—π æ∫«à“ √–¥—∫°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß<br />
¬’π hox ·≈–·Õ§µ‘«‘µ’¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å ‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈<br />
‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π ¢Õ߉´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Synechocystis sp.<br />
PCC 6803 ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π∑‘»∑“߇¥’¬«°—π„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’<br />
ª√‘¡“≥‰π‚µ√‡®π®”°—¥ (Antal et al., 2006)<br />
6. ·À≈àß·√à∏“µÿ ∏“µÿ∫“ß𑥉´¬“‚π<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬µâÕß°“√„πª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬·µà¢“¥‰¡à‰¥â ‡π◊ËÕß<br />
¥â«¬·√à∏“µÿ‡À≈à“π’È¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠µàÕ‡¡µ“∫Õ≈‘ ¡¢Õß<br />
‡´≈≈å·≈–¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ<br />
Õ“∑‘‡àπ ·√à∏“µÿ´—≈‡øÕ√å ·≈–‡À≈Á° (Fe) ‡ªìπÕߧå<br />
ª√–°Õ∫ ”§—≠∫√‘‡«≥·Õ§∑’ø ‰´µå (active site) ¢Õß<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å‰π‚µ√®’‡π ¢≥–∑’Ë ·√à∏“µÿπ‘°‡°‘≈ (Ni) ·≈–<br />
‡À≈Á° (Fe) ‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫ ”§—≠∫√‘‡«≥·Õ§∑’ø ‰´µå<br />
(active site) ¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å‰∫‰¥‡√Á§—ππ—≈ ‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π<br />
(Tamagnini et al., 2002) ‡ªìπµâπ ‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
Arthrospira maxima º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥·√à∏“µÿπ‘°‡°‘≈„πÕ“À“√‡≈’È¬ß (Carrieri<br />
et al., 2008) ¢≥–∑’ˉ´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Anabaena<br />
cylindrica ∑’ˇ®√‘≠„πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭß∑’Ë¡’ 5.0 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡‡À≈Á°<br />
µàÕ≈‘µ√ “¡“√∂º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰¥â 2 ‡∑à“¢Õß<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Anabaena cylindrica ∑’ˇ®√‘≠„π<br />
Õ“À“√‡≈’Ȭß∑’Ë¡’ 0.5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡‡À≈Á°µàÕ≈‘µ√ (Jeffries<br />
et al., 1978) ‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Gloeocapsa alpicola<br />
·≈– Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 “¡“√∂º≈‘µ<br />
‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‰¥â‡àπ°—π„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¢“¥·√à∏“µÿ´—≈‡øÕ√å<br />
(sulfur deficiency) ¿“¬„µâ ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’°ä“´¡’‡∑π (CH 4<br />
)<br />
(Antal and Linblad, 2005)
å<br />
8 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“ °“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ¢Õß<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬π—ÈπµâÕß°“√ªí®®—¬∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡·≈–<br />
‡æ’¬ßæÕµàÕ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å‰π‚µ√®’‡π ·≈–<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥⡓´÷Ëߺ≈º≈‘µ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ<br />
¢Õ߉Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ °“√‡≈◊Õ° ¿“«–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡®÷ß<br />
¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß ‰¡à‡æ’¬ß·µà‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë<br />
“¡“√∂º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥⠬—ß¡’·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
Õ’°À≈“¬ “¬æ—π∏ÿå∑’Ë “¡“√∂º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥â<br />
‡àπ°—π Õ“∑‘‡àπ ·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ß<br />
Rhodobacter sphaeroides º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥â<br />
®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬°√¥Õ‘π∑√’¬å (organic acids) ‡àπ °√¥<br />
Õ–´’µ‘° ¿“¬„µâ ¿“«–‰√âÕ“°“» ·≈–‰¡à¡’· ß (Nath<br />
et al., 2005) ·∫§∑’‡√’¬π‘¥‰¡à„âÕÕ°´‘‡®π Clostridium<br />
acetobutylicum º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥âºà“π<br />
°√–∫«π°“√À¡—°¿“¬„µâ ¿“«–∑’ˉ¡à¡’· ß ‚¥¬‡◊ÈÕ<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬®–‡ª≈’ˬππÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§ ‰ª‡ªìπ°ä“´<br />
§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å·≈–‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ<br />
(Zhanga et al., 2006) ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Klebsiella pneumoniae<br />
“¡“√∂„âπÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§ ‡ªìπ·À≈àßÕ“À“√§“√å∫Õπ<br />
·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡º≈º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥⥒¿“¬„µâ<br />
°√–∫«π°“√À¡—°∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 37 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ·≈– pH<br />
‡∑à“°—∫ 6.0 (Niu et al., 2010) ‡ªìπµâπ °√–∫«π°“√<br />
º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ¢Õ߉´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬·≈–<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬¡’∑—ÈߢâÕ¥’·≈–¢âÕ¥âÕ¬·µ°µà“ß°—π‰ªµ“¡<br />
‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢·≈– ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡àπ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ∑—Èß Õß<br />
π‘¥µâÕß°“√ªí®®—¬¿“¬πÕ° Õ“∑‘ ·À≈àßÕ“À“√ §«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡· ß Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ §«“¡‡ªìπ°√¥-¥à“ß ‡ªìπµâ𠧫∫§ÿ¡<br />
°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å‰π‚µ√®’‡π ·≈–‰Œ‚¥√®’‡π<br />
„π°“√‡æ‘Ë¡º≈º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ‡À¡◊Õπ°—π ‘Ëß∑’Ë<br />
·µ°µà“ß°—π §◊Õ ‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ “¡“√∂π”<br />
§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥åÀ√◊Õ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¡“„⇪ìπ<br />
·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π·≈– “¡“√∂º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥â<br />
¢≥–∑’Ë·∫§∑’‡√’¬π‘¥‰¡à„âÕÕ°´‘‡®πº≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π<br />
’«¿“扥ⷵà°≈—∫„Àâº≈º≈‘µ‡ªìπ§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å<br />
ÕÕ°¡“¥â«¬´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ß “¡“√∂„â<br />
°√¥Õ‘π∑√’¬å‡ªìπ·À≈àßÕ“À“√§“√å∫Õπ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡º≈º≈‘µ<br />
‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“扥⠴÷Ëßµà“ß®“°‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
‡ªìπµâπ Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ ·¡â«à“°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß’«¿“æ®–<br />
‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß∑’Ëπà“ π„®·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·µà<br />
°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß’«¿“欗ߡ’¢âÕ®”°—¥Õ¬Ÿà∫â“ß §◊Õ Õ—µ√“<br />
°“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π¬—߉¡à Ÿß¡“°π—°‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫<br />
°√–∫«π°“√∑“߇§¡’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√π”‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑“ß<br />
’«‡§¡’·≈–Õ≥Ÿ’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡¢â“¡“„âª√—∫ª√ÿß “¬æ—π∏ÿ<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ §ß‡ªìπÕ’°·π«∑“ßÀπ÷Ëß„π°“√‡æ‘Ë¡<br />
Õ—µ√“°“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 ¿“«–∑’Ë„â„π°“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Cyanothece 7822 Heterocyst 0.92 mol/mg chl a/h N 2 with 5% CO 2<br />
Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 Heterocyst 2.60 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s<br />
Anabaena cylindrica IAMM-1 Heterocyst 2.01 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s<br />
Anabaena variabilis IAMM-58 Heterocyst 4.20 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s<br />
Anabaena cylindrica UTEX B 629 Heterocyst 0.91 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s<br />
Anabaena flos-aquae UTEX 1444 Heterocyst 1.70 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s<br />
Anabaena flos-aquae UTEX LB 2558 Heterocyst 3.20 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s<br />
Anabaenopsis circularis IAM M-13 Heterocyst 0.31 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s<br />
Nostoc muscorum IAM M-14 Heterocyst 0.60 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 9<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 (µàÕ) ¿“«–∑’Ë„â„π°“√º≈‘µ‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ„π‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
<br />
Nostoc linckia IAM M-30 Heterocyst 0.17 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s<br />
Nostoc commune IAM M-13 Heterocyst 0.25 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 60 E/m 2 /s<br />
Anabaena variabilis PK84 Heterocyst 32.3 mol/mg chl a/h Argon environment.<br />
Anabaena variabilis PK84 Heterocyst 167.6 mol/mg chl a/h 93%Ar, 5%N 2 , 2% CO 2 , 90 E/m 2 /s<br />
Anabaena variabilis PK84 Heterocyst 0.11 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 2% CO 2 , 400 W/m 2<br />
Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 Heterocyst 45.16 mol/mg chl a/h 93%Ar, 5%N 2 , 2% CO 2 , 90 E/m 2 /s<br />
Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 Heterocyst 0.05 mol/mg dry wt/h Ar, 5% CO 2 , 5000 lx /Tween 85 (77 mM)<br />
Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 Heterocyst 39.40 mol/mg chl a/h Argon environment<br />
Anabaena variabilis 1403/4B Heterocyst 20.0 mol/mg chl a/h 25 E/m 2 /s on top;13 E/m 2 /s on bottom of bioreactor<br />
Anabaena azollae Heterocyst 38.50 mol/mg chl a/h Argon environment.<br />
Anabaena variabilis PK17R Heterocyst 59.18 mol/mg chl a/h 93%Ar, 5%N 2 , 2% CO 2 , 90 E/m 2 /s<br />
Synechococcus PCC 6830 Non-heterocyst 0.26 mol/mg chl a/h Ar with CO (13.4 mol), C 2 H 2 (1.34 mol); darkness<br />
Synechococcus PCC 602 Non-heterocyst 0.66 mol/mg chl a/h Ar with CO (13.4 mol);20–30 E/m 2 /s<br />
Synechococcus PCC 6307 Non-heterocyst 0.02 mol/mg chl a/h Ar (100%), 20–30 E/m 2 /s<br />
Synechoccus PCC 6301 Non-heterocyst 0.09 mol/mg chl a/h Ar with C 2 H 2 (1.34 mol), 20–30 E/m 2 /s<br />
Microcystis PCC 7820 Non-heterocyst 0.16 mol/mg chl a/h Ar with CO (13.4 mol), C 2 H 2 (1.34 mol), 20–30 E/m 2 /s<br />
Gloebacter PCC 7421 Non-heterocyst 1.38 mol/mg chl a/h Ar with CO (13.4 mol), C 2 H 2 (1.34 mol), 20–30 E/m 2 /s<br />
Synechocystis PCC 6308 Non-heterocyst 0.13 mol/mg chl a/h Ar with CO (13.4 mol), C 2 H 2 (1.34 mol), 20–30 E/m 2 /s<br />
Synechocystis PCC 6714 Non-heterocyst 0.07 mol/mg chl a/h Ar with CO (13.4 mol), 20–30 E/m 2 /s<br />
Aphanocapsa montana Non-heterocyst 0.40 mol/mg chl a/h Ar (100%), 20-30 E/m 2 /s<br />
Oscillatoria limosa Non-heterocyst 0.83 mol/mg chl a/h Air, 16h light, 8h dark<br />
: Dutta et al., 2005<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ‡ªìπÕ’°∑“߇≈◊Õ°Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë®–૬≈¥ªí≠À“<br />
¡≈æ‘…®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°·≈–‡ªìπ°“√∑¥·∑π°“√<br />
„â‡◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß®“°øÕ ´‘≈„π°“√º≈‘µæ≈—ßß“π„πÕ𓧵<br />
°“√»÷°…“√–∫∫°“√º≈‘µ°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√‡®π’«¿“æ„π<br />
‰´¬“‚π·∫§∑’‡√’¬®÷߇ªìπ·π«∑“ßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ëπà“ π„®·≈–<br />
Õ“®®–‡ªìπ°ÿ≠·® ”§—≠„π°“√·°â‰¢·≈–∫√√‡∑“<br />
ªí≠À“∑“ߥâ“π«‘°ƒµ‘æ≈—ßß“π·≈–ªí≠À“ ¿“«–‡√◊Õπ<br />
°√–®°µàÕ‰ª<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
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Antal, T. K. and Lindblad, P. (2005). Production<br />
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Bergman, B., Gallon, J. R., Rai, A. N. and Stal, L.<br />
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HoxE-a subunit specific for the pentameric<br />
bidirectional hydrogenase complex<br />
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Shah, V., Garg, N. and Madamwar, D. (2003).<br />
Ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium<br />
Nostoc muscorum and exploitation of the<br />
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Microbiol. 48: 65-70.<br />
Sheremetieva, M. E., Troshina, O. Y., Serebryakova,<br />
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of nitrogenase the aerobically nitrogen<br />
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6286.<br />
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by batch culture of Anabaena variabilis<br />
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Wünschiers, R., Batur, M. and Lindblad, P. (2003).<br />
Presence and expression of hydrogenase<br />
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Biological hydrogen production by<br />
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728-734.<br />
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«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 14-27 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 14-27 (2011)<br />
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Genetically Modified Plants with Agrobacterium<br />
tumefaciens : a tool for Plant Transformation<br />
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§—¥‡≈◊Õ°æ—π∏ÿå ‡ªìπµâπ „π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿßæ—π∏ÿåæ◊«‘∏’°“√<br />
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„â‡∑§π‘§∑“ߥâ“πæ—π∏ÿ«‘»«°√√¡¡’¢âÕ¥’°«à“°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß<br />
æ—π∏ÿåæ◊·∫∫¥—È߇¥‘¡ §◊Õ “¡“√∂ àß∂à“¬¬’π (gene)<br />
∑’˵âÕß°“√„Àâ°—∫æ◊·µà≈–𑥉¥â‚¥¬µ√ß„π√–¥—∫<br />
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‡¢â“°—π‰¡à‰¥â (incompatibility) ®“°°“√º ¡¢â“¡π‘¥<br />
(species) µà“ß °ÿ≈ (genus) À√◊Õµà“ß«ß»å (family)<br />
πÕ°®“°π—Èπ¬—߇≈◊Õ°„ à‡©æ“–¬’π∑’˵âÕß°“√‚¥¬µ√ß ´÷Ëß<br />
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·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߺ≈º≈‘µ„À⠟ߢ÷Èπ (π‡√» ¥”√ß—¬, 2543)<br />
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æ◊¥—¥·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿå (transgenic plant) ´÷Ëß¡’À≈“¬«‘∏’∑—Èß<br />
°“√∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬µ√ß (direct gene transfer) µ—«Õ¬à“߇àπ<br />
°“√„â°√–· ‰øøÑ“·√ß Ÿß (electroporation) ‡æ◊ËÕ<br />
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—°π”„À⥒‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈åæ◊ (Chaudhury et al., 1995)<br />
°“√„â “√‡§¡’‚æ≈’‡Õ∑’≈’π‰°≈§Õ≈ (polyethylene glycol<br />
À√◊Õ PEG) (Weissinger, 1992) °“√„⇢Á¡©’¥<br />
(microinjection) (Õ“√’¬å «√—≠꟫—≤π°å, 2541) °“√„â<br />
‡§√◊ËÕ߬‘ßÕπÿ¿“§ (particle gun bombardment À√◊Õ<br />
microprojectile bombardment) (Gordon-Kamm<br />
et al., 1990) °“√„â‡∑§π‘§‰ÕÕÕπ∫’¡ (ion beam) „π<br />
°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‡¢â“ Ÿàæ◊ (Yu et al., 1993) √«¡∂÷ß “¡“√∂<br />
π”‡∑§π‘§‰ÕÕÕπ∫’¡æ≈—ßß“πµË”¡“„â„π°“√ àß∂à“¬<br />
æ≈“ ¡‘¥ ¥’ ‡ÕÁπ ‡Õ (plasmid DNA) ‡¢â“ Ÿà·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
(Anuntalabhochai et al., 2001) ·≈–°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‡¢â“ Ÿà<br />
æ◊‚¥¬Õ“»—¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬‡ªìπæ“À– ‰¥â·°à Agrobacterium<br />
(agrobacterium - mediated gene transfer) (Weising<br />
and Kahl, 1996) ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
°“√»÷°…“°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬„â·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
Agrobacterium ¡’√“¬ß“π«à“·∫§∑’‡√’¬¥—ß°≈à“« ‡ªìπ<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥ªÿÉ¡ª¡‰¥â„πæ◊À≈“¬<br />
π‘¥ ´÷Ëß°“√ àß∂à“¬‚¥¬«‘∏’π’Ȫ√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„πæ◊<br />
∑’Ë„â∫√‘‚¿§‡ªìπÕ“À“√ √«¡∑—È߉¡â¥Õ°‰¡âª√–¥—∫∑’Ë¡’<br />
¡Ÿ≈§à“∑“߇»√…∞°‘®À≈“¬π‘¥ ·≈–¬—ß¡’√“¬ß“𧫓¡<br />
”‡√Á®Õ◊ËπÊ Õ’°Õ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡¬—ß¡’¢âÕ<br />
ß —¬«à“‡∑§π‘§°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬„â·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
Agrobacterium “¡“√∂ àß∂à“¬¬’πª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®<br />
‡©æ“–„πæ◊„∫‡≈’ȬߧŸà‡∑à“π—ÈπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ¥—ßπ—Èπ „π<br />
∫∑§«“¡π’È®–𔇠πÕ√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬·≈–§«“¡ ”‡√Á®<br />
¢Õß°“√¥—¥·ª≈ßÀ√◊Õª√—∫ª√ÿßæ—π∏ÿåæ◊‚¥¬°“√„â<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Agrobacterium tumefaciens ´÷Ëß®– “¡“√∂<br />
µÕ∫¢âÕ ß —¬¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â<br />
ª√–«—µ‘·π«§«“¡§‘¥ ·≈–°“√∑¥≈Õ߇°’ˬ«°—∫<br />
“√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡<br />
„πà«ß‡√‘Ë¡µâπª√–«—µ‘¢Õß°“√»÷°…“·≈–<br />
·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡ æ∫«à“ „πªï §.».1944<br />
ÕÕ «“≈¥å ·Õ‡«Õ√’ (Oswald Avery) §Õ≈‘π ·¡°‡≈’¬¥<br />
(Colin Macleod) ·≈– ·¡§≈‘π ·¡°§“√å∑’ (Maclyn<br />
Macarty) ‰¥â»÷°…“æ∫«à“ ‡¡◊ËÕ·¬°¥’‡ÕÁπ‡ÕÕÕ°®“° “¬<br />
æ—π∏ÿå S (smooth colony) ‰ª„ à„πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇◊ÈÕ∑’Ë¡’<br />
“¬æ—π∏ÿå R (rough colony) ‡®√‘≠Õ¬Ÿà “¬æ—π∏ÿå R<br />
®–∂Ÿ°‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª‡ªì𠓬æ—π∏ÿå S ‰¥â ®÷ß √ÿª«à“<br />
‡°‘¥°√–∫«π°“√·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿå À√◊Õ ∑√“π øÕ√塇¡—Ëπ<br />
(transformation) ¢÷Èπ„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“<br />
ªï §.».1946 ‚®¨“≈’‡¥Õ√å‡∫‘√å° (Joshva<br />
Lederberg) ·≈–‡Õ§«Õ√å¥ ∑“∑—¡ (Edward Tatum)<br />
§âπæ∫°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ¬’π„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ¢≥–∑’Ë∑”°“√<br />
º ¡ “¬æ—π∏ÿå¢Õß Escherichia coli °—∫ “¬æ—π∏ÿåÕ◊ËπÊ<br />
æ«°‡¢“ —߇°µ°“√º ¡√–À«à“ß “¬æ—π∏ÿå¢ÕßæàÕ·¡à∑’Ë<br />
·µ°µà“ß°—π ·≈–‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫°“√·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿå´÷ËßµâÕß°“√<br />
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ®“°·∫§∑’‡√’¬∂à“¬∑Õ¥‰ª¬—ßÕ’°·∫§∑’‡√’¬Àπ÷Ëß<br />
‚¥¬µÕπÀ≈—ßæ∫«à“‡ªìπ°“√∂à“¬‚Õπ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ„π√Ÿª¢Õß<br />
æ≈“ ¡‘¥ (plasmid) ‡√’¬°«à“ °“√®—∫§ŸàÀ√◊Õ§Õπ®Ÿ‡°—Ëπ<br />
(conjugation)<br />
µàÕ¡“„πªï §.». 1952 Õ—≈‡ø√¥ ‡ŒÕ√凨¬å<br />
(Alfred Hershey) ·≈–¡“√å∑“ ‡´ (Martha Chase)<br />
‰¥â¡’°“√æ‘ Ÿ®πå‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡«à“¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡<br />
Õ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ ‚¥¬∑¥≈Õß°—∫ø“® T (phage T) ¢Õß<br />
E. coli À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ„πªï §.». 1953 πÕ√åµ—π ´‘π‡¥Õ√å<br />
(Norton Zinder) ·≈–‚®¨“≈’‡¥Õ√å‡∫‘√å° (Joshva<br />
Lederberg) æ∫°≈‰°°“√∂à“¬‚Õπ¬’π√–À«à“ß·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
‚¥¬ø“®¢Õß Salmonella typhimurium “¡“√∂π”<br />
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ®“°·∫§∑’‡√’¬Àπ÷Ë߉ª¬—ß·∫§∑’‡√’¬Àπ÷Ë߉¥â °“√<br />
∂à“¬‚Õπ·∫∫π’ȵâÕßÕ“»—¬ø“®‡ªìπµ—«°≈“ß ´÷Ëß«‘∏’°“√π’È<br />
‡√’¬°«à“°“√∂à“¬‚Õπ¬’πÀ√◊Õ∑√“π ¥—°—Ëπ (transduction)<br />
ªï §.».1953 ‡®¡ å «Õµ —π (Jams Watson)<br />
·≈–ø√“π´‘ §√‘° (Francis Crick) ‰¥â‡ πÕ<br />
‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ (DNA) ·≈–°≈‰°°“√∂à“¬·∫∫<br />
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ·∫∫°÷ËßÕπÿ√—°…å (semiconservative<br />
mechanism) ∑”„À⇢Ⓞ®∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ߢÕߥ’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ<br />
Õ¬à“ߥ’<br />
ªï §.».1958 ·¡∑∑‘« ‡¡ ‡≈ —π (Matthew<br />
Meselson) ·≈–·ø√ߧ≈‘𠵓Àå≈ (Franklin Stahl)<br />
»÷°…“°“√∂à“¬·∫∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ·≈–¬◊π¬—π«à“<br />
°≈‰°°“√∂à“¬·∫∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ·∫∫°÷ËßÕπÿ√—°…å
16 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
ªï §.».1961 ´’¥π’¬å ‡∫√π‡πÕ√å (Sydney<br />
Brenner) ø√Õß´—« ®“§Õ∫ (Franklin Jacope) »÷°…“<br />
°“√∂à“¬·∫∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬·≈–¬◊π¬—π«à“°≈‰°<br />
°“√∂à“¬·∫∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ·∫∫°÷ËßÕπÿ√—°…å<br />
ªï §.».1964 ¬“πÕø °’ (Yanofsky) ·≈–§≥–<br />
·≈–‡∫√π‡πÕ√å (Brenner) ‰¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ߧ«“¡<br />
—¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“߬’π·≈–æÕ≈‘‡ªª‰∑¥å<br />
ªï §.».1983 ∫“√å∫“√“ ·¡§§≈‘π∑Õ°<br />
(Barbara Mcclintock) ‰¥â√—∫√“ß«—≈‚π‡∫≈®“°°“√§âπ<br />
æ∫«à“ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡À√◊Õ¬’π∫“ßµ—« “¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬<br />
µ”·Àπàß∫π‚§√‚¡‚´¡‰¥â<br />
ªï §.».1958 ‡√‘Ë¡¡’°“√§âπæ∫«‘∏’‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥<br />
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‚¥¬„â‡∑§π‘§∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‡√ ‡π√’·Õ°—π<br />
(polymerase chain reaction) À√◊Õ‡√’¬° —Èπ Ê «à“ PCR<br />
µàÕ¡“ª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‰¥â√‘‡√‘Ë¡‚§√ß°“√®’‚π¡<br />
¡πÿ…¬å (The Human Genome Project) ‡√’¬°¬àÕÊ «à“<br />
HGP ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“«à“¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ∑—Èß 46 ‚§√‚¡‚´¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å<br />
¡’≈”¥—∫‡∫ ‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ ‚§√ß°“√π’ȇ√‘Ë¡µ—Èß·µà §.». 1990<br />
‚¥¬¡’°”À𥇠√Á® ‘Èπ‚§√ß°“√π’È §.». 2005 π’È√«¡<br />
√–¬–‡«≈“∑—Èß ‘Èπ 15 ªï ªí®®ÿ∫—π‚§√ß°“√‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√<br />
„°≈⇠√Á® ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈⫉¥â¡’°“√ª√–°“»§«“¡ ”‡√Á®<br />
„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ‡¡◊ËÕ §.». 2000 §«“¡ ”‡√Á®‡ªìπ°“√Õà“π√À—<br />
æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¡πÿ…¬å ( ¡æ√ ª√–‡ √‘∞ àß °ÿ≈, 2546)<br />
“√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡§◊ÕÕ–‰√<br />
“√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡ §◊Õ “√’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈<br />
(biomolecules) ∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇ°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈√À— æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡<br />
”À√—∫°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µµà“ßÊ ‡Õ“‰«â “√<br />
’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡„π‡´≈≈å¢Õß<br />
‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ—Èπ Ÿß ´÷Ëßæ∫‰¥â®“°π‘«‡§≈’¬ ¢Õ߇´≈≈å ‡√’¬°<br />
√«¡«à“ °√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘§ (nucleic acid) ‚¥¬§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
∑“߇§¡’·∫àß°√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘§ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 2 𑥬àÕ¬ §◊Õ<br />
Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ (RNA) ·≈–¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ à«π„À≠à<br />
¡’ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡‡ªìπ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ ¬°‡«âπ‰«√— ∫“ßπ‘¥<br />
‡ªìπÕ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ (‰«√— à«π¡“° ¡’ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡‡ªìπ<br />
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ) √À— ∫π “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡À“°¡’°“√∂Õ¥√À—<br />
(transcription) ÕÕ°¡“‰¥â ‡√’¬°√À— à«ππ—Èπ«à“¬’π<br />
( ÿ√‘π∑√å ªî¬–‚§≥“°ÿ≈, 2548)<br />
‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡<br />
°√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘° À√◊Õ “√’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢π“¥„À≠à<br />
∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ¬’π·≈–૬„π°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π<br />
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‡∫ πÈ”µ“≈ ·≈–À¡ŸàøÕ ‡øµ ‡√’¬°«à“<br />
°√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘§ °√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘°·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ Õߪ√–‡¿∑<br />
´÷Ëß·µ°µà“ß°—π∑’ËπÈ”µ“≈ °√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘°∑’Ë¡’πÈ”µ“≈‰√‚∫<br />
(D-ribose) ‡ªìπ à«πª√–°Õ∫‡√’¬°«à“ °√¥‰√‚∫𑫧≈’Õ‘°<br />
(ribonucleic acid) À√◊Õ‡√’¬°¬àÕÊ «à“ Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ æ«°∑’Ë<br />
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬πÈ”µ“≈¥’ÕÕ°´’‰√‚∫ (2' D-deoxyribose)<br />
‡√’¬°«à“ °√¥¥’ÕÕ°´’‰√‚∫𑫧≈’Õ‘° (deoxyribonucleic<br />
acid) À√◊Õ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π𑫇§≈’¬ (nucleus)<br />
‰¡‚∑§Õπ‡¥√’¬ (mitochondria) ·≈–§≈Õ‚√æ≈“ ∑å<br />
(chloroplast) ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡ (genetic<br />
material) À√◊Õ¬’π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õπ—Èπ¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π<br />
à«π¢Õ߇´≈≈å∑’Ë¡’¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ ·≈–¬—ßæ∫¡“°„π‰´‚∑<br />
æ≈“ ´÷¡ (cytoplasm) ¥â«¬ Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ¡—°∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë<br />
૬°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ<br />
∑’ˇªìπ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¢Õ߉«√— ·≈–ø“® (phage) ‡∫ ∑’Ë<br />
æ∫„π∏√√¡“µ‘¡’Õ¬Ÿà 2 æ«° æ«°·√° ‰¥â·°à æ«°<br />
æ‘√‘¡‘¥’π (pyrimidine) ´÷Ëß¡’Õπÿæ—π∏å “¡µ—«∑’Ëæ∫¡“°<br />
§◊Õ ‰´‚µ´’π (cytocine) ¬Ÿ√“´‘≈ (uracil) ·≈–‰∏¡’π<br />
(thymine) à«πæ«°∑’Ë Õ߉¥â·°à ‡æ’¬«√’π (purine)<br />
¡’Õπÿæ—π∏å Õßµ—«∑’Ëæ∫∫àÕ¬ §◊Õ Õ–¥‘π’π (adenine)<br />
·≈–°«“π’π (guanine) ‡∫ ‡À≈à“π’ȇªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
‰π‚µ√‡®πª√–‡¿∑Õ“‚√¡“µ‘§ (aromatic) “¡“√∂<br />
¥Ÿ¥· ßÕ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈∑∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 200 - 280<br />
π“‚π‡¡µ√ (¿‘≠‚≠ æ“π‘æ—π∏å, 2543) Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡<br />
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡<br />
“¡“√∂𔉪 Ÿà°“√·µ°·¢π߇ªìππ‘¥æ—π∏ÿå„À¡à<br />
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‰¥â À√◊Õ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ °“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå (mutation)<br />
°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå ‡ªìπª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π√–¥—∫¬’π<br />
àߺ≈„Àâ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß≈—°…≥–æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡‰ª<br />
®“°√ÿàπæàÕ√ÿàπ·¡à °“√‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå∑”„Àâ√À—
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 17<br />
æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡„π‚§√‚¡‚´¡¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬·≈–¡’°“√<br />
ª√—∫‡ª≈’ˬπ àߺ≈∂÷ß≈—°…≥–∑’Ë· ¥ßÕÕ°¡“ ´÷Ëß®–<br />
·µ°µà“ß®“°≈—°…≥–‡¥‘¡‡°‘¥§«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡<br />
·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√∂à“¬∑Õ¥æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡ÿ¥„À¡àÕÕ°‰ª‚¥¬<br />
ºà“π°√–∫«π°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå·∫∫Õ“»—¬‡æ» ºà“π°“√<br />
§—¥‡≈◊Õ°¢Õß∏√√¡“µ‘·≈â« ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ∑’Ë¡’ÿ¥æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡<br />
„À¡à®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ “¬æ—π∏ÿå„À¡à (new species)<br />
𔉪 Ÿà§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß’«¿“æµàÕ‰ª<br />
Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡<br />
°“√»÷°…“°“√∂à“¬∑Õ¥≈—°…≥–æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡„π<br />
à«ß·√°Ê ·¡â®–¡’°“√‡¢â“„®πâÕ¬¡“°‡°’ˬ«°—∫∏√√¡“µ‘<br />
¢Õ߬’π„π√–¥—∫‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ ·µàÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬°Áæ∫«à“ “√<br />
æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ “√‡§¡’ª√–‡¿∑‰Àπ®–µâÕß<br />
¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë 3 ª√–°“√<br />
1. ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇ°Á∫·≈–∂à“¬∑Õ¥¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß<br />
æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß®“°√ÿàπæàÕ·¡à‰ª¬—ß≈Ÿ°À≈“π<br />
·≈–µàÕÊ ‰ª<br />
2. §«∫§ÿ¡æ—≤π“°“√¢Õß≈—°…≥–µà“ß Ê ¢Õß<br />
‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ §◊Õ ‡ªìπµ—«°”Àπ¥°√–∫«π°“√‡®√‘≠·≈–<br />
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√Ÿª√à“ß≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇´≈≈å·≈–‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ<br />
¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ®“°‰´‚°∑ (zygote) ®π‡ªìπ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ<br />
µ—«‡µÁ¡«—¬<br />
3. µâÕß “¡“√∂‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÀ√◊Õ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“<br />
‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿ剥⠇æ◊ËÕ∑’Ë ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ®– “¡“√∂ª√—∫<br />
µ—«„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà√Õ¥‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª ‡æ√“–∂â“<br />
‰¡à¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß°Á‰¡à¡’«‘«—≤π“°“√‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ (À—∑¬“<br />
°“«’«ß»å, 2548)<br />
À≈—°°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬Õ“»—¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
Agrobacterium tumefaciens<br />
Agrobacterium ‡ªìπ·∫§∑’‡√’¬·°√¡≈∫´÷Ëß<br />
Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π “¡“√∂∫ÿ°√ÿ° (infection) ‡¢â“ Ÿàµâπæ◊<br />
‰¥â∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’∫“¥·º≈ ∑”„À⇰‘¥ªÿÉ¡ª¡ (tumour) À√◊Õ<br />
°âÕπ‡π◊ÈÕµ√ß®ÿ¥π—Èπ ‡√’¬°«à“ crown gall disease (Weising<br />
and Kahl, 1996) ‡¡◊ËÕπ”‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇªìπªÿÉ¡ª¡π—Èπ<br />
¡“‡≈’Ȭ߄πÕ“À“√ —߇§√“–Àå ®– “¡“√∂§ß ¿“æ‡àπ‡¥‘¡<br />
Õ¬Ÿà‰¥â §◊Õ ‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â‡√Á«·≈–‚µ‰¥â‰¡à®”°—¥„π<br />
¿“æ·§≈≈— (callus)‚¥¬‰¡àµâÕß„ àŒÕ√å‚¡πæ◊À√◊Õ<br />
“√‡√àß°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µπ‘¥„¥ ·¡â«à“®–°”®—¥·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
ÕÕ°‰ª·≈â«°Áµ“¡ ·µà®–‰¡à “¡“√∂æ—≤𓇪ìπµâπ<br />
∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ√≥剥⠰≈‰°∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥ ¿“æ‡àππ’È æ∫«à“<br />
¡’ “‡Àµÿ¡“®“°æ≈“ ¡‘¥¢π“¥„À≠àª√–¡“≥ 140 - 235<br />
°‘‚≈‡∫ ∑’Ëæ∫„π Agrobacterium ®÷߇√’¬°æ≈“ ¡‘¥π’È«à“<br />
æ≈“ ¡‘¥ Ti (tumour inducing plasmid) (Õ“√’¬å<br />
«√—≠꟫—≤π°å, 2541) ‡◊ÈÕ Agrobacterium Õ’°π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß<br />
∑”„À⇰‘¥√“° ≥ ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√∫ÿ°√ÿ° (infection) ¢Õß<br />
·∫§¡’‡√’¬ §◊Õ A. rhizogenes ´÷Ëß¡’æ≈“ ¡‘¥ Ri (root<br />
inducing plasmid) ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕªÿÉ¡ª¡∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√∫ÿ°√ÿ°¢Õß<br />
A. tumefaciens ®–¡’ ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ∫“ß à«π¢Õßæ≈“ ¡‘¥ Ti<br />
¢π“¥ª√–¡“≥ 20 °‘‚≈‡∫ ∂Ÿ° àß∂à“¬‡¢â“‰ª·∑√°Õ¬Ÿà<br />
„π‚§√‚¡‚´¡¢Õßæ◊∑’Ë∫ÿ°√ÿ° ‡√’¬°¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ∑’Ë∂Ÿ° àß<br />
∂à“¬π’È«à“ T-DNA (transferred DNA) æ≈“ ¡‘¥ Ti ∑’Ë<br />
æ∫¡“° ‰¥â·°à π‘¥ octopine ·≈– nopaline ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
·≈–®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ à«πµà“ßÊ ∑’Ë¡’ à«π¢Õß virulence<br />
(vir) gene ´÷Ëß¡’Àπâ“∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫°“√ àß∂à“¬ T-DNA ‡¢â“‰ª<br />
„π‡´≈≈åæ◊ ‚¥¬¬’π virA ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπµ—«®¥®” “√<br />
phenolic compound ∑’Ëæ◊º≈‘µ¢÷Èπ ®“°π—Èπ¬’π virA<br />
®– √â“ß effector ‡æ◊ËÕ°√–µÿâπ°“√‡ªî¥ virG operon ‚¥¬<br />
√â“ß receiver-effector ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ inactive ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’<br />
effector ®“°π—Èπ virA ‡¢â“‡°“–°Á®–‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ¿“æ<br />
active ·≈⫇¢â“‰ª‡°“–°—∫ operator ¢Õß vir ¬’πµà“ßÊ<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªî¥ operon ‚¥¬ virD1 ·≈– virD2 operon ∂Ÿ°<br />
‡ªî¥‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß endronucleolytic cleavage ´÷Ëß¡’µ”·Àπàß<br />
®¥®”Õ¬Ÿà∑’ˇ∫ µ”·Àπàß∑’Ë 3 ·≈– 4 ¢Õß “¬≈à“ߢÕß<br />
¥’‡ÕÁπ¢Õß T-DNA ∑’˵”·Àπàß LB ·≈– RB ‚¥¬®–<br />
µ—¥æ—π∏– phosphodiester bond (nick) ∑”„À⇰‘¥<br />
T-DNA “¬‡¥’ˬ«À≈ÿ¥ÕÕ°¡“ („π‡«≈“‡¥’¬«°—π °Á¡’<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–Àå DNA “¬„À¡à¢÷Èπ¡“∑¥·∑𠓬∑’Ë<br />
¢“¥À“¬‰ª) virC Àπâ“∑’ˬ—߉¡à∑√“∫·πà—¥ ·µà§“¥«à“<br />
‡°’ˬ«¢Õß°—∫°√–∫«π°“√ T-DNA processing<br />
(°√–∫«π°“√µ—¥·≈–µàÕ‘Èπ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ) ‚¥¬ virC ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë
18 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
º≈‘µ‚ª√µ’π·≈⫇¢â“‡°“–°—∫∫√‘‡«≥ enhancer ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà<br />
„°≈â°—∫ RB ®“°π—Èπ virE ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë √â“ß‚ª√µ’π (single<br />
strand DNA binding protein) ‡æ◊ËÕ‡¢â“‡°“–°—∫ T-DNA<br />
“¬‡¥’ˬ«∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥ÕÕ°¡“ ∑”„Àâ T-DNA “¬‡¥’ˬ«π—Èπ<br />
¡’§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß„π√–À«à“ß°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π virB ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë<br />
√â“ß‚ª√µ’π ·≈⫇¢â“‰ª‡°“–°—∫‡¬◊ËÕÀÿ⡇¡¡‡∫√π¢Õßæ◊<br />
∑”„À⇰‘¥√Ÿ ‡æ◊ËÕ àß∂à“¬ T-DNA ‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈åæ◊ (virE<br />
∑”Àπâ“∑’§≈⓬°—∫ tra gene) integration of T-strand<br />
in plant cell DNA ª≈“¬ 3' OH ¢Õß single strand<br />
T-DNA ®–‡¢â“‰ª synapsis °—∫ à«π¢Õß small<br />
homologies ¢Õß plant cell DNA ‡°‘¥®ÿ¥·µ°À—°∫π<br />
“¬Àπ÷ËߢÕß plant cell DNA ( “¬≈à“ß) ª≈“¬ 5' P<br />
¢Õß single strand T-DNA ‡¢â“‰ª‡◊ËÕ¡µàÕ°—∫ plant<br />
cell DNA ∑’ˇ°‘¥®ÿ¥·µ°À—° ´÷Ëß¡’√“¬ß“π«à“ virD Õ“®¡’<br />
à«π૬„π°√–∫«π°“√ DNA repair nick and gap<br />
¡’°“√‡◊ËÕ¡µàÕ∫√‘‡«≥ nick ·≈– gap ‚¥¬°“√∑”ß“π<br />
¢Õß virD §≈⓬°—∫°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß ligase ¿“¬„π à«π<br />
T-DNA ¡’¬’π°”Àπ¥°“√ √â“ß “√ opine ‡àπ nopaline<br />
synthase (nos), octopine synthase (ocs), agroclinoline<br />
synthase (acs) ·≈– agropine synthase (ags) à«π<br />
Õ◊ËπÊ ¿“¬„π Ti - plasmid ‰¥â·°à ®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ°“√<br />
®”≈Õß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ (ORI) à«π∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡°“√ àß∂à“¬<br />
æ≈“¡‘¥ ‚¥¬«‘∏’§Õπ®Ÿ‡°—Ëπ ¬’π∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„À⇴≈≈å<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬ “¡“√∂„â “√æ«° opine ‡ªìπ·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ àß T-DNA ‡¢â“‰ª„π‡´≈≈åæ◊·≈â«<br />
‡´≈≈å¢Õßæ◊∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë∂Ÿ°∫ÿ°√ÿ°®÷ß “¡“√∂ √â“ß “√<br />
opine ¢÷Èπ‰¥âµ“¡π‘¥¢Õßæ≈“ ¡‘¥ Ti π—Èπ à«π<br />
Agrobacterium °Á “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â‚¥¬„â “√<br />
opine ∑’Ëæ◊ √â“ߢ÷Èπ‡ªìπ·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π‰¥â ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ°”®—¥<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬ÕÕ°‰ª æ◊¬—ß§ß —߇§√“–Àå “√ opine ‰¥â<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“° T-DNA ∂Ÿ° à߇¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà„π‡´≈≈åæ◊Õ¬à“ß<br />
∂“«√·≈â« (Õ“√’¬å «√—≠꟫—≤π°å, 2541)<br />
„π à«π¢Õß T-DNA πÕ°®“°®–¡’¬’π∑’Ë<br />
°”Àπ¥°“√ —߇§√“–Àå “√ opine ·≈â« ¬—ß¡’¬’π∑’Ë<br />
°”Àπ¥°“√ √â“ߌÕ√å‚¡πæ◊ (phytohormone) æ«°<br />
ÕÕ°´‘π·≈–‰´‚µ‰§π‘π¥â«¬ ‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ„À⇴≈≈åæ◊∑’ˉ¥â<br />
√—∫ T-DNA ¡’°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ·∫à߇´≈≈åÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«·≈–<br />
‰¡à®”°—¥ ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ªìπ°âÕπ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕªÿÉ¡ª¡∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂<br />
æ—≤𓇪ìπ¬Õ¥À√◊Õ√“°‰¥â ¬’π∑’Ë°”Àπ¥°“√ √â“ß<br />
ŒÕ√å‚¡πæ◊∑’Ëæ∫ §◊Õ trytophan monooxygenase (tms1),<br />
indoleacetamide hydrolase (tms2) ·≈– isopentenyl<br />
transferase (tmr) ‚¥¬æ∫«à“ ¬’π tms1 ·≈– tms2<br />
°”Àπ¥°“√ √â“߇Õπ‰´¡å∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß<br />
“√ trytophan ‡ªìπ indoleacetamide ·≈–‡ª≈’ˬπµàÕ<br />
‰ª‡ªìπ indoleacetic acid (IAA) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ “√æ«°<br />
ÕÕ°´‘π à«π¬’π tmr ‡ªìπ‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë √â“ß<br />
isopentenyl adenosine (IPA) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ “√æ«°<br />
‰´‚µ‰§π‘π ¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õß T-DNA ∑’Ë®– àß∂à“¬‰ª<br />
¬—߇´≈≈åæ◊®–§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–°”À𥂥¬≈”¥—∫‡∫ ´È”Ê<br />
(terminal repeat) 25 §Ÿà‡∫ ®–¡’Õ¬Ÿà∑—Èß 2 ¢â“ߢÕß T-<br />
DNA ‡√’¬° left border (LB) ·≈–right border (RB)<br />
(Õ“√’¬å «√—≠꟫—≤π°å, 2541) °“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬<br />
Agrobacterium ´÷Ë߇ªìπ«‘∏’°“√∑’ËÕ“»—¬∏√√¡“µ‘¢Õß<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬‚√§æ◊∑’Ë¡’◊ËÕ«à“ A. tumefaciens ૬„π°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π‡¢â“ Ÿàæ◊ æ◊µâπ„À¡à∑’ˉ¥â‡√’¬°«à“æ◊¥—¥·ª≈ß<br />
æ—π∏ÿå (transgenic plant) À≈—°°“√∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬«‘∏’π’ȧ◊Õ<br />
π”‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ¢Õßæ◊¡“∑”„À⇰‘¥√Õ¬·º≈ ·≈⫇≈’Ȭß∫π<br />
Õ“À“√‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭß√à«¡°—∫·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ®“°π—Èπ°”®—¥·∫§∑’‡√’¬<br />
¥â«¬¬“ªØ‘’«π– °àÕπ∑’Ë®–π”‘Èπ à«π¢Õßæ◊‰ª‡≈’Ȭß<br />
§—¥‡≈◊Õ°„πÕ“À“√ ‡´≈≈å∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√∂à“¬¬’π®–‡®√‘≠<br />
‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â·≈â«π”‰ª—°π”„À⇰‘¥‡ªìπµâπæ◊ ®“°π—Èπ<br />
µ√«® Õ∫°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π‡æ◊ËÕ¬◊π¬—πº≈Õ’°§√—Èß<br />
Àπ÷Ëß ‚¥¬¬’π∑’Ë∂Ÿ° àß∂à“¬‚¥¬ à«π„À≠à¡’ 2 ·∫∫ §◊Õ<br />
sense ·≈– antisense ´÷Ëßæ◊π‘¥·√°∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√∂à“¬<br />
Ω“°¬’π‚¥¬ Agrobacterium §◊Õ Daucus carota (Õ“√’¬å<br />
«√—≠꟫—≤π°å, 2541)<br />
°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬«‘∏’ Sense ·≈– Antisense<br />
Van der Kroll et al. (1990) æ∫«à“ °“√<br />
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„¥Ê ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫¬’π dihydroflavonol -<br />
4-reductase (DFR) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√<br />
—߇§√“–Àå√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π ®– àߺ≈µàÕ°“√
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 19<br />
· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß ’„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‰¡à«à“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπ—Èπ®–<br />
‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬«‘∏’ antisense ‡æ◊ËÕ<br />
¬—∫¬—ÈßÀ√◊Õ≈¥°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π (suppression) À√◊Õ<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬«‘∏’sense ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡°“√ – ¡·≈–· ¥ßÕÕ°<br />
¢Õ߬’π„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ (over expression) °“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π<br />
‚¥¬„â«‘∏’ antisense π—Èπ‡ªìπ°√–∫«π°“√∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π<br />
∑’˵àÕ°≈—∫∑‘»∑“ß ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥°“√≈Õ°√À— ®“°¬’π∑’Ë∂à“¬<br />
Ω“°‡¢â“‰ª ®–‰¥âÕ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ “¬∑’ˇªìπ§Ÿà ¡°—∫Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ<br />
¢Õ߬’π „πæ◊ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥°“√®—∫‡¢â“§Ÿà°—π ∑”„À≡ࡒ°“√<br />
·ª≈√À— ‡ªìπ‚æ≈’‡ææ‰∑¥åÀ√◊Õ‚ª√µ’π ·≈–‰¡à‡°‘¥<br />
°“√ √â“߇ÕÁπ‰´¡åÀ√◊Õ “√´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈≈—æ∏å¢Õ߬’π¥—ß°≈à“«<br />
°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬«‘∏’ antisense ‡æ◊ËÕ¬—∫¬—ÈßÀ√◊Õ≈¥°“√<br />
· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π ‚¥¬∑’Ë antisense DFR gene ∑”„Àâ<br />
ª√‘¡“≥√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ≈¥≈ß„πæ‘∑Ÿ‡π’¬ À√◊Õ°“√ àß∂à“¬<br />
antisense DFR gene ‡¢â“ Ÿà‡¬Õ∫’√“ “¡“√∂‡ª≈’Ë¬π®“°<br />
’·¥ß‡ªìπ ’¡æŸ ·≈– ”À√—∫æ◊ lisianthus æ∫«à“<br />
‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π ’®“°¡à«ß‰ª‡ªìπ¢“« πÕ°®“°π’È °“√<br />
àß∂à“¬ antisense DFR gene ∑”„Àâ Torenia hybrida<br />
‡ª≈’Ë¬π®“°¥Õ° ’πÈ”‡ß‘π‡ªìπ ’πÈ”‡ß‘πÕàÕπ‰¥â (Aida<br />
et al., 2000) ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ßπ”¡“ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â„π°“√»÷°…“<br />
°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π DFR ‡¢â“æ◊ª∑ÿ¡¡“ ‚¥¬°≈‰°°“√‡°‘¥<br />
’„πæ◊‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‡Õπ‰´¡åÀ≈“¬π‘¥ ‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’Ë<br />
”§—≠ §◊Õ ‡Õπ‰´¡å DFR ´÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë„π¢—ÈπµÕπ<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√’¥—°—𠇪≈’ˬπ “√µ—«°≈“ß (intermediate)<br />
dihydroflavonols ‡ªìπ leucoanthocyanidin ´÷Ëß “√<br />
µ—«π’ȇª≈’Ë¬π‰ªµ“¡≈”¥—∫ ®π°√–∑—Ë߇ªìπ “√°≈ÿà¡<br />
cyanidine, pelargonidine ·≈– delphinidin ´÷Ë߇ªìπ<br />
√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π ‚¥¬¬’π DFR °”Àπ¥°“√ √â“ß<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å¥—ß°≈à“« ¥—ßπ—Èπ ∂â“¡’°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π DFR ‚¥¬<br />
«‘∏’ antisense ‡æ◊ËÕ¬—∫¬—ÈßÀ√◊Õ≈¥°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π<br />
(suppression) Õ“®∑”„À≡ࡒÀ√◊Õ≈¥°“√ √â“ß “√„π<br />
°≈ÿà¡ cyanidine, pelargonidine ·≈–delphinidin ·≈–<br />
àߺ≈µàÕ°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß ’„π∑’Ë ÿ¥<br />
”À√—∫°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π ‚¥¬«‘∏’ sense ´÷Ë߇ªìπ<br />
°√–∫«π°“√·∑√°¬’π∑’Ë¡’‘Èπ à«π§√∫∂â«π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å<br />
(full length gene) ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ∑’˵âÕß°“√‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ<br />
‘Ëß¡’’«‘µπ‘¥π—Èπ “¡“√∂ √â“ß‚ª√µ’π´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈≈—æ∏å<br />
¢Õ߬’π∑’Ë·∑√°‡¢â“‰ªπ—ÈπÕÕ°¡“‰¥â ‚¥¬¬’π∑’Ë«à“π’ÈÕ“®<br />
‰¥â¡“®“° ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µπ‘¥π—Èπ‡ÕßÀ√◊Õ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µπ‘¥Õ◊Ëπ<br />
°Á‰¥â ªí®®ÿ∫—π‡∑§π‘§π’È∂Ÿ°π”¡“„â„π°“√ √â“ßæ◊<br />
¥—¥·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡À≈“¬π‘¥ ‡àπ ¢â“« Golden Rice<br />
·≈–ΩÑ“¬ BT ‡ªìπµâπ °“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π DFR ‚¥¬«‘∏’ Sense<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡°“√ – ¡·≈–· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ (over<br />
expression) π—Èπ Õ“®∑”„Àâ¡’°“√ √â“ß “√„π°≈ÿà¡<br />
cyanidine, pelargonidine ·≈– delphinidin ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ<br />
àߺ≈µàÕ°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß ’∑’Ë¡“°¢÷Èπ¥â«¬‡àπ°—π<br />
√“¬ß“π¢Õß Holton (1996) »÷°…“°“√ àß∂à“¬ Sense<br />
DFR gene æ∫«à“ °“√ àß∂à“¬ sense DFR gene ®“°<br />
æ‘∑Ÿ‡π’¬ ∑”„Àâ¥Õ° ’¢“«¢Õß Dianthus caryophyllus<br />
‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ¥Õ° ’¡à«ß πÕ°®“°π’È¡’√“¬ß“π°“√ àß∂à“¬<br />
¬’π DFR ‚¥¬«‘∏’ RNA interference (RNAi) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ<br />
°√–∫«π°“√¬—∫¬—Èß°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π„π√–¥—∫<br />
mRNA ‚¥¬À“°‡°‘¥Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ “¬§Ÿà¢÷Èπ¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å<br />
Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ “¬§Ÿà∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èππ’È®–∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬‚¥¬°≈ÿà¡¢Õß<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å𑫧≈’‡Õ ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ RNA-induce silencing<br />
complex (RISC) „À⇰‘¥‡ªìπÕ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ “¬§Ÿà‘Èπ‡≈Á°Ê<br />
¢π“¥ª√–¡“≥ 22 𑫧≈’‚Õ‰∑¥å ‡√’¬°«à“ small<br />
interfering RNA (siRNA) ´÷Ëß siRNA ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èππ’È®–<br />
‡ªìπµ—«°√–µÿâπ„À⇰‘¥°“√∑”≈“¬ mRNA ∑’Ë¡’≈”¥—∫<br />
‡∫ ‡À¡◊Õπ°—πµàÕ‰ª ´÷Ë߇◊ËÕ«à“°≈‰°∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èππ’È¡’<br />
ª√–‚¬πå„π°“√૬„Àâ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ “¡“√∂µâ“π∑“πµàÕ<br />
‰«√— ∫“ß𑥉¥â ·≈–¬—ß„â„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√<br />
· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π„Àâ·µ°µà“ß°—π‰ªµ“¡à«ß°“√æ—≤π“<br />
√–¬–µà“ßÊ ‰¥â ¡’√“¬ß“π°“√»÷°…“°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π DFR<br />
‚¥¬«‘∏’ RNA interference (RNAi) ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ √â“ß<br />
°ÿÀ≈“∫¥Õ° ’πÈ”‡ß‘π‚¥¬ ∂“∫—π CSIRO ‚¥¬ Wang<br />
·≈–§≥– (1997) ‰¥â„â RNAi (RNA interference)<br />
À¬ÿ¥°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߬’π DFR „π°ÿÀ≈“∫ ’·¥ß ‡æ◊ËÕ<br />
¬—∫¬—Èߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ cyanidin pathway §◊Õ °“√ √â“ß “√°≈ÿà¡<br />
cyanidin ( ’·¥ß) „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π°Á‡æ‘Ë¡°“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
“√„π°≈ÿà¡ delphinidin (´÷Ëß„Àâ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π) ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß<br />
¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·≈–π—°«‘®—¬®“° ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬ Suntory ‰¥â„â
20 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
À≈—°°“√‡¥’¬«°—ππ’È “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß°“√ √â“ß ’¡æŸ„π<br />
°ÿÀ≈“∫ “¬æ—π∏ÿå ’¡æŸ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ —߇§√“–Àå ’πÈ”‡ß‘π<br />
∑¥·∑π‰¥â πÕ°®“°¬—∫¬—Èß°“√ √â“߇¡Á¥ ’·≈⫬—ß<br />
“¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß°“√ √â“ß ‡Õ∑‘≈’π ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß Huang<br />
et al. (2007) ‰¥â»÷°…“°“√∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π‡¢â“¥Õ°æ‘∑Ÿ‡π’¬<br />
¥â«¬ Agrobacterium ‚¥¬„⬒π antisense BoACS1 ·≈–<br />
antisense BoACO1 √À— ≈”¥—∫¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß<br />
°—∫°“√ —߇§√“–Àå‡Õ∑‘≈’π„πæ◊º—°π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß æ∫«à“¬’π<br />
antisense BoACO1 “¡“√∂≈¥°“√ —߇§√“–Àå‡Õ∑‘≈’π<br />
·≈–∑”„Àâ¥Õ°æ‘∑Ÿ‡π’¬‡À’ˬ«‡©“â“≈ß πÕ°®“°π’È¡’√“¬ß“π<br />
°“√∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π¥â«¬ Agrobacterium „π¡–‡¢◊Õ‡∑» ‚¥¬<br />
„⬒π ACC oxidase strong 1 æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß<br />
°“√ ÿ°¢Õß¡–‡¢◊Õ‡∑»‰¥â„π√–¥—∫ mRNA (Shaharuddin<br />
et al., 2006)<br />
√“¬ß“𧫓¡ ”‡√Á®¢Õß°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π „πæ◊<br />
„∫‡≈’ȬߧŸà<br />
„π∫∑§«“¡π’È®–¢Õ𔇠πÕ°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π∑’Ë<br />
‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π·≈–∑”„Àâ¥Õ°<br />
¢Õßæ◊‡ª≈’Ë¬π ’ ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß Shimada et al. (2001)<br />
“¡“√∂ àß∂à“¬ sense ¢Õ߬’π flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase<br />
(F3'5'H) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ¬’π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π∑”„Àâ¥Õ° ’¡æŸ‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ<br />
’¡à«ß ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ àß∂à“¬ antisense ¢Õ߬’π (F3'5'H)<br />
“¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥¥Õ° ’πÈ”‡ß‘π„πæ‘∑Ÿ‡π’¬‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ<br />
’¡æŸÀ√◊ÕπÈ”‡ß‘π´’¥‰¥â πÕ°®“°π’È Aida et al. (2000)<br />
‰¥â»÷°…“°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π §◊Õ ¬’π DFR ·≈– ¬’π<br />
chalcone synthase (CHS) ‚¥¬«‘∏’ antisense æ∫«à“°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π DFR ∑”„Àâ¥Õ°·««¡¬ÿ√“¡’ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π·≈–<br />
’¢“«ª–ªπ°—πÕ¬Ÿà ·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“¢Õß Ueyama<br />
et al. (2002) ‰¥â√“¬ß“π∂÷ß°“√»÷°…“‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√<br />
æ—≤π“¢Õߥհ·««¡¬ÿ√“ æ∫«à“¥Õ°·««¡¬ÿ√“„π√–¬–<br />
µà“ßÊ ¡’°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß ’·≈–°“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å„π°≈ÿà¡√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π∑’ˉ¡à‡À¡◊Õπ<br />
°—π‡àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫ Jaakola et al. (2002) ‰¥â»÷°…“°“√<br />
· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π<br />
„π√–À«à“ß°“√æ—≤π“°“√ ÿ°¢Õߺ≈∫‘≈‡∫Õ√’ æ∫«à“<br />
’¢Õߺ≈∫‘≈‡∫Õ√’„π√–¬–µà“ßÊ ¢Õß°“√ ÿ°¡’°“√<br />
– ¡‡Õπ‰´¡å·≈–°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß<br />
°—∫√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
∫“ߪ√–°“√¢Õßæ◊ ¡’®ÿ¥ª√– ߧå‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥âæ◊∑’Ë¡’<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑’˵âÕß°“√À√◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥¿“æ„À⥒¢÷Èπ<br />
°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß ’¢Õߥհ‰¡â °Á‡ªìπ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë°”≈—߇ªìπ<br />
∑’Ë π„® ·≈–¡’ß“π«‘®—¬∑’˪√– ∫º≈ ”‡√Á® ‚¥¬°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√ —߇§√“–Àå√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ<br />
·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π °“√ àß∂à“¬ antisense CHS gene „π<br />
Gebera hybrida ‚¥¬„â A. tumefaciens æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂<br />
¬—∫¬—Èß°“√ —߇§√“–Àå√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π „π¥Õ°<br />
Gebera hybrida ‰¥â ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß Spelt et al. (2000)<br />
»÷°…“°“√ àß∂à“¬ DFR gene „π¥Õ°æ‘∑Ÿ‡π’¬‚¥¬„â<br />
A. tumefaciens æ∫«à“ °“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π DFR ·≈–<br />
’¥Õ°¢Õßæ‘∑Ÿ‡π’¬‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ Yan<br />
et al. (2001) »÷°…“°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π chalcone synthase<br />
A gene „π¥Õ°æ‘∑Ÿ‡π’¬ ‚¥¬„â A. tumefaciens<br />
LBA4404 /pBI121 plasmid æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥<br />
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ’¥Õ°¢Õßæ‘∑Ÿ‡π’¬‰¥â ‚¥¬‡ª≈’Ë¬π®“°<br />
’¡à«ß‡ªìπ ’¢“« ·≈–¢“« ≈—∫¡à«ß πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’ß“π<br />
«‘®—¬∑’Ë∑”„πæ◊π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ ·≈–„Àâº≈∑’Ë¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß<br />
∑’Ë ’¢Õߥհ À√◊Õ„∫æ◊‰¥â Liu et al. (2001) »÷°…“<br />
àß∂à“¬ tag1-gene ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°“√ —߇§√“–Àå√ߧ«—µ∂ÿ<br />
·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π„𬓠Ÿ∫ ‚¥¬„â A. tumefaciens<br />
æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ ’¥Õ°¢Õ߬“ Ÿ∫ ‡ª≈’Ë¬π®“° ’·¥ß<br />
‡ªìπ ’·¥ß∑’Ë®“ß≈߉¥â „πªï 2010 Grosser et al. ‰¥â<br />
»÷°…“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¢Õß â¡≈Ÿ°º ¡<br />
‚¥¬°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π¥â«¬ Agrobacterium ‚¥¬∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π<br />
egfp-nptII ¿“¬„µâ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡¢Õß CaMV 35S promoter<br />
æ∫ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß°“√∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π√âÕ¬≈– 18 ·≈–„πªï<br />
‡¥’¬«°—π Figueiredo et al. (2010) ‰¥â»’°…“°“√∂à“¬<br />
Ω“°¬’π‡¢â“ Guignardia citricarpa ¥â«¬ Agrobacterium<br />
tumefaciens ‚¥¬„âæ≈“ ¡‘¥ pPZP201BK æ∫«à“¡’<br />
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π√âÕ¬≈– 93.75 πÕ°®“°π’È
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 21<br />
ºŸâ‡¢’¬π¬—߉¥â∑”°“√»÷°…“°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬„â<br />
A. tumefaciens ·≈–ª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„πæ◊Õ—≠—π<br />
´÷Ë߇ªìπæ◊„∫‡≈’ȬߧŸàº≈°“√»÷°…“ àß∂à“¬¬’π DFR ‡¢â“ Ÿà<br />
Õ—≠—π À≈—ß®“° co-cultivation 4 ‡¥◊Õπ π”‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕÕ—≠—π<br />
¡“∑”°“√µ√«® Õ∫‚¥¬‡∑§π‘§ GUS histochemical<br />
assay (GUS expression) æ∫«à“‡°‘¥®ÿ¥ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π<br />
(√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√–À«à“ß X-gluc ·≈– ≥<br />
§‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 20 ·≈–µ√«® Õ∫¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§ PCR<br />
æ∫·∂∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ PCR ”À√—∫¬’π GUS<br />
∑ÿ°µâπ·≈–‰¥â·∂∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ∑’Ë¡’πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ª√–¡“≥<br />
510 (√Ÿª∑’Ë 2) (Buddharak et al., 2009)<br />
(°) (¢)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 GUS expression ¢ÕßÕ—≠—≠ Õ“¬ÿ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ À≈—ß co-cultivation ‚¥¬„â A. tumefasiens “¬æ—π∏ÿå<br />
AGLO (°) Õ—≠—≠∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â àß∂à“¬¬’π (control) (¢) Õ—≠—≠∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√ àß∂à“¬ AGLO/ pBI121- DFR<br />
(∑’Ë¡“: Buddharak et al., 2009)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 º≈¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ PCR ”À√—∫¬’π GUS<br />
M : Lamda / PstI (marker)<br />
NC : Õ—≠—≠∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â àß∂à“¬¬’π (control)<br />
PC : æ≈“ ¡‘¥ pBI121<br />
Lane1-9 : Õ—≠—≠ àß∂à“¬¬’π (AGLO/pBI121/DFR) (∑’Ë¡“: Buddharak et al., 2009)
å<br />
22 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
√“¬ß“𧫓¡ ”‡√Á®¢Õß°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π„πæ◊<br />
„∫‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ«<br />
°“√∂à “¬∑Õ¥¬’ π‚¥¬„â ·∫§∑’ ‡√’ ¬<br />
Agrobacterium ‰¥âº≈¥’ ·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√ àß<br />
∂à“¬¬’π Ÿß„πæ◊„∫‡≈’ȬߧŸà ‰¡à§àÕ¬‰¥âº≈°—∫æ«°∏—≠æ◊<br />
√«¡∂÷ßæ«°æ◊„∫‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ«π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ ·µàÕ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡<br />
°Á‰¥â¡’°“√∑¥≈Õß„â·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Agrobacterium „π°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π‡¢â“ Ÿàæ◊„∫‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ«‰¥â‡ªìπº≈ ”‡√Á®·≈â«„πæ◊<br />
„∫‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ«∫“ßπ‘¥ (Conner and Dommisse, 1992;<br />
Rashid et al., 1996) ‚¥¬‡©æ“– Rashid et al. (1996)<br />
√“¬ß“π°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‡¢â“ Ÿà¢â“« indica æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂<br />
àß∂à“¬‰¥â‡ªìπº≈ ”‡√Á®·≈– “¡“√∂∂à“¬∑Õ¥‰ª àß√ÿàπ T1<br />
‰¥â ·≈–¡’°“√°√–®“¬¢Õ߬’π‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡°Æ¢Õ߇¡π‡¥≈<br />
µàÕ¡“„πªï Wang et al. (1997) ª√—∫ª√ÿߪ√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ<br />
·≈–°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π∑’Ë àß∂à“¬‡¢â“ Ÿà¢â“«‚¥¬»÷°…“<br />
®“°¬’π‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¡’ intron æ∫«à“¬’π∑’Ë¡’ intron ¡’<br />
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√ àß∂à“¬ Ÿß°«à“¬’π∑’ˉ¡à¡’ intron µàÕ<br />
¡“„πªï 1999 Mohanty et al. ª√—∫ª√ÿß°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π<br />
‡¢â“ Ÿà¢â“«„Àâ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‚¥¬ àß∂à“¬‡¢â“ Ÿàindica<br />
rice æ—π∏ÿå pusa basmati 1 æ∫«à“¡’·§≈≈— ∑’˵â“π∑“π<br />
µàÕ hygromycin B Ÿß∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 56 ·≈–¡’®”π«π copy<br />
µ—Èß·µà 1-4 copy ·≈–¡’°“√°√–®“¬µ—«¢Õ߬’π Ÿà√ÿàπ≈Ÿ°<br />
¡’∑—Èß∑’ˇªìπ‰ªµ“¡°Æ¢Õ߇¡π‡¥≈·≈–‰¡à‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡<br />
°Æ¢Õ߇¡π‡¥≈ πÕ°®“°¢â“«°Áæ∫«à“¡’°“√»÷°…“°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π‡¢â“ Ÿà°≈⫬‰¡âæ«° phalaenopsis ‚¥¬<br />
Belarmino et al. (2000) ‰¥â»÷°…“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ<br />
°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π¢Õß A.tumefaciens 2 “¬æ—π∏ÿå §◊Õ<br />
LBA4404 ·≈– EHA101 ‚¥¬ àß∂à“¬¬’π GUS æ∫«à“<br />
A. tumefaciens ∑—Èß 2 “¬æ—π∏ÿå ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π<br />
°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‡∑à“Ê °—π ·≈– Liew et al. (1998)<br />
»÷°…“°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π DFR æ∫«à“„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ∑ÿ°<br />
à«π∑’Ë¡’ ’¡à«ß¢Õß°≈⫬‰¡â¡’°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π DFR<br />
´÷Ë߇°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√ —߇§√“–Àå√ß«—µ∂ÿ·Õπ‚∑‰´¬“π‘π<br />
·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“¢Õß Boase et al. (1998) »÷°…“°“√ àß<br />
∂à“¬¬’π GUS ‡¢â“ Ÿà Chrysanthemum æ—π∏ÿåµà“ß Ê ‚¥¬<br />
A. tumefaciens 4 “¬æ—π∏ÿå ‰¥â·°à EHA105, LBA4404,<br />
MOG101 ·≈– MOG301 ‡«§‡µÕ√å∑’Ë„â àß∂à“¬<br />
§◊Õ pMOG410 ·≈– pKIWI110 ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫<br />
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√ àß∂à“¬ æ∫«à“ ‡∫≠®¡“»·µà≈–æ—π∏ÿ<br />
°Á‡À¡“–°—∫ A. tumefaciens “¬æ—π∏ÿå∑’˵à“ß°—π<br />
„πß“π«‘®—¬¢—ÈπµàÕ¡“°Á§◊Õ°“√∑¥≈Õß àß∂à“¬¬’π<br />
Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë π„® (πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“° GUS gene) ‡¢â“ Ÿàæ◊„∫<br />
‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ« ´÷Ëß°Áæ∫«à“ª√– ∫º≈ ”‡√Á®‡àπ°—π ¥—ß<br />
√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬¢Õß Datta et al. (2000) ∑’Ë»÷°…“°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π„π indica rice ‚¥¬ A. tumefaciens satrain<br />
LBA4404 (pNO1) ·≈– A281 (pNO1) æ∫«à“<br />
A. tumefaciens ∑—Èß 2 “¬æ—π∏ÿå “¡“√∂ àß∂à“¬ chitinase<br />
gene ‡¢â“ Ÿà embrgogenic calli ¢Õߢ⓫‰¥â ·≈–æ∫<br />
°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß chitinase gene ®“°¢â“«∑’Ëæ—≤π“<br />
‡ªìπµâπ‰¥â ®“°°“√ àß∂à“¬¥â«¬ A. tumefaciens ∑—Èß 2<br />
“¬æ—π∏ÿå πÕ°®“°π’È¡’√“¬ß“πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–§«“¡<br />
”‡√Á®„πæ◊„∫‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ«Õ◊Ëπ Ê À≈“¬π‘¥ ‡àπ Kamo<br />
(1997) ‰¥â√“¬ß“π°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π„π Gladiolus æ∫«à“¡’<br />
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√ àß∂à“¬√âÕ¬≈– 0.5 ®“°°“√»÷°…“°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π¢Õß Wang and Ge (2005) ´÷Ë߉¥â»÷°…“<br />
°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π„πæ◊„∫‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ« Fetuca aundinacea<br />
¥â«¬ A.tumefaciens EHA105 °—∫æ≈“ ¡‘¥<br />
pCAMBIA1305.2 æ∫«à“¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√ àß∂à“¬<br />
¬’π√âÕ¬≈– 1.9 Ledger et al. (1997) àß∂à“¬¬’π„π<br />
lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) æ∫«à“¡’<br />
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√ àß∂à“¬√âÕ¬≈– 1.9 ‡àπ°—π „π¢≥–∑’Ë<br />
Akasaka-Kennedy, Tomita and Ezura (2004) »÷°…“<br />
°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π„π Cucumis melo L. æ∫«à“ ¡’<br />
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ√âÕ¬≈– 2.3 Shrawat et al. (2007)‰¥â»÷°…“<br />
°“√æ—≤π“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß°“√∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π¥â«¬<br />
Agrobacterium tumefaciens ¢Õߢ⓫∫“√å‡≈à¬å ‚¥¬„â<br />
Agrobacterium strain harboring LBA4404 ∑’Ë¡’<br />
binary vector pUGAB7 ´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬¬’π bar ·≈–<br />
¬’π uidA À√◊Õ pYF133 ´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬¬’π hpt ·≈–<br />
¬’π GFP æ∫°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π∑’˵â“π∑“πµàÕ bialaphos ·≈–<br />
hygromycin ‚¥¬¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√∂à“¬Ω“°µ—Èß·µà<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 2.6-5.6 ·≈–√âÕ¬≈– 3.3-6.7 µ“¡≈”¥—∫
å<br />
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 23<br />
”À√—∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¢ÕßÀ≠â“Õ“À“√<br />
—µ«å (Festuca pratensis) ‚¥¬»÷°…“°“√∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π‡¢â“<br />
embryogenic callus „â A. tumefaciens strain AGL1<br />
∑’Ë¡’ binary vector pDM805 ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬¬’π<br />
acetyltransferase phosphinothricin (bar) ·≈–¬’π<br />
b- glucuronidase (uidA) æ∫°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π uidA<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 82 (Gao et al., 2009) °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß “√<br />
æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¢Õߢ⓫¥â«¬ Agrobacterium ‚¥¬„â<br />
phosphomannose isomerase (pim) ‡ªìπ¬’π‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬<br />
§—¥‡≈◊Õ° æ∫ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π√âÕ¬≈– 16.5<br />
(Yu-Xiang et al., 2006) ·≈–°“√∂à“¬Ω“°¬’π‡¢â“ Aloe<br />
barbadensis ¥â«¬ Agrobacterium tumefaciens “¬æ—π∏ÿ<br />
EHA105 ·≈– C58C1 æ∫«à“¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√∂à“¬<br />
Ω“°¬’π√âÕ¬≈– 80.0 ·≈–√âÕ¬≈– 30.0 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ (He<br />
et al., 2007) °“√»÷°…“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π„π<br />
æ◊„∫‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ«¢Õß Frame et al. (2002) æ∫«à“°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π„π¢â“«‚楂¥¬„â A. tumefaciens strain<br />
EHA101 containing the standard binary vector pTE102<br />
“¡“√∂ àß∂à“¬¬’π GUS ‡¢â“ Ÿà embryos ¢Õߢ⓫‚æ¥<br />
‚¥¬æ∫°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π GUS ´÷Ëß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ<br />
°“√ àß∂à“¬√âÕ¬≈– 5.5 ·≈–°Á “¡“√∂æ—≤𓇪ìπµâπ∑’Ë<br />
¡∫Ÿ√≥剥â πÕ°®“°π’ȺŸâ‡¢’¬π¬—߉¥â∑”°“√»÷°…“°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬„â A. tumefaciens ·≈–ª√– ∫§«“¡<br />
”‡√Á®„πæ◊¥Õ°À≈“¬π‘¥ ‡àπ ª∑ÿ¡¡“ ´÷Ë߇ªìπæ◊<br />
„∫‡≈’ˬ߇¥’ˬ« ‚¥¬¡’√“¬ß“πæÕ √ÿª‰¥â«à“®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß<br />
àß∂à“¬¬’π GUS ‡¢â“ ŸààÕ¥Õ°¬àÕ¬ (coinflorescense) ¢Õß<br />
ª∑ÿ¡¡“‚¥¬ A. tumefaciens “¬æ—π∏ÿå AGLO ¥â«¬<br />
æ≈“ ¡‘¥ 4 π‘¥ §◊Õ pSCV1.6 pBI121 pCAMBIA1303<br />
·≈– pCAMBIA1304 µ√«® Õ∫º≈°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π ‚¥¬<br />
‡∑§π‘§ GUS histochemical assay æ∫«à“‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ<br />
àÕ¥Õ°¬àÕ¬¢Õߪ∑ÿ¡¡“∑’Ë àß∂à“¬¥â«¬ pSCV1.6 ‡¡◊ËÕπ”¡“<br />
µ√«® Õ∫æ∫°“√‡°‘¥®ÿ¥ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π (transient expression)<br />
§‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 65 ´÷Ëß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥‚¥¬æ∫®ÿ¥ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π‡¢â¡<br />
‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑—Ë«∑—È߇π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ∑’Ë®–‡®√‘≠‰ª‡ªìπµâπ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ<br />
ª∑ÿ¡¡“∑’Ë àß∂à“¬¥â«¬ pBI121 ‡¡◊ËÕπ”¡“µ√«® Õ∫æ∫<br />
°“√‡°‘¥®ÿ¥ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π (transient expression) §‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈–<br />
40 ‚¥¬æ∫®ÿ¥ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π∑’ˇπ◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ·µà ’‰¡à‡¢â¡‡∑à“°—∫<br />
‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕª∑ÿ¡¡“∑’Ë àß∂à“¬¥â«¬ pSCV1.6 ·µà„π°“√<br />
àß∂à“¬æ≈“ ¡‘¥¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ ‚¥¬„â‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕª∑ÿ¡¡“∑’Ë àß∂à“¬<br />
¥â«¬ pCAMBIA 1303 ·≈– pCAMBIA 1304 ‡¡◊ËÕ<br />
π”¡“µ√«® Õ∫æ∫°“√‡°‘¥®ÿ¥ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π (transient<br />
expression) §‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 5 ‡∑à“°—π ‚¥¬æ∫®ÿ¥ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π<br />
‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬·≈–¡’ ’®“ß<br />
®“°π—Èπ¬—߉¥â∑”°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π DFR ‡¢â“ Ÿà<br />
‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕª∑ÿ¡¡“ (Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.) ‚¥¬<br />
À≈—ß®“° co-cultivation 5 ‡¥◊Õπ π”‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕª∑ÿ¡¡“<br />
¡“∑”°“√µ√«® Õ∫‚¥¬‡∑§π‘§ GUS histochemical<br />
assay (GUS expression) æ∫«à“‡°‘¥®ÿ¥ ’πÈ”‡ß‘π (√Ÿª<br />
∑’Ë 3) ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√–À«à“ß X-gluc ·≈– GUS<br />
§‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 5 ·≈–µ√«® Õ∫¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§ PCR æ∫<br />
·∂∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ PCR ”À√—∫¬’π GUS ·≈–<br />
35S promotor ∑ÿ°µâπ (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4) (¿æ‡°â“ æÿ∑∏√—°…å,<br />
2550) ®“°√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬·≈–§«“¡ ”‡√Á®¢Õß°“√ àß<br />
∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬ A. tumefaciens ∑”„À≥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈<br />
∑’ˇªìπæ◊Èπ∞“πæÕ®– √ÿª„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ‰¥â«à“°“√ àß∂à“¬<br />
¬’π‚¥¬„â A. tumefaciens π—Èπ „πªí®®ÿ∫—π “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â<br />
„πæ◊„∫‡≈’ȬߧŸà®”π«π¡“° ·≈–°Áæ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π<br />
æ◊„∫‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ«À≈“¬π‘¥ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡«‘∏’°“√ àß∂à“¬<br />
¬’π‚¥¬„â·∫§∑’‡√’¬°Á‰¡à “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â„πæ◊∑ÿ°π‘¥<br />
¥—ßπ—Èπ«‘∏’°“√π’È®÷߇ªìπ∑“߇≈◊Õ°Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë®–∂Ÿ°π”¡“„â‡æ◊ËÕ<br />
ª√—∫ª√ÿßæ—π∏ÿåæ◊„Àâ¡’≈—°…≥–µ“¡µâÕß°“√ ‚¥¬„π<br />
ªí®®ÿ∫—π«‘∏’¥—ß°≈à“« “¡“√∂ àß∂à“¬¬’πª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®<br />
æ∫‰¥â∑—Èß„πæ◊„∫‡≈’Ȭ߇¥’ˬ«·≈–æ◊„∫‡≈’ȬߧŸà
24 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
(°) (¢)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 GUS expression ¢Õߪ∑ÿ¡¡“ Õ“¬ÿ 5 ‡¥◊Õπ À≈—ß co-cultivation‚¥¬„â A. tumefasiens “¬æ—π∏ÿå<br />
AGLO (°) ª∑ÿ¡¡“∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â àß∂à“¬¬’π (control) (¢) ª∑ÿ¡¡“∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√ àß∂à“¬ AGLO/ pBI121-DFR<br />
(∑’Ë¡“: ¿æ‡°â“ æÿ∑∏√—°…å, 2550)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 º≈¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ PCR ”À√—∫¬’π GUS (°) ·≈– 35S promoter primer (¢) M : Lamda / PstI (marker)<br />
NC : ª∑ÿ¡¡“∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â àß∂à“¬¬’π (control) PC : æ≈“ ¡‘¥ pBI121 Lane1-8 : ª∑ÿ¡¡“ àß∂à“¬¬’π<br />
(AGLO/pBI121/DFR) (∑’Ë¡“: ¿æ ‡°â“ æÿ∑∏√—°…å, 2550)
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 25<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
π‡√» ¥”√ß—¬. (2543). º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß GMOs ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈<br />
∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–‡‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬.<br />
‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“π‚¬∫“¬¥â“π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’’«¿“æ<br />
»Ÿπ¬åæ—π∏ÿå«‘»«°√√¡·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’’«¿“æ<br />
·Ààß“µ‘ (BIOTEC). æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 2. °√ÿ߇∑æœ.<br />
ÿ√‘π∑√å ªî¬–‚§≥“°ÿ≈. (2548). æ—π∏ÿ«‘»«°√√¡.<br />
¿“§«‘“æ—π∏ÿ»“ µ√å §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å<br />
¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 3.<br />
°√ÿ߇∑æœ : ”π—°æ‘¡æ凰…µ√»“ µ√å.<br />
¡æ√ ª√–‡ √‘∞ àß °ÿ≈. (2546). æ—π∏ÿ»“ µ√å‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈.<br />
¿“§«‘“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–<br />
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å<br />
«‘∑¬“‡¢µªíµµ“π’. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1. °√ÿ߇∑æœ :<br />
”π—°æ‘¡æå‚ø√å‡æ´.<br />
¿‘≠‚≠ æ“π‘æ—π∏å. (2543).‚§√ß √â“ß·≈– ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß<br />
°“¬¿“æ¢Õß°√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘§. ¿“§«‘“’«‡§¡’<br />
§≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈. æ‘¡æå<br />
§√—Èß∑’Ë 3. °√ÿ߇∑æœ : æ‘¡æå∑’Ë¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈.<br />
¿æ‡°â“ æÿ∑∏√—°…å. (2550). °“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‡¢â“æ◊ª∑ÿ¡<br />
¡“‚¥¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬ A. tumefaciens. «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å<br />
«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥ÿ…Æ’∫—≥±‘µ («‘∑¬“»“ µ√å’«¿“æ)<br />
∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ¡À“«‘¬“≈—¬π‡√»«√. æ‘…≥ÿ‚≈°.<br />
À—∑¬“ °“«’«ß»å. (2548). Õ≥Ÿæ—π∏ÿ»“ µ√å. ¿“§«‘“<br />
’««‘∑¬“ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬<br />
‡’¬ß„À¡à. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1. ‡’¬ß„À¡à : ®—¥<br />
æ‘¡æå‚¥¬Àâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π®”°—¥ ∫ÿ≠‰¬°“√æ‘¡æå.<br />
Õ“√’¬å «√—≠꟫—≤π°å. (2541). °“√‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭ߇π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‡æ◊ËÕ<br />
°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿßæ—π∏ÿåæ◊. ”π—°«‘“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’<br />
°“√‡°…µ√, ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ÿ√π“√’.<br />
π§√√“ ’¡“.<br />
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«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 28-35 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 28-35 (2011)<br />
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“√∫àß’È∑“ß’«¿“æ<br />
Simple Techniques for Serum Preparations<br />
in Biomarkers Discovery<br />
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∑“ß‚ª√µ‘‚Õ¡‘§ å (proteomics) ‰¥â‡¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑<br />
Õ¬à“ß¡“°„π°“√§âπÀ“ “√∫àß’È∑“ß’«¿“æ (biomarkers)<br />
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gel electrophoresis (2DE) ·≈–·¡ ‡ª°‚∑√‡¡∑√’<br />
(mass spectrometry) ‡ªìπ‡∑§π‘§∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‰« Ÿß„π<br />
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2005)<br />
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antigen, PSA) „π´’√—¡®–„â∫àß’È¡–‡√ÁßµàÕ¡≈Ÿ°À¡“°·≈–<br />
“√Õ—≈ø“ø‚ª√µ’π (alpha-fetoprotein, AFP) „π´’√—¡<br />
®–„â∫àß’È¡–‡√Áßµ—∫ ‡ªìπµâπ Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ “√∫àߒȇÀ≈à“<br />
π—Èπ¬—߉¡à‡À¡“– ¡∑“ߧ≈‘π‘°„π°“√µ√«®æ∫¡–‡√Áß„π<br />
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Sardana et al., 2007; Sardana et al., 2008)<br />
1<br />
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®.¢Õπ·°àπ 40002<br />
2<br />
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2<br />
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* Corresponding Author, E-mail: sirpat@kku.ac.th
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«‘∏’¡“µ√∞“π∑’Ëπ”¡“„â„π°“√µ√«®À“§«“¡<br />
º‘¥ª°µ‘„πºŸâªÉ«¬¡–‡√ÁßÀ≈“¬π‘¥ ‰¥â·°à°“√µ—¥‘Èπ‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë<br />
¡’欓∏‘ ¿“殓°ºŸâªÉ«¬‡æ◊ËÕÀ“§«“¡º‘¥ª°µ‘π—ÈπÊ<br />
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ «‘∏’°“√¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ«‘∏’∑’ˉ¡à‡À¡“–®–„â<br />
„π°“√µ√«®À“§«“¡º‘¥ª°µ‘„π√–¬–·√° √«¡∑—Èß°“√<br />
‡°Á∫‘Èπ‡π◊ÈÕµâÕßÕ“»—¬ºŸâ”π“≠·≈–Õ“® √â“ߧ«“¡<br />
‰¡à –¥«°·°àºŸâªÉ«¬ „π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“‚ª√µ’π®“° ‘Ëß<br />
àßµ√«®µà“ßÊ ‡àπ ´’√—¡·≈–ªí “«– ´÷Ë߇ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß<br />
∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° “¡“√∂‡®“–·≈–‡°Á∫‰¥â<br />
ßà“¬ (Luque-Garcia et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007)<br />
”À√—∫ªí≠À“¢Õß°“√π”´’√—¡¡“„â„π°“√<br />
»÷°…“‡æ◊ËÕ§âπÀ“ “√∫àß’È∑“ß’«¿“æ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡®”‡æ“–<br />
π—Èπ§◊Õ¡’°“√∫¥∫—ߢÕß‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“° (high<br />
abundance proteins) ‚¥¬°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 95 ¢Õß‚ª√µ’π<br />
∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ‡ªìπ Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π (albumin), Õ‘¡¡Ÿ‚π°≈Õ∫∫Ÿ≈‘π<br />
(immunoglobulins), ∑√“π ‡øÕ√‘π (transferin),<br />
·Õπµ‘∑√‘ª´‘π (α-1-antitrypsin), ·Œª‚µ°≈Õ∫∫Ÿ≈‘π<br />
(haptoglobulin) ‡ªìπµâπ ‚¥¬‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“°<br />
‡À≈à“π’È®–∫¥∫—ß‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬ (low abundance<br />
proteins) ´÷Ëß¡—°‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠∑“ß<br />
§≈‘π‘° (Anderson, 2005; Xue et al., 2010)<br />
°“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß°àÕπ°“√µ√«®«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß∑’Ë®–૬≈¥¢âÕ®”°—¥¥—ß°≈à“«<br />
‰¥â ‚¥¬À≈—°°“√Õ¬à“ßßà“¬‡ªìπ·∫∫ affinity ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂<br />
∑”‰¥â Õߪ√–°“√ ”À√—∫ª√–°“√·√° §◊Õ °“√·¬°<br />
‡Õ“‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“°ÕÕ°®“°µ—«Õ¬à“ß (removal<br />
techniques) (Ahmed et al., 2003; Bjorhall et al.,<br />
2005; Zolotarjova et al., 2005) ª√–°“√∑’Ë Õß<br />
§◊Õ°“√·¬àß®—∫¢Õß‚ª√µ’π∑’˵âÕß°“√ (enrichment<br />
techniques) (Boschetti et al., 2008; Keidel et al.,<br />
2010) ∑—Èß Õß«‘∏’ “¡“√∂‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√µ√«®<br />
«‘‡§√“–Àå¢Õß‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬ ´÷Ëß𔉪 Ÿà°“√<br />
‡æ‘Ë¡‚Õ°“ „π°“√§âπæ∫‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠∑“ß<br />
§≈‘π‘° „π∑’Ëπ’È¢Õ¬°µ—«Õ¬à“߇∑§π‘§Õ¬à“ßßà“¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂<br />
∑”‰¥â„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√∑’ˉ¡àµâÕß°“√‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ摇»…<br />
‰¥â·°à °“√„â cibacron blue gels ·≈– immunoaffinity<br />
depletion method (Bodzon-Kulakowska et al., 2007)<br />
‚¥¬∑—Èß Õ߇∑§π‘§π’È®–‡ªìπ°“√·¬°‡Õ“‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’<br />
ª√‘¡“≥¡“°ÕÕ°®“°µ—«Õ¬à“ß ´÷Ë߇ªìπ«‘∏’¥—È߇¥‘¡∑’Ë¡’°“√<br />
„âÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ „πªí®®ÿ∫—π‰¥â¡’<br />
°“√æ—≤π“‡∑§π‘§„À¡à¢÷Èπ¡“‡√’¬°«à“ equalizer bead<br />
technology ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√·¬àß®—∫¢Õß‚ª√µ’π∑’˵âÕß°“√ ‡ªìπ<br />
«‘∏’„À¡à®÷߬—߉¡à·æ√àÀ≈“¬¡“°π—° (Garbis et al., 2005)<br />
«‘∏’π’È®– “¡“√∂≈¥¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õß«‘∏’°“√¥—È߇¥‘¡ ‚¥¬®–<br />
‰¥â°≈à“«√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥À≈—°°“√¢Õß·µà≈–«‘∏’ √«¡∑—Èß<br />
¢âÕ¥’·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥ ·≈–°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå°“√„âß“πµàÕ‰ª<br />
°“√·¬°‡Õ“‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“°ÕÕ°®“°<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“ß (removal techniques)<br />
1. °“√„â cibacron blue gels<br />
Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π®—∫°—∫ cibacron blue gels ‰¥â‚¥¬<br />
Õ“»—¬‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–°“√µàÕ°—π‡ªìπ«ß·À«π<br />
∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¬÷¥µ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà∫πº‘«¢Õ߇¡Á¥æ≈“ µ‘° (bead) ¥â«¬<br />
æ—π∏–‚§«“‡≈πµå ‡√’¬°‚§√ß √â“ßπ’È«à“ cibacron blue<br />
gels (√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) „π∏√√¡“µ‘Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π®–∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπµ—«æ“<br />
‚¥¬®–®—∫°—∫‚ª√µ’π‰¥âÀ≈“¬π‘¥ ¥—ßπ—Èπ cibacron blue<br />
gels ®÷߉¥â¡’°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫µ“¡‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ëæ∫„π<br />
∏√√¡“µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ„â„π°“√®—∫°—∫Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π ¥â«¬æ—π∏–<br />
Õ¬à“ßÕàÕπ
30 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ‚§√ß √â“ß cibacron blue 3G-A ( Ÿµ√‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ C 29<br />
H 20<br />
CIN 7<br />
O 11<br />
S 3<br />
, πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ 774.16) Cibacron<br />
blue 3G-A.<br />
(∑’Ë¡“: http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB2498003.htm)<br />
®“°°“√»÷°…“¢Õß »‘√‘æ√ ¿—∑√°‘®°”®√·≈–<br />
§≥– (2009) æ∫«à“°“√π” cibacron blue gels ¡“„â<br />
„π°“√®—∫Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π„π´’√—¡ “¡“√∂∑”‰¥âßà“¬ ‚¥¬º ¡<br />
´’√—¡°—∫ cibacron blue gels „πÕ—µ√“ à«π∑’Ë°”Àπ¥<br />
·≈–„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ°√¥¥à“ß∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ cibacron<br />
blue gels °Á®– “¡“√∂®—∫°—∫Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π„π´’√—¡ „π‡«≈“<br />
1 —Ë«‚¡ß À≈—ß®“°ªíòπ·¬° (spin down) Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π®–<br />
∂Ÿ°·¬°ÕÕ°·≈– “¡“√∂π” à«π„ ∑’˪√“»®“°Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π<br />
‰ª»÷°…“µàÕ‰ª (√Ÿª∑’Ë 2) «‘∏’°“√π’È “¡“√∂°”®—¥Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π<br />
‰¥â¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 60 Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√®—∫°—π√–À«à“ß<br />
cibacron blue gels ·≈–Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘ππ—Èπ¡’§«“¡®”‡æ“–µË”<br />
®÷ß “¡“√∂®—∫°—∫‚ª√µ’ππ‘¥Õ◊Ëπ‰¥âÕ’° (Subramanian,<br />
1984; Colantonio et al., 2005) ‚¥¬æ∫«à“¡’‚ª√µ’π<br />
À≈“¬π‘¥∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°”®—¥ÕÕ°‰ª„π√–À«à“ß°√–∫«π°“√π’È<br />
‡àπ ´’‚√∑√“π ‡øÕ√‘π (serotransferrin), Õ—≈ø“1-<br />
·Õπµ‘∑√‘ª´‘π (α1-antitrypsin), Õ–‚æ‰≈‚悪√µ’π<br />
(apolipoprotein) Õ’°∑—È߬—ßæ∫«à“¡’°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚ª√µ’ππ‘¥<br />
Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë®—∫Õ¬Ÿà°—∫Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘πÕ’°¥â«¬ (Granger et al., 2005)<br />
Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ Ahmed Kassab et al. (2000) ∑¥ Õ∫«à“<br />
cibacron blue gels ¬—ß “¡“√∂π”°≈—∫¡“„≥âÕ’°<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ‡∑§π‘§°“√„â cibacron blue gels ∑’Ë·¬°Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π„π´’√—¡
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 31<br />
2. Immunoaffinity depletion method<br />
À≈—°°“√ antigen-antibody complex §◊Õ<br />
°“√π”·Õπµ‘∫Õ¥’∑’Ë®”‡æ“–°—∫‚ª√µ’π‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¡“µ√÷ß<br />
Õ¬Ÿà∫πº‘«¢Õ߇¡Á¥æ≈“ µ‘°¥â«¬æ—π∏–‚§«“‡≈πµå®“°π—Èπ<br />
‡¡◊ËÕπ”´’√—¡¡“ºà“π§Õ≈—¡πå∑’Ë∫√√®ÿ¥â«¬·Õπµ‘∫Õ¥’∑’Ë<br />
®”‡æ“– ‡àπ anti-albumin antibody °Á®– “¡“√∂®—∫<br />
·≈–·¬°Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘πÕÕ°®“°´’√—¡‰¥âÕ¬à“ß®”‡æ“– ®“°°“√<br />
»÷°…“¢Õß Nitin Seam et al. (2007) æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂<br />
°”®—¥Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π‰¥â¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 95 (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 ‡∑§π‘§ immunoaffinity depletion method ∑’Ë·¬°Õ—≈∫Ÿ¡‘π„π´’√—¡<br />
‡∑§π‘§π’È “¡“√∂π”¡“„â°”®—¥‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’<br />
ª√‘¡“≥¡“°‰¥âÕ¬à“ß®”‡æ“–·≈– “¡“√∂π”·Õπµ‘∫Õ¥’<br />
À≈“°À≈“¬π‘¥∑’Ë®”‡æ“–¡“®—∫°—∫‚ª√µ’π‡ªÑ“À¡“¬<br />
‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬ (Linke et al., 2007; Cellar et al., 2009)<br />
·Õπµ‘∫Õ¥’∑’Ë¡—°π”¡“µ√÷ßÕ¬Ÿà∫πº‘«¢Õ߇¡Á¥æ≈“ µ‘°<br />
à«π„À≠à®–Õ¬Ÿà„π°≈ÿà¡‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“° ‰¥â·°à<br />
albumin, IgG, transferrin, IgM, haptoglobin,<br />
fibrinogen ·≈– (1-anti-trypsin ‡ªìπµâπ ”À√—∫<br />
¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õß°“√„â‡∑§π‘§π’È §◊Õ °“√¡’‚ª√µ’ππ‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ<br />
´÷Ëß®—∫Õ¬Ÿà°—∫‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“° ®÷ß∑”„À₪√µ’π<br />
Õ◊ËπÊ∂Ÿ°°”®—¥ÕÕ°‰ª¥â«¬ (Brand et al., 2006; Sahab<br />
et al., 2007) πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’√“§“ Ÿß‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫«‘∏’<br />
cibacron blue gels (µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1) ·≈–‰¡à‡À¡“–∑’Ë®–<br />
π”°≈—∫¡“„âÕ’°
32 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 · ¥ß°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫‡∑§π‘§°“√°”®—¥‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“°<br />
‡∑§π‘§<br />
Cibacron blue gels<br />
Immunoaffinity depletion Equalizer bead<br />
¢âÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫<br />
method<br />
technology<br />
À≈—°°“√ affinity antibody affinity affinity<br />
§«“¡®”‡æ“– µË” Ÿß ª“π°≈“ß<br />
√–¬–‡«≈“ 1-2 —Ë«‚¡ß ¡“°°«à“ 5 —Ë«‚¡ß 1-2 —Ë«‚¡ß<br />
ª√‘¡“≥µ—«Õ¬à“ß πâÕ¬ πâÕ¬ πâÕ¬<br />
π‘¥µ—«Õ¬à“ß ´’√—¡ ´’√—¡ ´’√—¡<br />
‘Èπ‡π◊ÈÕ<br />
“√‡À≈«„π√à“ß°“¬Õ◊ËπÊ<br />
√“§“ ∂Ÿ° ·æß ª“π°≈“ß<br />
°“√·¬àß®—∫¢Õß‚ª√µ’π∑’˵âÕß°“√ (enrichment<br />
techniques)<br />
The equalizer bead technology<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–Àå “¬‚æ≈’‡ªª‰∑¥å∑’Ë “¡“√∂<br />
®—∫°—∫‚ª√µ’π‰¥âÕ¬à“ßÀ≈“°À≈“¬ ´÷Ë߇°‘¥®“°°“√<br />
ÕÕ°·∫∫ “¬‚æ≈’‡ªª‰∑¥åπ‘¥ ç‡Œ°´–‡ªª‰∑¥åé ∑’Ë<br />
®– “¡“√∂ √â“ßµâπ·∫∫¢Õß‚ª√µ’π‰¥â¡“°∂÷ß<br />
64,000,000 π‘¥ (Boschetti et al., 2008) ”À√—∫<br />
“¬‚æ≈’‡ªª‰∑¥å¥—ß°≈à“«®–∂Ÿ°π”¡“µ√÷߉«â∫π<br />
‡¡Á¥æ≈“ µ‘° (sepharose) ¥â«¬æ—π∏–‚§«“‡≈πµå ‡√’¬°<br />
equalizer beads „πÕ—µ√“ à«π∑’ˇ∑à“°—π®– “¡“√∂®—∫°—∫<br />
‚ª√µ’π∑ÿ°π‘¥‰¥â„πª√‘¡“≥‡∑à“°—π (Boschetti et al.,<br />
2008) ‡√’¬° equivalent binding capacity ´÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕπ”<br />
‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë®—∫Õ¬Ÿà∫π‡¡Á¥æ≈“ µ‘°ÕÕ°¡“∑”°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
°Á®–æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂≈¥°“√∫¥∫—ߢÕß‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥<br />
¡“°·≈–¬—ß∑”„À₪√µ’π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬∂Ÿ°µ√«®æ∫<br />
¥â«¬°≈‰°¥—ß°≈à“«®–∑”„Àâ “√∫àß’È∑“ß’«¿“æπ‘¥<br />
„À¡àÊ ∂Ÿ°§âπæ∫‰¥âßà“¬¡“°¢÷Èπ (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4) ®“°°“√<br />
»÷°…“„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ »‘√‘æ√ ¿—∑√°‘®°”®√ ·≈–§≥–<br />
(unpublished data) æ∫«à“·∫∫·ºπ 2DE ¢Õß‚ª√µ’π„π<br />
´’√—¡∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√‡µ√’¬¡¥â«¬«‘∏’π’È ¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß®“°<br />
Õ’° 2 «‘∏’¢â“ßµâπ<br />
”À√—∫‡∑§π‘§π’È “¡“√∂ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â°—∫<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“ßπ‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ‡àπ<br />
“√‡À≈«„π√à“ß°“¬, ‘Èπ‡π◊ÈÕ ·≈–‡´≈≈å‡æ“–‡≈’È¬ß ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
√«¡∑—Èß “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â„π°“√·¬°‚ª√µ’ππ‘¥<br />
recombinant DNA product Õ’°¥â«¬ (Boschetti et al.,<br />
2008) ∑—Èßπ’ȉ¡à·π–π”°“√„âæ≈“ ¡“„π°“√»÷°…“<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“®‡°‘¥°“√‡°“–°≈ÿà¡¢Õß‚ª√µ’π πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß<br />
¡’¢âÕ®”°—¥§◊Õ °“√®—∫°—π¢Õß‚ª√µ’π·≈– equalizer<br />
beads ®–®—∫¥â«¬æ—π∏–ÕàÕπÊ Õ“®∑”„ÀâÀ≈ÿ¥ÕÕ°®“°<br />
°—π‰¥âßà“¬ (Thulasiraman et al., 2005; Boschetti<br />
et al., 2008)
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 33<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ‡∑§π‘§ equalizer bead technology ∑’Ë®—∫°—∫‚ª√µ’πµà“ßÊ „πµ—«Õ¬à“ß<br />
√ÿª<br />
°“√∑√“∫À≈—°°“√ ¢âÕ¥’·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õß<br />
‡∑§π‘§„π°“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß„Àâ¡’§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡°àÕπ<br />
𔉪µ√«®«‘‡§√“–Àå¥â«¬«‘∏’‚ª√µ‘‚Õ¡‘§ å¡’§«“¡<br />
”§—≠„π°“√‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡‰«„π°“√µ√«®æ∫‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë<br />
‡ªìπ “√∫àß’È∑“ß’«¿“æ∑’Ë¡—°¡’ª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬ ∑—Èßπ’È„π<br />
·µà≈–«‘∏’¡’À≈—°°“√∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—πÕÕ°‰ª “¡“√∂<br />
‡µ√’¬¡‡ÕßÀ√◊Õ„âÿ¥ ”‡√Á®√Ÿª∑’Ë¡’ºŸâ®”Àπà“¬®”π«π¡“°<br />
∑”„À⺟⫑®—¬µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“‡≈◊Õ°„â‡∑§π‘§‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’§«“¡<br />
‡À¡“– ¡°—∫ß“π∑’Ë»÷°…“ ´÷Ëß®–૬≈¥√–¬–‡«≈“„π<br />
°“√»÷°…“·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡‚Õ°“ „π°“√§âπæ∫ “√∫àß’È∑“ß<br />
’«¿“æ„π¢—Èπ ŸßµàÕ‰ª<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
»‘√‘æ√ ¿—∑√°‘®°”®√, »ÿ¿√‘π∑√å ÕâÕ¡πÕ°, ‘√‘≈—°…≥å<br />
«‘‚√®πå —µµ∫ÿ…¬å, ≈‘Ë¡∑Õß æ√À¡¥’ ·≈–<br />
¥«ßƒ¥’ ®—ßµ√–°Ÿ≈ (2009). °“√»÷°…“<br />
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√°”®—¥Õ—≈∫Ÿ≈¡‘πÕÕ°®“°<br />
´’√—¡¥â«¬«‘∏’ bromcresol green method.<br />
Journal of medical technology and physical<br />
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Aebersold, R. and Mann, M. (2003). Mass<br />
spectrometry-based proteomics. Nature.<br />
422(6928): 198-207.<br />
Ahmed, N., Barker, G., Oliva, K., Garfin, D.,<br />
Talmadge, K., Georgiou, H., Quinn, M. and<br />
Rice, G. (2003). An approach to remove<br />
albumin for the proteomic analysis of low<br />
abundance biomarkers in human serum.<br />
Proteomics. 3(10): 1980-7.<br />
Anderson, L. (2005). Candidate-based proteomics in<br />
the search for biomarkers of cardiovascular<br />
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Bjorhall, K., Miliotis, T. and Davidsson, P. (2005).<br />
Comparison of different depletion strategies<br />
for improved resolution in proteomic<br />
analysis of human serum samples.<br />
Proteomics. 5(1): 307-17.<br />
Block, T. M., Comunale, M. A., Lowman, M., Steel,<br />
L.F., Romano, P. R., Fimmel, C., Tennant,<br />
B. C., London, W. T., Evans, A. A.,<br />
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and Mehta, A. S. (2005). Use of targeted
34 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
glycoproteomics to identify serum<br />
glycoproteins that correlate with liver<br />
cancer in woodchucks and humans. Proc<br />
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Bodzon-Kulakowska, A., Bierczynska-Krzysik, A.,<br />
Dylag, T., Drabik, A., Suder, P., Noga, M.,<br />
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Methods for samples preparation in proteomic<br />
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Boschetti, E. and Giorgio Righetti, P. (2008).<br />
Hexapeptide combinatorial ligand libraries:<br />
the march for the detection of the<br />
low-abundance proteome continues.<br />
Biotechniques. 44(5): 663-5.<br />
Brand, J., Haslberger, T., Zolg, W., Pestlin, G. and<br />
Palme, S. (2006). Depletion efficiency<br />
and recovery of trace markers from a<br />
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❏❏❏❏❏
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 36-51 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 36-51 (2011)<br />
·π«‚πâ¡°“√„âª√–‚¬π宓°Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
Trend of Usage from Halophilic Archaea<br />
»‘√‘≈—°…≥å π“¡«ß…å 1<br />
∫∑π”<br />
¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫<br />
µ—Èß·µà√âÕ¬≈– 15 ∂÷ߧ«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õ߇°≈◊ÕÕ‘Ë¡µ—« ‡À¡“–<br />
°—∫°“√‡®√‘≠¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ (⁄Halophilic archaea)<br />
„πªí®®ÿ∫—π§âπæ∫Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 28 °ÿ≈<br />
(Grant et al., 1990; Oren, 2006) ‚¥¬æ∫«à“ °ÿ≈<br />
Halobacterium, Hbt. salinarum “¡“√∂º≈‘µ<br />
·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π (Bacteriorhodopsin) ·≈–<br />
∑√“π å-·Õ µ“·´π∏‘π (trans-astaxanthin) ”À√—∫<br />
·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ߥâ“π· ß·≈–‡§¡’<br />
∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„≥âÕ¬à“ß°«â“ß<br />
¢«“ß„π¥â“πÕÿª°√≥åÕ‘‡≈Á°‚∑√π‘§√–¥—∫‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈·≈–<br />
√–∫∫· ß„π§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√å ‡àπ ‡¡¡‡∫√π —߇§√“–Àå<br />
(artificial membrane), ‚Œ‚≈°√“øî°øî≈å¡ (holographic<br />
films) ‰∫‚Õ‘æ (biochip) ·≈–Àπ૬§«“¡®”„π<br />
§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√å (memory) √«¡∑—È߄⇪ìπ·ºàπ°√Õß<br />
√—ß ’‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π√—ß ’‡¢â“ Ÿà “¬µ“ ”À√—∫∑√“π å-<br />
·Õ µ“·´π∏‘πÕ¬Ÿà„π°≈ÿà¡¢Õß·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å<br />
(carotenoid)¡’ƒ∑∏‘ϵâ“πÕÕ°´‘‡¥—π‡àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫«‘µ“¡‘πÕ’<br />
(Han et al., 2008; Rodriguez-Valera, 1992; Grout,<br />
2000; Bramley, 2000) °ÿ≈ Haloferax, Hfx.<br />
mediterranei ·≈– °ÿ≈ Halopiger, Hpg. aswanensis<br />
“¡“√∂º≈‘µ‚æ≈’‰Œ¥√Õ°´’·Õ≈§“‚π‡Õµ [polyhydroxy<br />
alkanoate (PHA)] ´÷Ë߬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‰¥â„π∏√√¡“µ‘<br />
“¡“√∂π”°≈—∫¡“À≈Õ¡„â„À¡à·≈–‰¡à∑”„Àâ√à“ß°“¬<br />
‡°‘¥Õ“°“√·æâ √«¡∑—È߉¡à‡ªìπæ‘…°—∫‡´≈≈å (Rodriguez-<br />
Valera et al., 1992; Hezayen et al., 2002) πÕ°®“°π’È<br />
æ∫«à“Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ “¡“√∂ª√—∫µ—«„À⇮√‘≠„π<br />
¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ‚¥¬°“√º≈‘µ “√≈–≈“¬∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë<br />
√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈·√ߥ—πÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°√–À«à“ß¿“¬„π°—∫<br />
¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å (compatible solutes) ·≈–‡Õπ‰´¡å<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡ (halophilic enzymes) “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë≈–≈“¬<br />
πÈ”‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á°·≈–‰¡à¡’º≈µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠<br />
‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇´≈≈å ‡àπ ‡∫∑“Õ’π (betaine) Õ‘§‚∑Õ’π<br />
(ectoine) ∑√’Œ“‚≈ (trehalose) ·≈– ´—≈‚ø∑√’Œ“‚≈<br />
(sulfotrehalose) “√¥—ß°≈à“« “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå<br />
„≥âÕÿµ “À°√√¡¬“·≈–‡§√◊ËÕß ”Õ“ß (Muller et al.,<br />
2005; Martin et al., 1999) ”À√—∫‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ∫‡§Á¡<br />
¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘摇»… §◊Õ “¡“√∂· ¥ß°‘®°√√¡‰¥â„π<br />
¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ ‡àπ ‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ–‰¡‡≈ ‡Õπ‰´¡å<br />
‚ª√µ‘‡Õ ·≈– ‡Õπ‰´¡å‰≈‡ª (Hutcheon et al., 2005;<br />
Capiralla et al., 2002; Boutaiba et al., 2006) „π<br />
¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ “¡“√∂ ≈“¬ “√æ‘…<br />
„π¢Õ߇ ’¬∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ Ÿß®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ‡àπ<br />
1<br />
“¢“«‘“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’’«¿“æ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬√“¿—Ø «π ÿπ—π∑“ ‡¢µ¥ÿ ‘µ °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10300<br />
E-mail: sirilak.na@ssru.ac.th
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 37<br />
·Õ≈‡§π (alkane; tetradecane, hexa decane, eicosane,<br />
heneicosane ·≈– pristane) ·≈– Õ–‚√¡“µ‘°<br />
‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ (aromatic hydrocarbons; acenaphtene,<br />
phenaphtrene, anthracene ·≈– 9-methyl-anthracene)<br />
(Bertrand et al., 1990)<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ “¡“√∂º≈‘µ<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ë “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„≥âÀ≈“°À≈“¬¥â“π<br />
‡àπ ¥â“π§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√å (·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π) Õ“À“√<br />
·≈–¬“ (·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å ‚æ≈’‰Œ¥√Õ°´’·Õ≈§“‚π‡Õµ<br />
·≈–‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ∫‡§Á¡) ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (‚æ≈’‰Œ¥√Õ°´’<br />
·Õ≈§“‚π‡Õµ·≈–‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ∫‡§Á¡) Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡®—¥‡ªìπ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åÕ’°°≈ÿà¡∑’ˇªìπ∑“ß<br />
‡≈◊Õ° ”À√—∫„âª√–‚¬πå„πÕ𓧵 „πªí®®ÿ∫—π¬—ß<br />
‰¡à§àÕ¬¡’°“√„âª√–‚¬π宓°Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡¡“°π—°<br />
¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√»÷°…“Õπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
°“√ª√—∫µ—«„Àâ°—∫ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
∑“ß’«‡§¡’ ·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ßÕπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π‡§¡’ ®—°<br />
‡ªìπ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡»—°¬¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥„π°“√º≈‘µº≈‘µ¿—≥±å¢Õß<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡·≈–≈¥§à“„â®à“¬„π¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√º≈‘µ<br />
√«¡∑—Èß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«º≈‘µ¿—≥±å„πÕ𓧵<br />
Õπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ (Taxonomy<br />
of Halophilic Archaea)<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‰¥â¥’„π ‘Ëß<br />
·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµ—Èß·µà 15 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå<br />
®π∂÷ߧ«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õ߇°≈◊ÕÕ‘Ë¡µ—« (saturated NaCl) ‡àπ<br />
∑–‡≈ “∫πÈ”‡§Á¡ (salt lake) ∑–‡≈ “∫πÈ”‡§Á¡∑’Ë¡’ pH<br />
‡ªìπ¥à“ß (soda lake) ¥‘π‡§Á¡∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√√–‡À¬¢ÕßπÈ”<br />
„Àâ¡’‡°≈◊Õ§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß (salterns) ·≈–Õ“À“√À¡—°<br />
∑’˄⇰≈◊Õ∂πÕ¡Õ“À“√ª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß (fermented food)<br />
‚¥¬§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õ߇°≈◊Õ∑’Ë∑”„ÀâÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ √âÕ¬≈– 20 „π∫—®®ÿ∫—π<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡¡’∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 28 °ÿ≈ ´÷Ëß· ¥ß≈”¥—∫¢—Èπ<br />
¢ÕßÕπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡Õâ“ßÕ‘ßµ“¡<br />
√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß Grant and Larsen (1990); Oren (2006)<br />
(√Ÿª∑’Ë 1)<br />
°“√»÷°…“¥â“πÕπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫<br />
‡§Á¡„â«‘∏’ Polyphasic taxonomy ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬<br />
°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ßøï‚π‰∑ªá (phenotypic<br />
characteristics) §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß®’‚π‰∑ªá (genotypic<br />
characteristics) ·≈–Õπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π‡§¡’ (chemotaxonomic<br />
characteristics) (Oren et al., 1997) ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»<br />
‰∑¬¡’√“¬ß“π°“√§âπæ∫Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡®”π«π 4 °ÿ≈<br />
§◊Õ Halobacterium (Hbt. salinarum ·≈– Hbt.<br />
piscisalsi), Haloarcula (Har. salaria ·≈– Har.<br />
tradensis), Natrinema (Nmn. gari) ·≈– Halococcus<br />
(Hcc. Thailandensis, Hcc. saccharolysitcus ·≈– Hcc.<br />
morrhuae) ‚¥¬‡ªìπÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ “¬æ—π∏ÿå„À¡à∑—Èß<br />
À¡¥ 5 “¬æ—π∏ÿå §◊Õ Hbt. piscisalsi, Har. salaria,<br />
Har. tradensis, Nmn. gari ·≈– Hcc. thailandensis<br />
· ¥ß¥—ß·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘µâπ‰¡â (√Ÿª∑’Ë 2) (Namwong et al.,<br />
2007; Namwong et al., inpress; Tanasupawat et al.,<br />
2008-2009; Yachai et al., 2008; Tapingkae et al.,<br />
2008)<br />
°“√§âπæ∫Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ “¬æ—π∏ÿå„À¡à∑’Ë<br />
“¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‰¥â¥’„π ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡·µ°µà“ß°—π‰ª<br />
∂◊Õ‡ªìπ·πâ«‚πâ¡∑’Ë®–‡æ‘Ë¡‚Õ°“ æ∫Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
∑’Ë®–¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘‡¥àπ∫“ߪ√–°“√∑’Ë¥’°«à“Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫<br />
‡§Á¡∑’ˇ§¬¡’√“¬ß“π¡“·≈â« ´÷Ë߇ªìπÕ’°∑“߇≈◊Õ°‡æ◊ËÕπ”<br />
‰ª„â ”À√—∫‡ªìπºŸâº≈‘µº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑“ß°“√§â“ ¥—ßπ—Èπ<br />
°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡„π¥â“πµà“ßÊ<br />
‡àπ °“√ª√—∫µ—«„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ (osmoadaptation)<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ßøï‚π‰∑ªá (phenotypic characteristics)<br />
·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ßÕπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π‡§¡’ (chemotaxonomic<br />
characteristics) ®–∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂µ—¥ ‘π„®‡≈◊Õ°„â<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑’˺≈‘µº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ë<br />
µâÕß°“√‰¥â¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·≈–„âµâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘µµË”
38 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
Domain Archaea<br />
Kingdom Euryarchaeota<br />
Phylum Euryarchaeota<br />
Class Halobacteria<br />
Order Halobacteriales<br />
Family Halobacteriaceae<br />
Genus Haladaptatus (Hap.)<br />
Genus Haloalcalophilium (Hac.)<br />
Genus Halobacterium (Hbt.)<br />
Genus Halobiforma (Hbf.)<br />
Genus Haloferax (Hfx.)<br />
Genus Halogeometricum (Hgm.)<br />
Genus Halopiger (Hpg.)<br />
Genus Haloquadratum (Hqr.)<br />
Genus Halosimplex (Hsx.)<br />
Genus Halostagnicola (Hst.)<br />
Genus Halovivax (Hvx.)<br />
Genus Natrinema (Nnm.)<br />
Genus Natronococcus (Ncc.),<br />
Genus Natronomonas (Nmn.)<br />
Genus Halalkalicoccus (Hac.)<br />
Genus Haloarcula (Har.)<br />
Genus Halobaculum (Hbl.)<br />
Genus Halococcus (Hcc.)<br />
Genus Halorhabdus (Hrd.)<br />
Genus Halomicrobium (Hmc.)<br />
Genus Haloplanus (Hpn.)<br />
Genus Halorubrum (Hrr.)<br />
Genus Halosarcina (Hsn.)<br />
Genus Haloterrigena (Htg.)<br />
Genus Natrialba (Nab.)<br />
Genus Natronobacterium (Nbt.),<br />
Genus Natronolimnobius (Nln.)<br />
Genus Natronorubrum (Nrr.)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ≈”¥—∫¢—ÈπÕπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ (∑’Ë¡“: Oren, 2006)
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 39<br />
96<br />
100<br />
100<br />
0.01<br />
100<br />
Halococcus saccharolyticus JCM 8878 T (AB004876)<br />
Halococcus dombrowskii JCM 12289 T (AJ420376)<br />
100<br />
Halococcus dombrowskii JCM 12289 T (AJ420376)<br />
Halococcus qingdaogense JCM 13587 T (AY243109)<br />
54 Halococcus thailnadensis<br />
Natrinema gari (AB289741)<br />
Natrinema pellirubrum JCM 10476 T (AJ002947)<br />
96 Natrinema pallidum JCM 8980 T (AJ002949)<br />
Halobacterium piscisalci (AB285020)<br />
62<br />
Halobacterium salinarum DSM 3754 T (AJ496185)<br />
100<br />
Halobacterium salinarum strain DS2-5<br />
52 Haloarcula amylolytica JCM 13557 T rrnB (DQ826513)<br />
95<br />
Haloarcula salaria rrnA (FJ429317)<br />
Haloarcular tradensis rrnB (FJ429316)<br />
78<br />
60 Haloarcula amylolytica JCM 13557 T rrnC (DQ854818)<br />
Haloarcula quadrata 801030/1 T rrnB (EF645694)<br />
64<br />
70<br />
Haloarcula salaria rrnB (FJ429318)<br />
Haloarcula tradensis rrnC (FJ429314)<br />
Haloarcula tradensis rrnA (FJ429313)<br />
Haloarcula quadrata JCM 11048 T rrnA (AB010965)<br />
99 Haloarcula amylolytica JCM 13557 T rrnA (DQ826512)<br />
Natronobacterium pharaonis JCM 8858 T (D87971)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 · ¥ß·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘µâπ‰¡â¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ “¬æ—π∏ÿå„À¡à∑’˧—¥·¬°®“°ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ (∑’Ë¡“: Namwong et al.,<br />
2007; Namwong et al., inpress; Yachai et al., 2008; Tapingkae et al., 2008)<br />
°“√ª√—∫µ—«¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’<br />
‡°≈◊Õ (Osmotic adaptation of halophilic<br />
archaea)<br />
„π ¿“«– ¡¥ÿ≈ (osmotic balance) √–À«à“ß<br />
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬¿“¬„π (intracellular<br />
solutes, S) °—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å∑”„À⇴≈≈å®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å<br />
“¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â·≈–§ß√Ÿª√à“߇¥‘¡ (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3.1)<br />
„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ Ÿß (hypertonic condition) §«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å¡’¡“°°«à“¿“¬„π<br />
‡´≈≈å®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å ∑”„ÀâπÈ”¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å‰À≈ÕÕ°πÕ°‡´≈≈å<br />
‡æ◊ËÕª√—∫ ¡¥ÿ≈√–À«à“߇´≈≈å°—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ àߺ≈„Àâ<br />
‡´≈≈å Ÿ≠‡ ’¬πÈ” (dehydration) ®π„π∑’Ë ÿ¥‡´≈≈剡à<br />
“¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3.2) ”À√—∫Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫<br />
‡§Á¡ “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‰¥â¥’„π ¿“«–¥—ß°≈à“«‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’<br />
°√–∫«π°“√ª√—∫µ—«„π ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ ¥—ß<br />
µàÕ‰ªπ’È<br />
1. ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕÕÕπ “√Õπ‘π∑√’¬å<br />
(Accmulation of inorganic ions)<br />
‡àπ Halobacterium salinarum µ√«®æ∫<br />
‚´‡¥’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ (Na + ) ¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈åª√–¡“≥ 4.0<br />
‚¡≈“√å ·µà¡’ª√‘¡“≥‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å<br />
¡“°∂÷ß 4.57 ‚¡≈“√å (Martin et al., 1999; Christian
40 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
and Waltho, 1962) °“√‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ<br />
(K+) ¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡Õ“»—¬°“√∑”ß“π<br />
√«¡°—π√–À«à“ß·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π·≈– ATPase<br />
·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë¢π àß‚æ√∑ÕπÕÕ°®“°<br />
‡´≈≈å„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’· ß ∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕß<br />
‚æ√∑Õπ¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å (proton gradient)<br />
·≈–‡°‘¥°“√‰À≈°≈—∫¢Õß‚æ√∑Õπ∫√‘‡«≥ ATPase À√◊Õ<br />
Na + /H + antiporter ¢≥–°“√π”‚æ√∑Õπ‡¢â“‡´≈≈å∑’Ë<br />
∫√‘‡«≥ Na + /H + antiporter ®–‡°‘¥°“√¢π àß‚´‡¥’¬¡<br />
‰ÕÕÕπÕÕ°®“°‡´≈≈åºà“π∑“ß Na + /H + antiporter ‡àπ<br />
°—π ·≈–¡’°“√π”‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ‡¢â“‡´≈≈å·∫∫<br />
°“√·æ√à (passive transport) ºà“π uniport ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥<br />
‡´≈≈凡¡‡∫√π ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥ ¡¥ÿ≈∑“ߪ√–®ÿ¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å<br />
(electroneutrality) (Lanyi and Hilliker, 1976)<br />
”À√—∫Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡∑’ˉ¡à¡’·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π<br />
‡àπ Haloferax valcanii ®–π”‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ<br />
‡¢â“‡´≈≈å‚¥¬«‘∏’ Active transport ‚¥¬„â ATP-driven<br />
transport system (Meury and Kohiyama, 1989) „πªï<br />
2000 Ng ·≈–§≥– »÷°…“®’‚π¡¢Õß Halobacterium<br />
strain NRC-1 æ∫«à“πÕ°®“° Na + /H + antiporter ∑’Ë∑”<br />
Àπâ“∑’Ë¢π àß‚´‡¥’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπÕÕ°®“°‡´≈≈å ¬—ßæ∫<br />
∫√‘‡«≥Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë¢π àß‚´‡¥’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ §◊Õ NhaC<br />
proteins ·≈–§âπ§∫√–∫∫°“√π”‡¢â“‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡<br />
‰ÕÕÕπ 2 ·∫∫ §◊Õ Passive transport ·≈– Active<br />
transport (ATP-driven transport system, KdpABC<br />
·≈– TrkAH )<br />
2. ‡æ‘Ë¡°“√π”‡¢â“À√◊Õ —߇§√“–Àå “√≈–≈“¬∑’Ë<br />
∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈·√ߥ—πÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°√–À«à“ß¿“¬„π<br />
°—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å (Accumulation of Compatible<br />
solutes by transport or synthesis)<br />
“√∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈·√ߥ—πÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°<br />
√–À«à“ß¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈åÕ“√凧’¬®—¥‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë¡’<br />
¢π“¥‡≈Á°·≈–‰¡à¡’º≈µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇´≈≈å ®÷ß<br />
∑”„Àâµ√«®æ∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√¥—ß°≈à“«¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å<br />
Õ“√凧’¬ª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß ‚¥¬‡©æ“– “√∑’Ë¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å—π‡ªìπ≈∫<br />
®– “¡“√∂‡¢â“‰ª‡°‘¥æ—π∏–‰ÕÕÕπ‘°°—∫‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡<br />
‰ÕÕÕπ ‡√’¬°«à“ Counter ions °—∫ K + ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡<br />
¢÷Èπ¢Õß “√∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈·√ߥ—πÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°<br />
√–À«à“ß¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ°Õ“√凧’¬®–‡ªìπÕ—µ√“ à«π<br />
°—∫ª√‘¡“≥‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥ ¡¥ÿ≈¢Õß<br />
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å°—∫¿“¬πÕ°<br />
‡´≈≈å ‚¥¬æ∫«à“„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õ߇°≈◊Õ<br />
ŸßÀ√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°ª°µ‘ Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡π‘¬¡‡æ‘Ë¡<br />
ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈·√ߥ—π<br />
ÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°√–À«à“ß¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å ‚¥¬π”‡¢â“<br />
¡“®“°Õ“À“√∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¥â“ππÕ°‡´≈≈å¡“°°«à“ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
¢÷Èπ¡“„À¡à (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3.3) “√∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈·√ß<br />
¥—πÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°√–À«à“ß¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å¢Õß<br />
‡Õ“√凧’¬·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 °≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ 1) “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë¡’<br />
ª√–®ÿ≈∫·≈–∫«° (zwitterionic Solutes) ‡àπ ‡∫∑“Õ’π<br />
Õ‘§‚∑Õ’π ·≈–‰Œ¥√Õ°´’Õ‘§‚∑Õ’π (hydroxyectoine)<br />
2) “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’ˉ¡à¡’ª√–®ÿ(noncharged solutes) ‡àπ<br />
∑’Œ“‚≈ ·≈– ‡Õπ-Õ–´‘∑‘≈°≈Ÿµ“¡‘π‘≈°≈Ÿµ“‡¡µ ‡Õ‰¡¥å<br />
(acetylglutaminylglutamine amide) 3) “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å<br />
∑’Ë¡’ª√–®ÿ ÿ∑∏‘‡ªìπ≈∫ (anionic solutes) ∑’Ë¡’À¡Ÿà<br />
carboxylic phosphate À√◊Õ sulfate ‡àπ ·Õ≈-·Õ≈ø“-<br />
°≈Ÿµ“‡¡µ (L-α-glutamate) ·≈– ´—≈‚ø∑’Œ“‚≈ µ—«Õ¬à“ß<br />
°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈·√ߥ—π<br />
ÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°√–À«à“ß¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈凡◊ËÕÕ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡‡®√‘≠„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ ‚¥¬‡√‘Ë¡µâπ®“°<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡®–‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ<br />
·≈–µ“¡¥â«¬°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß L-(-glutamate (G-)<br />
¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å®π ¡¥ÿ≈°—∫ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡<br />
‰ÕÕÕπ (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3.4) ‚¥¬æ∫«à“„πà«ß∑’Ë¡’°“√ª√—∫ ¡¥ÿ≈<br />
®–‰¡à¡’°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ ®π<br />
°√–∑—Ë߇¢â“ Ÿà ¿“«– ¡¥ÿ≈Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡®–‡®√‘≠<br />
‡µ‘∫‚µÕ¬à“ߪ°µ‘„π ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ·≈–Õ“®¡’<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–Àå “√∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈·√ߥ—π<br />
ÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°√–À«à“ß¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬<br />
π‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ (N) (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3.5) “√∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈<br />
·√ߥ—πÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°√–À«à“ß¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å¢Õß<br />
Õ“√凧’¬ “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„≥â„π°“√º≈‘µ¬“
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 41<br />
(pharmaceutical formulations) °“√‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡‡ ∂’¬√<br />
¢Õß«—§´’π (vaccine stabilizers) ‡§√◊ËÕß ”Õ“ß<br />
(cosmetics) º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∂πÕ¡º‘« ·≈–ªÑÕß°—πº‘« (Skin<br />
treatment and protection) (Muller et al., 2005;<br />
Martin et al., 1999)<br />
3. √â“߇Õπ‰´¡å∑’Ë· ¥ß°‘®°√√¡‰¥â„π<br />
¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ (Halophilic enzymes)<br />
¿“¬„µâ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊ÕÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
√â“ß‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë “¡“√∂· ¥ß°‘®°√√¡‰¥â„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’<br />
‡°≈◊Õ “‡Àµÿ¡“°®“°‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ∫‡§Á¡¡’ª√‘¡“≥°√¥<br />
Õ–¡‘‚π∑’Ë¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å—π‡ªìπ≈∫ (acidic amino acids) ‡æ‘Ë¡<br />
¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 25 ¢Õß°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (Õ—µ√“ à«π<br />
1: 4) ‚¥¬ª°µ‘®–æ∫ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 16 (Õ—µ√“ à«π<br />
1:6) ·≈–≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π∑’Ë¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å—π‡ªìπ∫«°<br />
(basic amino acids) ·≈–À¡Ÿàøíß°å—π‡ªìπÕ–‚√¡“µ‘°<br />
‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π°“√µ°µ–°Õπ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ª√‘¡“≥<br />
‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å Ÿß ‡√’¬°«à“ Saltingout<br />
effect ‚¥¬ª√–®ÿ≈∫¢Õß°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π®–‡°‘¥æ—π∏–<br />
‰ÕÕÕπ‘°°—∫‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥·√ߺ≈—°<br />
√–À«à“ߪ√–®ÿ≈∫ (repulsive interaction) ∑”„Àâ‡Õπ‰´¡å<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡¡’‚§√ß√Ÿª∑’ˇÀ¡“– (folding) ·≈–¡’§«“¡‡ ∂’¬√<br />
(Stability) (Madern et al., 2000: Izotova et al., 1983)<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“߇Õπ‰´¡åÕ∫‡§Á¡ ‡àπ ‡Õπ‰´¡å‡Õπ‚¥‡ªªµ‘‡¥<br />
S9 (endopeptidase S9) ∑’˺≈‘µ®“°Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
Halobacterium halobium S9 “¡“√∂· ¥ß°‘®°√√¡<br />
¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‡§´’π‰¥â∑—Èß ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ·≈–‰¡à¡’‡°≈◊Õ<br />
·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√µ—¥‡ªª‰∑¥å∑’Ë≈—°…≥–<br />
‡ªìπ X 1<br />
-Pro-X 3<br />
-X 4<br />
À¡“¬∂÷ß Proline Õ¬Ÿàµ”·Àπàß∑’Ë 2<br />
®“°ª≈“¬ ÿ¥ ·≈–°√¥Õ–¡‘‚πµ”·Àπàß X 1<br />
§◊Õ<br />
øïπ‘≈Õ–≈“π’π (penylalanine, Phe), ≈‘«´’π (leucine,<br />
Leu) ·≈– Õ–≈“π’π (alanine, Ala) ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢â“ß<br />
µâπ ‡Õπ‰´¡å‡Õπ‚¥‡ªªµ‘‡¥ S9 πà“®– “¡“√∂<br />
૬·°âªí≠À“¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥√ ¢¡¢Õß‚ª√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬<br />
‚¥¬‚ª√µ’π¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬º≈‘µ‚¥¬¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ β-casein<br />
¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å∑√‘ª´‘π ∑”„À≥≌‚¥√‚ø∫‘° ‡ªª‰∑¥å<br />
(hydrophobic peptide) ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’√ ¢¡<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’ ‚æ√≈’π (proline, Pro) Õ¬Ÿà„π‡ªª‰∑¥å<br />
À≈—ß®“°‡µ‘¡‡Õπ‰´¡å‡Õπ‚¥‡ªªµ‘‡¥ S9 ≈߉ª„π<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’√ ¢¡¢â“ßµâπ æ∫«à“‡Õπ‰´¡å “¡“√∂µ—¥<br />
æ—π∏–‡Õ‰¡¥å√–À«à“ß X 1<br />
-Pro ‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ∑”„À≥⇪ìπ<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å‡ªª‰∑¥å “¬ —Èπ≈ß∑’ˉ¡à¡’‚æ√≈’π‡ªìπ<br />
Õߧåª√–°Õ∫ ¥—ßπ—Èπ‡Õπ‰´¡å‡Õπ‚¥‡ªªµ‘‡¥ S9 ¡’<br />
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√≈¥§«“¡¢¡¢Õß‚ª√µ’π¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬<br />
´÷Ëß‚ª√µ’π¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬∑’ˉ¡à¡’√ ¢¡‡ªìπ∑’˵âÕß°“√ ”À√—∫<br />
º≈‘µº≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕ“À“√‡ √‘¡·≈–º≈‘µ¿—≥±å¬“ (Capiralla<br />
et al., 2002) µ—«Õ¬à“߇Õπ‰´¡åÕ∫‡§Á¡Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë¡’<br />
°“√»÷°…“ §◊Õ ‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ–‰¡‡≈ ®“° Haloarcula<br />
hispanica (Hutcheon et al., 2005) ‡Õπ‚¥-‰´≈“·π<br />
(endo-xylanase) ·≈– ‰´‚≈ ‘‡¥ (xylosidase) ®“°<br />
Halorhabdus utahensis (WainØ ´ et al., 2003) ·≈–<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å‰≈‡ª ®“° Natronococcus (Boutaiba et al.,<br />
2006) °≈à“«‰¥â«à“‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ∫‡§Á¡ “¡“√∂𔉪<br />
ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â°√–∫«π°“√∑“߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’’«¿“æ∑’Ë<br />
®”‡ªìπµâÕß„â‡Õπ‰´¡å„π°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ “√‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈<br />
„À≠à„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ·≈–‰¡à¡’‡°≈◊Õ ‡àπ °”®—¥<br />
§«“¡¢¡¢Õß‚ª√µ’π¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ𔂪√µ’π¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬<br />
∑’ˉ¡à¡’√ ¢¡‰ª„⇪ìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕ“À“√‡ √‘¡ √«¡∑—Èß<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å¬“<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ßøï‚π‰∑ªá<br />
(Phentypic characteristics)<br />
°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ßøï‚π‰∑ªá¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡„âÕ“À“√∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ√âÕ¬≈– 20-25 ‡àπ JCM. no.<br />
168 (20% NaCl) ·≈– JCM. no. 169 (25% NaCl)<br />
´÷Ëß¡’Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¥—ßπ’È §◊Õ 100-250 °√—¡¢Õß NaCl, 5<br />
°√—¡¢Õß casamino acid, 5 °√—¡¢Õß yeast extract, 1<br />
°√—¡¢Õß glutamic acid; 2 °√—¡¢Õß KCl, 3 °√—¡¢Õß<br />
trisodium citrate, 20 °√—¡¢Õß MgSO 4<br />
.7H 2<br />
0, 36<br />
¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡¢Õß FeCl 2<br />
.4H 2<br />
0 À√◊Õ FeSO 4<br />
.4H 2<br />
0, 0.0036<br />
¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡¢Õß MnCl 2<br />
.4H 2<br />
0 À√◊Õ MnSO 4<br />
, 20 °√—¡¢Õß<br />
agar (Namwong et al., 2007; Namwong et al., inpress)<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘’«‡§¡’·√°∑’Ë®”‡ªìπµâÕß»÷°…“ ”À√—∫
42 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 · ¥ß°“√ª√—∫µ—«¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ (∑’Ë¡“: Martin et al., 1999)<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ §◊Õ à«ß¢Õ߇°≈◊Õ∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡µ‘∫‚µ<br />
(√âÕ¬≈– 15-30) §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘’«‡§¡’∑’Ë Õß §◊Õ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
¢Õ߇°≈◊Õ∑’Ë∑”„ÀâÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡‡®√‘≠‰¥â¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥ (√âÕ¬≈–<br />
20-25) ”À√—∫§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘’«‡§¡’Õ◊ËπÊ §◊Õ √Ÿª√à“ß Õ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡¡’√Ÿª√à“ßÀ≈“°À≈“¬π‘¥ ‡àπ °≈¡ (coccus)<br />
·∑àß (rods) (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4.a) “¡‡À≈’ˬ¡ (triangles) ’ˇÀ≈’ˬ¡<br />
(squars) ·≈–√Ÿª√à“߉¡à·πàπÕπ (pleomorphic forms)<br />
’‚§‚≈π’¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡¡’À≈“¬‡©¥ ’µ—Èß·µà â¡®π∂÷ß<br />
’·¥ß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å∑’ˇ´≈≈å<br />
‡¡¡‡∫√π ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å Ÿß®–∑”„À₧‚≈π’¡’<br />
’·¥ß â¡ ∂â“¡’ª√‘¡“≥·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥åπâÕ¬ ’‚§‚≈π’®–‡ªìπ<br />
’ â¡ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡®–‡®√‘≠‰¥â¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë<br />
æ’‡Õ 6.0-8.0 (à«ß摇Õ∑’ˇ®√‘≠‰¥â §◊Õ æ’‡Õ 5.0-10.0)<br />
·µà¡’Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡Õ’° 4 °ÿ≈ ∑’ˇ®√‘≠‰¥â¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë<br />
æ’‡Õ‡ªìπ¥à“ß §◊Õ °ÿ≈∑’Ë¡’◊ËÕ¢÷Èπµâπ¥â«¬ Natro ´÷Ëß¡“<br />
®“°¿“…“≈–µ‘π«à“ Natrun ·ª≈«à“ Soda (sodium<br />
carbonate); Natronococcus, Natronomonas,<br />
Natrobacterium ·≈– Natronorubrum Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
®—¥‡ªìπ Chemoorganotrophic ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫<br />
‡§Á¡ “¡“√∂„⧓√å‚∫‰Œ‡¥√µ·≈–°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π‡ªìπ·À≈àß
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 43<br />
æ≈—ßß“π·≈– “¡“√∂À¡—°πÈ”µ“≈∫“ßπ‘¥®π∑”„À≥â<br />
°√¥ ·≈– à«π„À≠àµâÕß°“√ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ”À√—∫°“√<br />
‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ (aerobe) ∫“ß°≈ÿà¡ “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‰¥â„π<br />
¿“«–∑’ˉ¡à¡’ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ·µà„â‰π‡µ√µ À√◊Õ Õ“√宑π’π<br />
‡ªìπµ—«√—∫Õ‘‡≈§µ√ÕÕπ ‡àπ °ÿ≈ Halobacterium<br />
‡ªìπµâπ (Grant et al., 1990; Oren, 2006)<br />
„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ¡“°‡°‘𧫓¡<br />
µâÕß°“√ ·µà “√Õ“À“√Õ◊Ëπ¡’ª√‘¡“≥®”°—¥ Õ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡®–‡ª≈’ˬπ “√Õ“À“√∑’ˇªìπ·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ<br />
‰ª‡ªìπ‚æ≈’‰Œ¥√Õ°´’·Õ≈§“‚π‡Õµ (PHA) ‡àπ<br />
‚æ≈’‰Œ¥√Õ°´’∫‘«∑‘‡√µ [Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)]<br />
´÷Ëß∂Ÿ° √â“ß„π‚ª√§“√‘‚Õµ‡àπ°—π (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4a) PHA<br />
‡ªìπ·À≈àß – ¡æ≈—ßß“π ·≈–∂Ÿ°π”¡“„â„π ¿“«–∑’Ë<br />
¢“¥·§≈πÕ“À“√ ‚¥¬Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡®– √â“߇Õπ‰´¡å<br />
æ‘‡Õ‡Õ ¥’‚æ≈’‡¡Õ‡√ (PHA depolymerase) ‡æ◊ËÕ¬àÕ¬<br />
≈“¬æ—π∏–‡Õ ‡∑Õ√å¿“¬„π‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß PHA ®π‰¥â<br />
‡ªìπÀπàÕ¬¬àÕ¬¢Õß‚æ≈’‡¡Õ√å ®“°§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬<br />
≈“¬‰¥â„π∏√√¡“µ‘ ®÷ß¡’°“√π” PHA ‡àπ PHB ‰ª<br />
º≈‘µ‡ªìπæ≈“ µ‘°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‰¥â ·≈–Õÿª°√≥å∑“ß°“√<br />
·æ∑¬å ·µàæ∫«à“ PHB ¡’≈—°…≥–‡ª√“– ·µ°ßà“¬ ·≈–<br />
‰¡à¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ ®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’°“√»÷°…“‡æ◊ËÕ§âπÀ“<br />
®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë “¡“√∂º≈‘µ PHA ∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑’Ë¥’‡¥‘¡ „π<br />
ªï 1992 Rodriguez-Valera and Lillo »÷°…“°“√º≈‘µ<br />
PHA ®“° Haloferax. mediterranei æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂º≈‘µ<br />
PHA ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 60 ¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—°‡´≈≈å·Àâß À√◊Õ<br />
πâÕ¬°«à“ 6 °√—¡/≈‘µ√ ‡¡◊ËՇ擖‡≈’Ȭ߷∫∫§√—Èߧ√“« (batch<br />
culture) „πÕ“À“√∑’Ë¡’·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ‡ªìππÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§<br />
À√◊Õ ·ªÑß √«¡∑—Èß¡’ª√‘¡“≥øÕ ‡øµµË” ‚§√ß √â“ß<br />
¢Õß PHA ∑’ˉ¥â ¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ co-polymer ‡√’¬°«à“<br />
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (3HBco-3HV)<br />
æ∫«à“ 3HB-co-3HV ¡’§«“¡·¢Áß ‡À𒬫 ¡’<br />
§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ ·≈– ¡’®ÿ¥À≈Õ¡‡À≈«µË” ´÷Ë߇ªìπ∑’Ë<br />
µâÕß°“√¢Õß∑âÕßµ≈“¥¡“°°«à“ PHB (Don et al., 2006;<br />
Chen et al., 2006) ∂÷ß·¡â«à“ PHA “¡“√∂𔉪<br />
º≈‘µ‡ªìπæ≈“ µ‘°„â∑¥·∑πæ≈“ µ‘°∑’˺≈‘µ®“°<br />
ªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡ ·µà°“√„âæ≈“ µ‘°¥—ß°≈à“«¬—߉¡à·æ√àÀ≈“¬<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“°√“§“µâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘µ§àÕπ¢â“ß Ÿß ‚¥¬æ∫«à“<br />
§√÷ËßÀπ÷ËߢÕßµâπ∑ÿπ¡“®“°§à“„â®à“¬„π°“√®—¥´◊ÈÕ<br />
·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ (Choi and Lee, 1997) ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’<br />
°“√»÷°…“°“√≈¥µâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘µ PHA ®“° Hfx.<br />
mediterranei ‚¥¬‡≈◊Õ°„â·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ∑’Ë¡’√“§“∂Ÿ°<br />
‡àπ ·ªÑߢ⓫‚æ¥ √”¢â“« ·≈–πÈ”µ“≈®“°À“ßπ¡ (whey<br />
sugar ‡ªìππÈ”µ“≈º ¡√–À«à“ß°“·≈§‚µ ·≈–°≈Ÿ‚§<br />
‚¥¬π”À“ßπ¡´÷Ë߇ªìπ à«π∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ®“°°√–∫«π°“√<br />
º≈‘µ’ µå‰ª¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å β-galactosidase)<br />
‡ªìπ·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ À≈—ß ‘Èπ ÿ¥°“√‡æ“–‡≈’È¬ß ∑”°“√·¬°<br />
PHA ÕÕ°®“° “√Õ◊ËπÊ‚¥¬„â°“√À¡ÿπ‡À«’ˬß∑’˧«“¡<br />
‡√Á«√Õ∫µË”‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„À⇴≈≈å∑’Ë¡’°“√ – ¡¢Õß PHA<br />
(√Ÿª 4a) µ°µ–°Õπ·≈–≈â“ßµ–°Õπ¥â«¬πÈ”°≈—Ëπ‡æ◊ËÕ<br />
∑”„À⇴≈≈å·µ° ·≈–≈â“ߥ⫬πȔՒ°‡æ◊ËÕ°”®—¥‡»…‡´≈≈å<br />
‚¥¬æ∫«à“°“√„âπÈ”µ“≈®“°À“ßπ¡®–<br />
∑”„Àâ Hfx. Mediterranei “¡“√∂º≈‘µ Poly<br />
(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-6%-3-Hydroxyvalerate) (3HBco-6%-3HV)<br />
‰¥â¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ√âÕ¬≈– 72.8 (0.09<br />
g -1 L -1 h -1 ) ´÷Ëß¡’®ÿ¥À≈Õ¡‡À≈«∑’Ë 150 ·≈– 160 Õß»“<br />
‡´≈‡´’¬ ·≈–æ∫«à“‡¡◊ËÕ∑”°“√‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭ߷∫∫°÷ËßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß<br />
(fed-batch culture) ‚¥¬°“√‡µ‘¡πÈ”µ“≈®“°À“ßπ¡<br />
‰Œ¥√Õ°´’«“‡≈Õ‡√µ (hydroxyvalerate) ·≈– ‰Œ¥√Õ°<br />
´’ ∫‘«∑‘‡√µ (hydroxybutyrate) ∑”„À≥âº≈‘µ¿—≥±å‡ªìπ<br />
Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-21.8%-3-Hydroxyvalerateco-5.1%-3-Hydroxybutyrate)<br />
(3-HB-co-21.8%-3-HVco-5.1%-3-HB)<br />
¡“°∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 85 (0.14 g -1 L -1 h -1 ) ·≈–<br />
3-HB-co-21.8%-3-HV-co-5.1%-3-HB ¡’®ÿ¥À≈Õ¡‡À≈«<br />
(140 ·≈– 150 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ) ´÷Ëߵ˔°«à“ 3HB-co-<br />
6%-3HV ∂÷ß 10 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ (Koller et al., 2007)<br />
®—¥‡ªìπ·π«‚πâ¡∑’Ë¥’ ”À√—∫°“√π”‚æ≈’‡¡Õ√å¢â“ßµâπ‰ª<br />
º≈‘µ‡ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±å ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’®ÿ¥À≈Õ¡‡À≈«µË”∑”„Àâ<br />
“¡“√∂≈¥°“√„âæ≈—ßß“π„π°“√À≈Õ¡ PHA °àÕπ<br />
°“√𔉪º≈‘µ‡ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˬàÕ¬ ≈“¬‰¥âµ“¡<br />
∏√√¡“µ‘<br />
®“°°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß’«‡§¡’∑”„Àâ∑√“∫<br />
«à“Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ “¡“√∂º≈‘µ‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’Ë “¡“√∂
44 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
· ¥ß°‘®°√√¡‰¥â„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ ‡àπ ‡Õπ‰´¡å<br />
Õ–‰¡‡≈ ‡Õπ‰´¡å‚ª√µ‘‡Õ ·≈– ‡Õπ‰´¡å‰≈‡ª<br />
√«¡∑—Èß¡’°“√ √â“ß‚æ≈’‰Œ¥√Õ°´’·Õ≈§“‚π‡Õµ ¥—ßπ—Èπ<br />
·∫§∑’‡√’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ Ÿß®—¥‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ëπà“ π„®<br />
”À√—∫„⇪ìπºŸâº≈‘µ‡Õπ‰´¡å ·≈–‚æ≈’‰Œ¥√Õ°´’·Õ≈<br />
§“‚π‡Õµ‡π◊ËÕß®“° “¡“√∂º≈‘µº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’ª√–‚¬πå<br />
À≈“¬π‘¥√«¡∑—È߇®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊ÕÕ¬à“ß<br />
πâÕ¬√âÕ¬≈– 15 · ¥ß„Àâ∑√“∫«à“°“√‡æ“–‡≈’ȬßÕ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡®–‰¡à‡°‘¥ªí≠À“°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õß<br />
‡◊ÈÕÕ◊ËπÊ ‡¡◊ËՇ擖‡≈’Ȭ߄πÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ<br />
µâÕß°“√¢¬“¬°“√‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭ߰Á “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â‚¥¬ßà“¬<br />
·≈–„âµâπ∑ÿπ∑’˵˔‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡àµâÕß„â√–∫∫ª≈Õ¥‡◊ÈÕ<br />
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√π”Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡‰ª„âª√–‚¬πå<br />
¬—ßµâÕߧ”π÷ß∂÷ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«º≈‘µ¿—≥±å´÷Ë߇ªìπ à«π<br />
∑’Ë„â§à“„â®à“¬ Ÿß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë ≈—∫´—∫´âÕπ<br />
®÷ß¡’°“√»÷°…“Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õ߇´≈≈å¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡ ‡√’¬°«à“ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ßÕπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π‡§¡’<br />
(Chemotaxonomic characteristics) ´÷Ëß°“√∑√“∫<br />
Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õ߇´≈≈åÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂<br />
‡≈◊Õ°„â«‘∏’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡„π°“√π”º≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕÕ°®“°<br />
‡´≈≈å‚¥¬‰¡àµâÕ߄⇧√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë¡’√“§“·æß·≈–·≈–¡’<br />
¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’ˉ¡à¬ÿà߬“°<br />
(a)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 √Ÿª√à“ߢÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ (a) Halobacterium salinarum ‚¥¬°≈âÕß Scaning Electron Microscope<br />
·≈– (b) Haloferax mediterranei ‚¥¬°≈âÕß Transmission Electron microscopy π’È · ¥ß<br />
polyhydroxyalkanoate granule ¢Õß (∑’Ë¡“: Oren, 2006)<br />
(b)<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ßÕπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π‡§¡’<br />
(Chemtotaxonomic characteristics)<br />
Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õߺπ—߇´≈≈å<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡√Ÿª√à“ß·∑àß “¡‡À≈’ˬ¡<br />
’ˇÀ≈’ˬ¡ ·≈– √Ÿª√à“߉¡à·πàπÕπ ¡’ºπ—߇´≈≈å∑’Ë∫“ß<br />
¡“°‡√’¬°«à“ Surface-layer cell wall (S-layer) (√Ÿª 5.a)<br />
‚¥¬ S-layer ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‰°≈‚§‚ª√µ’π (glycoprotein)<br />
ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 40-50 ·≈–‚ª√µ’πª√–¡“≥<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 15-20 µ—«Õ¬à“߇àπ S-layer ¢Õß Halobacterium<br />
salinarum ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‰°≈‚§‚ª√µ’π¢π“¥ 120<br />
°‘‚≈¥“≈µ—π ´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬‚ª√µ’π (87 °‘‚≈¥—≈µ—π)<br />
´÷Ëß¡’°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π∑’Ë¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å—π‡ªìπ≈∫‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à<br />
·≈–‚æ≈’‡¡Õ√å¢ÕßπÈ”µ“≈´÷Ëß¡’ side chain ‡ªìπª√–®ÿ<br />
≈∫ (acidic saccharaide chains) ‡àπ acidic<br />
glycosaminoglycan ‚¥¬∑ÿ°Ê 10-15 ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈πÈ”µ“≈<br />
®–¡’ 2 À¡Ÿà´—≈‡øµ (SO 4<br />
2-<br />
) ‡°“–Õ¬Ÿà √«¡∑—Èßæ∫ O-linked<br />
glucosyl-(α-1→(2)-galactoside disaccharide units ´÷Ëß<br />
‡ªìππÈ”µ“≈´÷Ëß¡’ side chain ‡ªìπª√–®ÿ≈∫ (neutral<br />
saccharaide chains) (Lechner and Wieland, 1989)
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 45<br />
®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß S-layer cell wall<br />
· ¥ß„Àâ∑√“∫«à“ S-layer ¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
¡’ª√‘¡“≥°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π∑’Ë¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å—π‡ªìπ≈∫ª√‘¡“≥¡“°<br />
¥—ßπ—Èπ‡¡◊ËÕÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ Ÿß‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß<br />
‚ª√µ’π®–Õ¬Ÿà„π‚§√ß√Ÿª∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ‰¡à‡°‘¥°“√º≈—°<br />
°—π√–À«à“ߪ√–®ÿ≈∫∑’Ë¡’¡“° (repulsive interaction)<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’ª√–®ÿ∫«°Àπ÷ËߢÕß‚´‡¥’¬¡‰ÕÕπ (Na + ) ·≈–<br />
ª√–®ÿ Õß∫«°¢Õß·¡°π’‡´’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ (Mg 2+ ) ‡¢â“‰ª<br />
‡°‘¥æ—π∏–‰ÕÕÕππ‘° ‡√’¬°ª√“°Ø°“√≥åπ’È«à“ Shielding<br />
of negative charge by cation ·µà‡¡◊ËÕÕ¬Ÿà ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ<br />
µË” ®–‡°‘¥°“√º≈—°°“√√–À«à“ߪ√–®ÿ≈∫‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡à¡’<br />
ª√–®ÿ∫«°¢Õß‚´‡¥’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ‰ª‡°‘¥æ—π∏–‰ÕÕÕπ‘°<br />
°—∫À¡Ÿàøíß°å—π‡ªìπ≈∫¢Õß°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π∑’˺π—߇´≈≈å ´÷Ëß<br />
‡ªìπªí®®—¬À≈—°∑’Ë∑”„À₧√ß √â“ߢÕß‚ª√µ’π‰¡àÕ¬Ÿà„π<br />
‚§√ß√Ÿª∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ (unfolding) ·≈–‰¡à¡’§«“¡‡ ∂’¬√<br />
(destabilization) ∑”„À₧√ß √â“ߢÕߺπ—߇´≈≈剡à<br />
·¢Áß·√ß ®÷ß∑”„Àâ‰¡à “√∂∑πµàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß<br />
§«“¡¥—πÕÕ ‚¡µ‘°¿“¬‡´≈≈å ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√ª√—∫ ¡¥ÿ≈<br />
(osmotic balance) √–À«à“ß¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ° ∑”„Àâ<br />
‡°‘¥°“√‰À≈¢ÕßπÈ”‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈å¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈åµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“<br />
àߺ≈„Àâ„À⇴≈≈å§àÕ¬Ê ‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª√à“ß®“°·∑à߉ª‡ªìπ<br />
°≈¡ ·≈–·µ°ÕÕ°„π∑’Ë ÿ¥<br />
(a)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 · ¥ß Transmission Electron micrographs of Halococcus salifodinae (a) and Halobacterium<br />
salinarum (b) (∑’Ë¡“: Oren, 2006)<br />
(b)<br />
®“°√Ÿª∑’Ë 5a · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ºπ—߇´≈≈å¢Õß<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡∑’Ë¡’√Ÿª√à“ß°≈¡ ‰¡à¡’‚ª√µ’π‡ªìπ<br />
Õߧåª√–°Õ∫·≈–¡’§«“¡Àπ“¡“°°«à“Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
√Ÿª√à“߉¡à°≈¡ ‡àπ ºπ—߇´≈≈å¢Õß Halococcus ‡√’¬°<br />
«à“ Thick sulfated heteropolysaccharide cell wall<br />
´÷ËßÕߧåª√–°Õ∫ºπ—߇´≈≈å®–§≈⓬°—∫ Murein<br />
¢Õß·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ‡√’¬°«à“ Pseudomurein à«π∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß<br />
§◊Õ ®–æ∫ Gal =galactose; GalNAc =<br />
N-cetylgalactosamine; Glc = glucose, Gly = glycine;<br />
GulNUA = N acetylgulosaminuronic acid; Man =<br />
mannose; UA = uronic ”À√—∫ °ÿ≈ Natronococcus<br />
®–¡’ºπ—߇´≈≈å∑’ËÀπ“‡àπ°—π·µà¡’Õߧåª√–°Õ∫·µ°µà“ß<br />
®“° °ÿ≈ Halococcus ‚¥¬¡’‚¡‚π‡¡Õ√凪ìπ poly<br />
(L-glutamine) glycoconjugate ¥—ßπ—Èπºπ—߇´≈≈套߰≈à“«<br />
‰¡à¡’‚ª√µ’π‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫ ·≈–¡’§«“¡Àπ“ ®÷ß∑”<br />
Àπâ“∑’Ë√—°…“√Ÿª√à“ß∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ߢÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡√Ÿª√à“ß<br />
°≈¡ ‰¡à«à“®–Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–∑’ˇªìπ Hypotonic À√◊Õ<br />
Hypertonic (Schleifer et al., 1982) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡∑’Ë “¡“√∂º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑“ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡¡’<br />
√Ÿª√à“ß·∑àß (Halobacterium) ·≈–√Ÿª√à“߉¡à·πàπÕπ
46 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
(Haloferax) ´÷Ëß¡’ S-layer ‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õߺπ—ß<br />
‡´≈≈å ∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂ °—¥º≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕÕ°®“°‡´≈≈剥â<br />
¿“¬„π 1 ¢—ÈπµÕπ ‚¥¬°“√π”‡´≈≈å≈–≈“¬„ππÈ” À√◊Õ<br />
∫—ø‡øÕ√å ‡´≈≈å®–·µ° ∑”„À≥⠓√≈–≈“¬º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ë<br />
®–𔉪∑”„Àâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘ϵàÕ‰ª ‡àπ °“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« PHA<br />
®“°Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ Haloferax. mediterranei „â°“√<br />
À¡ÿπ‡À«’ˬ߇æ◊ËÕ·¬°‡´≈≈åÕÕ°®“°πÈ”À¡—° π”‡´≈≈å<br />
≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇴≈≈å·µ° ·≈–≈â“ßµ–°Õπ¥â«¬πÈ”<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ°”®—¥‡»…‡´≈≈å<br />
Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õ߇´≈≈凡¡‡∫√π<br />
‡´≈≈凡¡‡∫√πª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬ Õß à«π∑’Ë<br />
”§—≠ §◊Õ ‰¢¡—π ·≈–‚ª√µ’π ‚¥¬‰¢¡—π·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ<br />
2 π‘¥ §◊Õ ‚æ≈“√å≈‘ªî¥ [Polar lipids, (√âÕ¬≈– 90)]<br />
·≈– π‘«∑√—≈ ≈‘ªî¥ [Neutral lipids, (√âÕ¬≈– 10)] ´÷Ëß<br />
‚æ≈“√å≈‘ªî¥ À√◊Õ ‡√’¬°«à“ glycerol diether lipids ¢Õß<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬°≈’‡´Õ√Õ≈ (glycerol)<br />
·≈– “¬‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ [Hydrocarbon chain §◊Õ<br />
2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol (C 20<br />
,C 20<br />
) ·≈–<br />
2-O-sesterterpanyl-3-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol<br />
(C 25<br />
,C 20<br />
)] ∑—Èß Õß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡◊ËÕ¡µàÕ°—π¥â«¬æ—π∏–Õ’‡∏Õ√å<br />
(Ether bond) ‚¥¬‚æ≈“√å ≈‘ªî¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 3 °≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ<br />
øÕ ‚æ≈‘ªî¥ [Phospholipids] æ∫„πÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
∑ÿ°π‘¥ §◊Õ phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) ·≈–<br />
phosphatidyl glycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP-<br />
Me)], ‰°≈‚§≈‘ªî¥ (glycolipids) ·≈– ´—≈‚ø≈‘ªî¥<br />
(Sulfolipid) ¡’°“√√“¬ß“π°“√π” glycerol diether lipids<br />
‰ª„â ”À√—∫ “√∑’ˇµ‘¡„πÕ“À“√‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥·§≈Õ√’Ë<br />
„πÕ“À“√ (non-caloric fat substitute) (Kamekura and<br />
Kates,1988)<br />
”À√—∫π‘«∑√—≈ ≈‘ªî¥ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬<br />
‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ‡∑à“π—Èπ ‡àπ C 20<br />
isoprenoid lipids,<br />
Neutral phytanyl ethers of glycerol, C 30<br />
isoprenoid<br />
lipids (°≈ÿà¡¢Õß squalene ·≈– Õπÿæ—π∏å) ·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å<br />
§«‘‚ππ (quinones) ·≈– Retinal pigments ”À√—∫<br />
·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å ¡’º≈µàÕ ’¢Õß‚§‚≈π’Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ª√‘¡“≥·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å Ÿß®–∑”„À₧‚≈π’¡’ ’·¥ß â¡<br />
·≈–·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å¡’Àπâ“∑’˪ÑÕß°—πÕ—πµ√“¬„Àâ°—∫<br />
‡´≈≈宓°√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’ ‚¥¬·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å∑’Ëæ∫¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ<br />
·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ√Ÿ‡∫Õ√‘π (bacterioruberin) ª√‘¡“≥√âÕ¬≈–<br />
60 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß<br />
æ∫·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å∑’Ë¡’§“√å∫Õπ 40 Õ–µÕ¡ ‡àπ<br />
hydroxyechinenone ∑√“π å-·Õ µ“·´π∏‘π (√Ÿª∑’Ë 6.a)<br />
·≈– ·§π∏“·´π∏‘π (canthaxanthin) (√Ÿª∑’Ë 6.b)<br />
”À√—∫ ∑√“π å-·Õ µ“·´π∏‘π “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå<br />
„â„π¥â“π°“√·æ∑¬å·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡Õ“À“√ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°<br />
¡’ƒ∑∏‘ϵâ“πÕÕ°´‘‡¥—π‡àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫«‘µ“¡‘πÕ’ æ∫«à“<br />
·Õ µ“·´π∑‘π¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï„°≈⇧’¬ßÀ√◊Õ¡“°°«à“«‘µ“¡‘πÕ’<br />
‡√’¬°«à“ ´Ÿ‡ªÕ√å«‘µ“¡‘πÕ’ (super vitamin E) (Bramley,<br />
2000) ·≈–„πÕÿµ “À°√√¡Õ“À“√„â·§π∏“·´π∏‘π<br />
‡ªìπ ’º ¡Õ“À“√ (food colorant) ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°<br />
·§π∏“·´π∏‘π¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘‰¡à∑”„À⺟â∫√‘‚¿§‡°‘¥Õ“°“√<br />
·æâ‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫ ’ —ߺ ¡Õ“À“√ —߇§√“–Àå √«¡∑—Èß„â<br />
‡ªìπ “√„Àâ ’ ”À√—∫°“√‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭߪ≈“·´≈¡Õπ ·≈–ªŸ<br />
∑”„Àâ —µ«å¡’ ’ —π «¬ß“¡ (Asker and Ohta, 1999) ®÷ß<br />
∑”„Àâ¡’°“√»÷°…“°“√º≈‘µ·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å®“°Õ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡‡æ◊ËÕ∑¥·∑π°“√º≈‘µ®“°¬’ µå ∑’˄⢗ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë<br />
¬ÿà߬“°„π°“√∑”„À⇴≈≈å·µ°·≈–°“√ °—¥ “√ ’ÕÕ°<br />
®“°‡´≈≈å ´÷Ëß àߺ≈µàÕµâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘µ·≈–√“§“¢Õß<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å (Calo et al., 1995)<br />
Calo ·≈–§≥– (1995) »÷°…“À“ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß<br />
·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å¢Õß Halobacterium salinarum<br />
æ∫·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 2400 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/°√—¡¢Õß<br />
πÈ”Àπ—°‡´≈≈å·Àâß ‚¥¬·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å∑’Ëæ∫ª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß §◊Õ<br />
hydroxyechinenone ª√‘¡“≥ 588 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡ (√âÕ¬≈–<br />
24) ·≈– ∑√“π å-·Õ µ“·´π∏‘πª√‘¡“≥ 588<br />
‰¡‚§√°√—¡ (√âÕ¬≈– 11) ‡¡◊ËՇ擖‡≈’Ȭ߄π∑’Ë¡’Õߧå<br />
ª√–°Õ∫ yeast extract (10 °√—¡/≈‘µ√), casamino<br />
acids (7.5 °√—¡/≈‘µ√); NaCI (250 °√—¡/≈‘µ√); MgSO,.<br />
7H,O (40 °√—¡/≈‘µ√), KCl (2 °√—¡/≈‘µ√); trisodium<br />
citrate (3 °√—¡/≈‘µ√) ·≈– trace element solution<br />
ª√‘¡“≥ 10 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ”À√—∫ Haloferax alexandrinus
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 47<br />
‡¡◊ËՇ擖‡≈’Ȭ߄πÕ“À“√¢â“ßµâπ “¡“√∂º≈‘µ<br />
·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å‰¥âª√‘¡“≥„°≈⇧’¬ß°—∫ Hbt. salinarum<br />
(2060 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/°√—¡¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—°‡´≈≈å·Àâß) ‚¥¬<br />
·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å∑’˺≈‘µ‰¥â Ÿß∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ ·§π∏“·´π∏‘π<br />
ª√‘¡“≥ 700 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡ (√âÕ¬≈– 34 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥<br />
·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å∑—ÈßÀ¡¥) ·µà‰¡àæ∫°“√º≈‘µ∑√“π å-<br />
·Õ µ“·´π∏‘π (Asker et al., 2002) °“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«<br />
·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â‚¥¬„âπÈ”¡—πæ◊ °—¥<br />
·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å ‡àπ πÈ”¡—π¥Õ°∑“πµ–«—π ‚¥¬‰¡àµâÕß<br />
„â “√≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å ‡àπ hexane À√◊Õ acetone ´÷Ëß<br />
‡ªìπ “√‡§¡’∑’ËÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ ÿ¢¿“æ¢Õß∑—Èߧπ·≈– —µ«å<br />
„π°≈ÿà¡¢Õß Retinal pigments ·∫àß 3 π‘¥<br />
§◊Õ ·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π æ∫„πÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡∫“ß<br />
π‘¥ (Halobacterium salinarum, Hbt. halobium,<br />
Haloarcular japonica and Halorubrum spp.) (√Ÿª∑’Ë<br />
6.c) Œ“‚√¥Õª´‘π (halorhodopsin) ·≈– ‚√¥Õª´‘π<br />
(Rhodopsins) æ∫„πÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡∑ÿ°π‘¥ ‚¥¬∑’Ë<br />
·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π®—¥‡ªìπ‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë∑–≈ÿºà“π‡´≈≈å<br />
‡¡¡‡∫√π (integral membrance protein) “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥<br />
°≈◊πæ≈—ßß“π®“°· ß∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 570 π“‚π‡¡µ√<br />
‰¥â¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥·≈–„âæ≈—ßß“π¥—ß°≈à“« ”À√—∫º≈—°‚æ√∑Õπ<br />
ÕÕ°πÕ°‡´≈≈å (proton pump) ®π‡°‘¥§«“¡·µ°µà“ß<br />
¢Õߪ√–¡“≥‚æ√∑Õπ¿“¬„π°—∫¿“¬πÕ°‡´≈≈å (proton<br />
gradient) ∑”„Àâ¡’°“√‰À≈°≈—∫¢Õß‚æ√∑Õπ∫√‘‡«≥ Na + /<br />
H + antiporter ·≈– ATPase ‡¡◊ËÕ‚æ√∑Õπ‰À≈°≈—∫<br />
∫√‘‡«≥ ATPase àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥°“√ √â“ß ATP ”À√—∫<br />
„â„π°‘®°√√¡¢Õ߇´≈≈å√«¡∑—Èß°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë¢Õ߇´≈≈å<br />
(Lanyi, 1997) ”À√—∫‚√¥Õª´‘π ¡’ 2 π‘¥ §◊Õ<br />
‚√¥Õª´‘π I (‰«µàÕ· ß ’‡¢’¬«) ·≈– ‚√¥Õª´‘π II<br />
(‰«µàÕ· ß ’πÈ”‡ß‘π) ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ photoreceptor cell<br />
”À√—∫°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡¿“¬„µâ<br />
Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß· ß (phototaxis) ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ß∑”„ÀâÕ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡¬—ß “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‰¥â„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’Õ“À“√µË”<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“° “¡“√∂ √â“ß ATP ®“°æ≈—ßß“π¢Õß· ß<br />
”À√—∫Œ“‚√‚√¥Õª´‘π®—¥‡ªìπ‚ª√µ’π∑’Ë∑–≈ÿºà“π‡´≈≈å<br />
‡¡¡‡∫√π (integral membrance protein) ‡àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫<br />
·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ chloride pump<br />
‚¥¬„âæ≈—ßß“π®“°· ߥ÷ß Cl - ‡¢â“‡´≈≈å ®“°°≈‰°≈°“√<br />
ª√—∫ ¡¥ÿ≈¢Õ߉ÕÕÕππ‘¥µà“ßÊ ∑”„ÀâÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
“¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‰¥â„π ¿“«–∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊Õ Ÿß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡°‘¥<br />
¡¥ÿ≈√–À«à“ߧ«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õ߉ÕÕÕπ¿“¬„π°—∫<br />
¿“¬πÕ° (ionic balance) (Lanyi, 1990)<br />
·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π´÷Ëß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ߥâ“π<br />
· ß·≈–‡§¡’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„≥â<br />
Õ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß„π¥â“π¢ÕßÕÿª°√≥åÕ‘‡≈Á°‚∑√π‘§√–¥—∫<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈·≈–√–∫∫· ß„π§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√å Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡<br />
¡’‡æ’¬ßÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡∫“ß “¬æ—π∏ÿå‡∑à“π—Èπ∑’Ë “¡“√∂<br />
º≈‘µ·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π ‡àπ Halobacterium<br />
salinarum ´÷Ëߪ√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ§àÕπ¢â“ߵ˔ àߺ≈„Àâ<br />
√“§“·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π§àÕπ¢â“ß Ÿß (1 mg ¢Õß<br />
·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π º≈‘µ®“° Hbt. salinarum √“§“<br />
25000 ∫“∑, Sigma) ®÷ß∑”„Àâ°“√«‘®—¬‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡<br />
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√º≈‘µ·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π „πªï 2008<br />
Ghasemi ·≈–§≥– ª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π°“√‡æ‘Ë¡<br />
°“√º≈‘µ·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π ‰¥â‡ªìπ 234.6 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/<br />
≈‘µ√ (´÷Ë߇æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 3.49 ‡∑à“®“° Ÿµ√Õ“À“√¡“µ√∞“π)<br />
‚¥¬„âÕ“À“√∑’Ë¡’Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¥—ßπ’È NaCl (250 g/L),<br />
meat extract (10 g/L), casamino acids (3.75 g/L),<br />
glycerol (10 g/L), corn steep powder (50 g/L),<br />
Na 3<br />
-citrate (1 g/L), KCl (6 g/L), FeSO47H2O<br />
(0.2 g/L), MnSO 4<br />
7H 2<br />
O (0.2 g/L) ·≈– MgSO 4<br />
7H 2<br />
O<br />
(10 g/L) ”À√—∫°“√‡æ“–‡≈’È¬ß Hbt. salinarum °“√∑’Ë<br />
“¡“√∂‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ¥Õª´‘π∂◊Õ<br />
‡ªìπ·π«‚πâ¡∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õß<br />
Õÿµ “À°√√¡°“√º≈‘µ·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ¥Õª´‘π ®“°Õ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡ ∂÷ß·¡â«à“ Ÿµ√Õ“À“√∑’Ë„â¢â“ßµâπ¡’°“√<br />
ª√—∫ª√ÿß„â “√Õ“À“√∑’Ë√“§“∂Ÿ° corn steep powder<br />
·µà¬—ߧ߄âÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇◊ÈÕ∑’Ë¡’√“§“·æßÀ≈“¬π‘¥<br />
‡àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫°“√º≈‘µ ·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å §◊Õ Yeast extract,<br />
Meat extract ·≈– Casamino acids
48 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 6 · ¥ß‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß (a) ·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π, (b) ·§π∏“·´π∏‘π ·≈– (c) ·Õ µ“·´π∏‘π (∑’Ë¡“:<br />
Oren, 2006)<br />
√ÿª<br />
®“°°“√»÷°…“Õπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π¢ÕßÕ“√凧’¬<br />
Õ∫‡§Á¡ °“√ª√—∫µ—«„À⇢⓰—∫ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¡’<br />
‡°≈◊Õ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ßøï‚π‰∑ªá·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
Õπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π‡§¡’ ∑”„Àâ∑√“∫«à“Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡<br />
“¡“√∂º≈‘µº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“∑“ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡<br />
®”π«π 4 π‘¥ §◊Õ 1) ·§‚√∑’πÕ¬¥å ”À√—∫„â„π<br />
Õÿµ “À°√√¡Õ“À“√ ‡àπ ∑√“π å-·Õ µ“·´π∏‘π<br />
·≈– ·§π∏“·´π∏‘π 2) ·∫§∑’√‘‚Õ‚√¥Õª´‘π ”À√—∫<br />
𔉪„â„π¥â“πº≈‘µ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊ÕÕ‘‡≈§∑√Õπ‘° å<br />
3) ‚æ≈’‰Œ¥√Õ°´’·Õ≈-§“‚π‡Õµ ”À√—∫„âº≈‘µ<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˬàÕ¬ ≈“¬‰¥âµ“¡∏√√¡“µ‘·≈–º≈‘µÕÿª°√≥å<br />
∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å 4) ‡Õπ‰´¡åÕ∫‡§Á¡ ”À√—∫„â„π<br />
Õÿµ “À°√√¡Õ“À“√·≈–¬“ ‡àπ ‡Õπ‚¥‡ªªµ‘‡¥ S9<br />
“¡“√∂°”®—¥§«“¡¢¡®“°‚ª√µ’π¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ πÕ°®“°<br />
π’ÈÕ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡¡’¢âÕ¥’∑’ˇÀ¡“–®–𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â<br />
„πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ §◊Õ 1) ‰¡à®”‡ªìπµâÕ߇擖‡≈’Ȭ߄π<br />
¿“«–ª≈Õ¥‡◊ÈÕ 2) ¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√∑”„À⇴≈≈å·µ°<br />
‰¡à¬ÿà߬“° 3) °“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«º≈‘µ¿—≥±å “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â<br />
‚¥¬ßà“¬<br />
∂÷ß·¡â«à“Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡®– “¡“√∂º≈‘µ¿—≥±å<br />
‰¥âÀ≈“¬π‘¥ ·≈–¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«‰¡à¬ÿà߬“° ·µà<br />
°“√º≈‘µº≈‘µ¿—≥±å®“°Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡¬—ߧߪ√– ∫<br />
ªí≠À“µâπ∑ÿπ Ÿß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°·∫§∑’‡√’¬¥—ß°≈à“«µâÕß°“√<br />
·À≈à߉π‚µ√‡®π ”À√—∫°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ„πª√‘¡“≥¡“°<br />
®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß’«‡§¡’¢Õß· ¥ß«à“<br />
Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡®—¥‡ªìπ Chemoorganotroph ´÷Ëß<br />
“¡“√∂„Àâ·À≈à߉π‚µ√‡®π·≈–§“√å∫Õπ‰¥âÀ≈“¬π‘¥<br />
¥—ßπ—Èπ à«π∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ∑‘Èß®“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡Õ“À“√∑–‡≈<br />
´÷Ëß¡’¡“°„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·≈–¡’ “√Õ“À“√ª√–‡¿∑<br />
‰π‚µ√‡®π‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫ πà“®–‡ªìπÕ’°∑“߇≈◊Õ°<br />
”À√—∫‡ªìπ·À≈à߉π‚µ√‡®π‡æ◊ËÕ∑¥·∑π Yeast extract,<br />
Meat Extract ·≈– Casamino acids √«¡∑—Èß»÷°…“ ¿“«–<br />
∑’Ë„â ”À√—∫°“√‡æ“–‡≈’È¬ß ‡àπ °“√°«π (agitation) ·≈–<br />
°“√„ÀâÕ“°“» (aeration) ‡ªìπµâπ πà“®–∑”„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡‚Õ°“<br />
„π°“√π”Õ“√凧’¬Õ∫‡§Á¡‰ª„âª√–‚¬πå„πª√–‡∑»<br />
‰∑¬„πÕ𓧵
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 49<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
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WainØ ´ , M. and Ingvorsen, K. (2003). Production<br />
of β-xylanase and β-xylosidase by the<br />
extremely halophilic archaeon Halorhabdus<br />
utahensis. Extremophiles. 7: 87-93.<br />
❏❏❏❏❏
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 52-70 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 52-70 (2011)<br />
æ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ —ß‡§√“–Àå: π‘¥ °“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
·≈– ¡∫—µ‘¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
Synthetic Bioplastics: Types, Synthesis and<br />
Properties of Poly(lactic acid)s<br />
¡—ß°√ »√’ –Õ“¥ 1* ¬Õ¥∏ß „∫¡“° 1<br />
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ (PLAs) ‡ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å —ß‡§√“–Àå∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ ”À√—∫ª√–¬ÿ°µå<br />
„⇪ìπæ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂·∫à߇ªìπ 3 π‘¥µ“¡‚§√ß·∫∫¢Õß°√¥·≈§µ‘° (π‘¥·Õ≈ π‘¥¥’ ·≈–π‘¥<br />
¥’·Õ≈) ‰¥â·°à æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ (PLLA) æÕ≈‘¥’-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ (PDLA) ·≈–æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
(PDLLA) ‚¥¬ PLAs “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–À剥â 2 «‘∏’ §◊Õ æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π<br />
´÷Ëß¡’°“√„â°√¥·≈§µ‘° ·≈–·≈§‰∑¥å‡ªìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å ”À√—∫‡∑§π‘§æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–<br />
·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π µ“¡≈”¥—∫ PLAs ∑’Ë¡’πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ Ÿß —߇§√“–À剥₥¬„â‡∑§π‘§æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥<br />
«ß·À«π PLLA ·≈– PDLA ‡ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å°÷Ëߺ≈÷° ¢≥–∑’Ë PDLLA ‡ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åÕ —≥∞“π ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈ °“√<br />
≈–≈“¬„πµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å·≈–Õ—µ√“°“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ¢Õß PLAs ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈·≈–√–¥—∫§«“¡<br />
‡ªìπº≈÷°¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‚¥¬°“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ “¡“√∂·∫à߉¥â‡ªìπ 2 ·∫∫ ‰¥â·°à<br />
°“√ ≈“¬µ—«‚¥¬‰¡à„â‡Õπ‰´¡å ·≈–°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å<br />
Abstract<br />
Poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs) are synthetic biodegradable polymers for use as bioplastic applications.<br />
They were divided into 3 types corresponded to lactic acid configurations (L-, D- and D,L-forms). They are<br />
poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) and poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA). PLAs can be<br />
synthesized by 2 methods, direct polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization. Lactic acid and lactide<br />
are used as monomers for direct polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization, respectively. High<br />
molecular weight PLAs can be obtained from the later method. PLLA and PDLA are semi-crystalline<br />
1Àπ૬«‘®—¬æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ ¿“§«‘“‡§¡’ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À“ “√§“¡ 44150<br />
* Corresponding Author, E-mail: msrisaard@gmail.com
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 53<br />
polymers, whereas PDLLA is an amorphous polymer. Solubility in organic solvents and biodegradation rate<br />
of PLAs strongly depended upon their molecular weight and degree of crystallinity. Biodegradation of PLA<br />
can be divided into 2 types including non-enzyme degradation and enzyme degradation.<br />
§” ”§—≠ : æ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ æÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å °“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ °“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
Keywords : Bioplastics, Poly(lactic acid), Poly(lactide), Biodegradation, Synthesis<br />
∫∑π”<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“°ªí≠À“¡≈¿“«–∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°¢¬–<br />
æ≈“ µ‘°·≈–°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥≈ߢÕßπÈ”¡—π·≈–°ä“´<br />
∏√√¡“µ‘„π∏√√¡“µ‘ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ«—µ∂ÿ¥‘∫À≈—° ”§—≠∑’Ë„â<br />
„π°“√º≈‘µæ≈“ µ‘°∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë„â„π’«‘µª√–®”«—πµà“ßÊ<br />
®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡ π„®„π°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“<br />
æ≈“ µ‘°∑“ß’«¿“æ (bioplastics) ∑’˺≈‘µ‰¥â®“°<br />
«—µ∂ÿ¥‘∫∏√√¡“µ‘Õ◊Ëπ®“°·À≈àß∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π (sustainable<br />
resources) ´÷Ë߇ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß<br />
’«¿“æ (biodegradable polymers) À¡“¬∂÷ß æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë<br />
“¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√‰Œ‚¥√‰≈´’ À√◊Õ<br />
°“√°√–∑”¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å ·≈–®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åµà“ßÊ „π<br />
√à“ß°“¬ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ À√◊Õ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (Barrows, 1991)<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ “¡“√∂<br />
·∫àßµ“¡·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥‰¥â‡ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∏√√¡“µ‘∑’Ë<br />
“¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ (natural biodegradable<br />
polymers) ‰¥â·°à ·ªÑß (starch) ·≈–‰ø‚∫√Õ‘π®“°‰À¡<br />
(silk fibroin) ‡ªìπµâπ ·≈–æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å —ß‡§√“–Àå∑’Ë “¡“√∂<br />
≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ (synthetic biodegradable<br />
polymers) ‰¥â·°à æÕ≈‘‰°≈‚§≈‘§·Õ´‘¥ [poly(glycolic<br />
acid)] æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ [poly(lactic acid)] ·≈–<br />
æÕ≈‘‡Õª‰´≈Õπ-·§‚æ√·≈§‚∑π [poly(ε-caprolactone)]<br />
‡ªìπµâπ ·¡â«à“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å —ß‡§√“–Àå∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«<br />
‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ®–¡’√“§“·æß°«à“ ·µà°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ ·≈–<br />
§«“¡ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ¢Õß ¡∫—µ‘ “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡‰¥â¥’°«à“<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∏√√¡“µ‘∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ<br />
„πà«ß 30 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ ¬—ß¡’√“§“§àÕπ¢â“ß Ÿß à«π„À≠à®÷߉¥â¡’°“√«‘®—¬<br />
æ—≤π“„π°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„âß“πæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‡ªìπ<br />
Õÿª°√≥傧√߬÷¥—Ë«§√“« (temporary scaffolds) ∑“ß<br />
°“√·æ∑¬å ‰¥â·°à ‰À¡‡¬Á∫·º≈π‘¥≈–≈“¬‰¥â À√◊Õ<br />
‰À¡≈–≈“¬ (bioabsorbable sutures) ·≈– Õÿª°√≥å¬÷¥<br />
°√–¥Ÿ° (bone fixation devices) ‡ªìπµâπ (Nair and<br />
Laurencin, 2007) ·≈–∑“߇¿ —°√√¡ ‰¥â·°à √–∫∫<br />
π” à߬“·∫∫§«∫§ÿ¡°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬ (controlled-release<br />
drug delivery systems) ·≈– √–∫∫π” à߬“ Ÿà‡ªÑ“À¡“¬<br />
(drug targeted delivery systems) ‡ªìπµâπ (Freiberg<br />
and Zhu, 2004) ®ÿ¥ª√– ߧå„πæ—≤π“°“√„âß“π<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“懪ìπæ≈“ µ‘°<br />
„âß“π∑—Ë«‰ª ‡àπ øî¡≈å ·≈–¢«¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥¡≈¿“«–®“°<br />
¢¬–æ≈“ µ‘°∑’ˉ¡à ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ∑’˵âÕß¡’°“√<br />
°”®—¥¥â«¬°“√‡º“ À√◊ÕΩíß°≈∫ ∑”„À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–µàÕ<br />
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡ π„®<br />
„π°“√«‘®—¬æ—≤𓇪ìπæ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
∑“ߧ«“¡√âÕπ∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‰¥â·°à Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘°“√À≈Õ¡∑’Ë<br />
„°≈⇧’¬ß°—∫æÕ≈‘‡Õ∑‘≈’π ·≈–æÕ≈‘æ√Õæ‘≈’π ´÷Ë߇ªìπ<br />
æ≈“ µ‘°∑’Ë„âß“π∑—Ë«‰ª ®÷ß¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â„π°“√„â<br />
‡∑§π‘§°√–∫«π°“√À≈Õ¡¢÷Èπ√Ÿª·∫∫µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë„â<br />
¢÷Èπ√Ÿªº≈‘µ¿—≥±åæ≈“ µ‘°¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡Õ∑‘≈’π ·≈–<br />
æÕ≈‘æ√Õæ‘≈’π ‰¥â·°à °√–∫«π°“√Õ—¥√’¥ (extrusion<br />
process) °√–∫«π°“√©’¥ (injection process) ·≈–<br />
°√–∫«π°“√‡ªÉ“ (blow molding process) ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
‚¥¬„π∫∑§«“¡π’È®–‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ¢Õß<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‰¥â·°à π‘¥ °“√ —߇§√“–Àå ·≈–<br />
¡∫—µ‘µà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à ¡∫—µ‘∑“ߧ«“¡√âÕπ ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈<br />
§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√≈–≈“¬„πµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å<br />
·≈–°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬∑“ß’«¿“æ
54 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
π‘¥¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
°√¥·≈§µ‘° À√◊Õ ·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ (lactic acid)<br />
À√◊Õ 2-‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ °√¥‚æ√æ“‚πÕ‘§ (2-hydroxy<br />
propanoic acid) ‡ªìπ°√¥‰Œ¥√Õ°´’∑’Ë¡’‚§√ß √â“ß<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Õ–µÕ¡§“√å∫Õπ∑’Ë<br />
‰¡à ¡¡“µ√ ∑”„Àâ°√¥·≈§µ‘°¡’‰Õ‚´‡¡Õ√å·∫∫ÕÕªµ‘<br />
§Õ≈ ∑’˵à“ß°—π®”π«π 2 ‰Õ‚´‡¡Õ√å ‰¥â·°à °√¥·≈§µ‘°<br />
π‘¥·Õ≈ (L-lactic acid) ·≈– °√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥¥’<br />
(D-lactic acid) (Barrows, 1991) ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 2<br />
O<br />
HO<br />
H 3 C<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈°√¥·≈§µ‘° (∑’Ë¡“: Lunt, 1998)<br />
O<br />
O<br />
HO<br />
HO<br />
H<br />
CH 3<br />
OH<br />
H 3 C<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
D - Lactic acid<br />
L - Lactic acid<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ‰Õ‚´‡¡Õ√å¢Õß°√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥¥’ ·≈–π‘¥·Õ≈ (∑’Ë¡“: Lunt, 1998)<br />
°“√‡√’¬°◊ËÕæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åπ‘¬¡„â◊ËÕ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å<br />
„π«ß‡≈Á∫µàÕ∑⓬§”«à“æÕ≈‘ ‡àπ poly(lactic acid) ·µà<br />
„π°“√‡¢’¬π¿“…“‰∑¬®–‰¡àπ‘¬¡„ à«ß‡≈Á∫·≈–®–‡¢’¬π◊ËÕ<br />
µ‘¥°—π ‡àπ æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‡ªìπ°“√‡√’¬°∑—∫»—æ∑å<br />
‚¥¬°√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥·Õ≈ ·≈–π‘¥¥’ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“<br />
°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π (polymerization) À√◊ժؑ°‘√‘¬“<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·≈â«®–‰¥â‡ªìπæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ [poly(L-lactic acid), PLLA] ·≈– æÕ≈‘¥’-<br />
·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ [poly(D-lactic acid), PDLA] µ“¡≈”¥—∫<br />
πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’°√¥·≈§µ‘°∑’Ë¡’°“√º ¡°—π¢Õß°√¥<br />
·≈§µ‘°π‘¥·Õ≈ ·≈–°√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥¥’„πÕ—µ√“ à«π<br />
‚¥¬‚¡≈∑’Ë„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π ‡√’¬°«à“ racemic-lactic acid À√◊Õ<br />
°√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥¥’·Õ≈ (D,L-lactic acid) ´÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥<br />
°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·≈â«®–‰¥â‡ªìπæÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ [poly(D,L-lactic acid), PDLLA] ´÷Ëß°√¥·≈§µ‘°<br />
π‘¥·Õ≈ ·≈–π‘¥¥’º≈‘µ‰¥â®“°°√–∫«π°“√À¡—°<br />
(fermentation) ¢Õß “√§“√å‚∫‰Œ‡¥√µ¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å<br />
(Narayanan et al., 2004) ¢≥–∑’Ë°√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥<br />
¥’·Õ≈º≈‘µ‰¥â®“°°√–∫«π°“√∑“ߪ√‡§¡’ (Lunt,<br />
1998)<br />
®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢â“ßµâπ°≈à“«‰¥â«à“æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
[poly(lactic acid), PLA] “¡“√∂·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ<br />
3 π‘¥ µ“¡‚§√ß·∫∫ (configurations) ¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å<br />
§◊Õ °√¥·≈§µ‘°∑’Ë„â„π°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
‰¥â·°à æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ (PLLA) æÕ≈‘¥’-<br />
·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ (PDLA) ·≈–æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
(PDLLA) ‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ<br />
‚¥¬µ√ß (direct polycondensation) ¢Õß°√¥·≈§µ‘°
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 55<br />
· ¥ß¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 ´÷Ëß®–∑”„À≥âæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’<br />
‚§√ß·∫∫µà“ßÊ ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 µ“¡‚§√ß·∫∫<br />
¢Õß°√¥·≈§µ‘°∑’Ë„â„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡<br />
„π°√≥’∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â√–∫ÿ∂÷ß𑥂§√ß·∫∫¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ À√◊Õ ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ PLA ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡—°À¡“¬∂÷ß<br />
æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ´÷Ë߇ªìπæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’<br />
°“√«‘®—¬‡æ◊ËÕª√–¬ÿ°µå„âß“π‡ªìπæ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ„π<br />
ªí®®ÿ∫—πÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥<br />
n<br />
HO<br />
H<br />
C<br />
COOH<br />
heat<br />
H<br />
O<br />
H<br />
C<br />
O<br />
C<br />
OH<br />
+<br />
(n - 1) H 2 O<br />
CH 3<br />
CH 3<br />
n<br />
Lactic acid<br />
(LA)<br />
Poly(lactic acid)<br />
(PLA)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°√¥·≈§µ‘° (∑’Ë¡“: Vink et al., 2003)<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
n<br />
poly(L-lactic acid)<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
n<br />
poly(D-lactic acid)<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
n<br />
poly(DL-lactic acid)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’‚§√ß·∫∫µà“ßÊ (∑’Ë¡“: Dechy-Cabaret et al., 2004)<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ¬—ß “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–À剥âÕ’°<br />
°√–∫«π°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π<br />
·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π (ring-opening polymerization)<br />
‚¥¬„â¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å·∫∫«ß¢Õß‡Õ ‡∑Õ√å (ester cyclic<br />
monomers) ‰¥â·°à ‰¥·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ À√◊Õ ·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
(lactide) À√◊Õ 3,6-dimethyl 1,4-dioxane 2,5-dione<br />
¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 ¥—ßπ—ÈπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â<br />
®“°°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π<br />
¢Õß·≈§‰∑¥åπ’È ®÷ß¡’◊ËÕ‡√’¬°∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ“¡¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë<br />
„â„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå«à“ æÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å [poly(lactide), PL]<br />
(Gupta and Kumar, 2007)
56 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
n<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Lactide<br />
(L)<br />
O<br />
heat<br />
H<br />
O<br />
H<br />
C<br />
CH 3<br />
Poly(lactide)<br />
(PL)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π¢Õß·≈§‰∑¥å (∑’Ë¡“: Vink et al., 2003)<br />
O<br />
C<br />
2n<br />
OH<br />
”À√—∫·≈§‰∑¥å∑’˄⇪ìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å„π<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π “¡“√∂<br />
‡µ√’¬¡‰¥â®“°°√¥·≈§µ‘° ´÷Ëß®–°≈à“«∂÷ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥<br />
„π°“√‡µ√’¬¡π’ÈÀ—«¢âÕ∂—¥‰ª ¥—ßπ—Èπ·≈§‰∑¥å®÷ß¡’<br />
‰Õ‚´‡¡Õ√å 3 ·∫∫ ‰¥â·°à ·Õ≈·Õ≈-·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
(L,L-lactide) π‘¬¡‡√’¬°«à“ ·Õ≈-·≈§‰∑¥å (L-lactide,<br />
LL) ¥’¥’-·≈§‰∑¥å (D,D-lactide) π‘¬¡‡√’¬°«à“ ¥’-·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
(D-lactide, DL) ·≈–¥’·Õ≈-·≈§‰∑¥å (D,L-lactide,<br />
DLL) ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 6 ´÷Ëß·≈§‰∑¥å‡À≈à“π’È ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥°“√<br />
—߇§√“–À凪ìπæÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π®–∑”„À≥â<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å ·∫∫µà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
[poly(L-lactide), PLL] æÕ≈‘¥’-·≈§‰∑¥å [poly(Dlactide),<br />
PDL] ·≈– æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§‰∑¥å [poly(D,<br />
L-lactide), PDLL] µ“¡≈”¥—∫<br />
H<br />
O<br />
O<br />
H 3 C<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 6 ‰Õ‚´‡¡Õ√å¢Õß·≈§‰∑¥å (∑’Ë¡“: Gupta and Kumar, 2007)<br />
O<br />
H 3 C H H<br />
H<br />
CH 3 H<br />
O O<br />
CH O O<br />
O O<br />
3 H<br />
CH 3<br />
O<br />
H 3 C<br />
D-Lactide L-Lactide<br />
D,L-Lactide<br />
O<br />
O<br />
æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ¡’‚§√ß √â“ß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈<br />
∑“߇§¡’‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§‰∑¥å ¢≥–∑’ËæÕ≈‘¥’-<br />
·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ·≈–æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ¡’<br />
‚§√ß √â“ß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈∑“߇§¡’‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫æÕ≈‘¥’-·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
·≈–æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§‰∑¥å µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ‡æ’¬ß·µà°“√‡√’¬°<br />
◊ËÕ∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—πµ“¡¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë„â„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
‡∑à“π—Èπ πÕ°®“°π’È®“°°“√‡√’¬°◊ËÕ∑’˵à“ß°—ππ’È ∑”„Àâ<br />
∑√“∫‰¥â«à“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åπ’È —߇§√“–À剥⮓°°√–∫«π<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ À√◊Õ·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“°æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ·≈–æÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å “¡“√∂<br />
—߇§√“–À剥⮓°°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫<br />
§«∫·πàπ¢Õß°√¥·≈§µ‘° ·≈–·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π¢Õß<br />
·≈§‰∑¥å µ“¡≈”¥—∫ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡¬—ß¡’√“¬ß“π°“√<br />
«‘®—¬®”π«π¡“°∑’ˇ√’¬°æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å‡À≈à“π’È«à“æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ À√◊Õ PLA ∑—Èß∑’Ë∑”°“√ —߇§√“–Àå‚¥¬„â·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
‡ªìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√åºà“πªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥<br />
«ß·À«π ´÷ËßÕ“®∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡¢â“„®∑’˧≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ<br />
”À√—∫¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë„â„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå ¥—ßπ—ÈπºŸâÕà“π<br />
µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“∂÷ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¢Õß<br />
√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬π—ÈπÕ¬à“ß√Õ∫§Õ∫ ·¡â®–¡’‚§√ß √â“ß<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈∑’ˇÀ¡◊Õπ°—π ·µà‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªæ∫«à“æÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥⮓°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥<br />
«ß·À«π¡’§à“πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈∑’Ë¡“°°«à“æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥⮓°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 57<br />
·∫∫§«∫·πàπ ´÷Ëß àߺ≈µàÕ ¡∫—µ‘µà“ßÊ ·≈–°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå<br />
„âß“π<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–Àå·≈§‰∑¥å®“°°√¥·≈§µ‘°<br />
”À√—∫·≈§‰∑¥å∑’˄⇪ìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å„π<br />
°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«ππ—Èπ<br />
‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª “¡“√∂‡µ√’¬¡‰¥â®“°‡∑§π‘§∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬<br />
2 ¢—ÈπµÕπ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 7 ‚¥¬„π¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë 1 (step 1)<br />
‡ªìπ°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ (polycondensation)<br />
°àÕπ∑’Ë®–‰¥â·≈§‰∑¥å®“°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬§«“¡√âÕπ<br />
(thermal decomposition) ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ „π<br />
¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë 2 (step 2)<br />
STEP 1<br />
H<br />
H<br />
O<br />
n<br />
HO<br />
C<br />
COOH<br />
polycondensation<br />
H<br />
O<br />
C<br />
C<br />
OH<br />
+<br />
(n - 1) H 2 O<br />
CH 3<br />
Lactic acid<br />
(LA)<br />
CH 3<br />
Poly(lactic acid)<br />
(PLA)<br />
n<br />
STEP 2<br />
O<br />
H<br />
O<br />
H<br />
C<br />
O<br />
C<br />
OH<br />
thermal<br />
decomposition<br />
n/2<br />
O<br />
O<br />
CH 3<br />
n<br />
Poly(lactic acid)<br />
(PLA)<br />
O<br />
Lactide<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 7 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√ —߇§√“–Àå·≈§‰∑¥å®“°°√¥·≈§µ‘°ºà“πªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ<br />
(polycondensation) „π¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë 1 ·≈–°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬§«“¡√âÕπ (thermal decomposition) „π<br />
¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë 2 (∑’Ë¡“: Lunt, 1998)<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–Àå·≈§‰∑¥å„π¢—ÈπµÕπ·√°¡’°“√<br />
ª√–°Õ∫Õÿª°√≥å°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ¥—ß<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 8(a) ∑’Ë¡’°“√„â°√¥æ“√“-‚∑≈ŸÕ’π´—≈‚øπ‘°<br />
(p-toluene sulfonic acid, PTSA) ‡ªìπµ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“<br />
„πª√‘¡“≥ 0.5-1 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—° ‚¥¬∑”°“√<br />
—߇§√“–Àå„π¢—Èπ∑’ËÀπ÷Ëßπ’È¡’°“√„âÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–¡“≥ 150-<br />
170 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬≈ ‡ªìπ√–¬–‡«≈“ª√–¡“≥ 4 - 5 —Ë«‚¡ß<br />
°àÕπ∑”°“√≈¥§«“¡¥—πª√–¡“≥ 100 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√¢Õß<br />
ª√Õ∑ ‡ªìπ√–¬–‡«≈“ª√–¡“≥ 2 —Ë«‚¡ß (Gilding and<br />
Reed, 1979) ‡æ◊ËÕ°”®—¥πÈ”∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ·≈–∑”„Àâ<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ∑’ˉ¥â¡’§«“¡Àπ◊¥¢≥–À≈Õ¡¡“°¢÷Èπ<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–Àå·≈§‰∑¥å„π¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë Õß¡’°“√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
ÿ¥Õÿª°√≥å°“√ —߇§√“–Àå ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 8(b) ∑’Ë¡’°“√„â<br />
·Õ𵑂¡π’‰µ√ÕÕ°‰´¥å (antimony trioxide) ‡ªìπµ—«<br />
‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ „πª√‘¡“≥ 0.1-1 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°<br />
„π¢—Èπ∑’Ë Õßπ’È¡’°“√„âÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–¡“≥ 180 - 220 Õß»“<br />
‡´≈‡´’¬≈ ∑’˧«“¡¥—πª√–¡“≥ 2 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√¢Õߪ√Õ∑<br />
(Hyon et al., 1997) À√◊ÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–¡“≥ 230 - 250
58 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬≈ ∑’˧«“¡¥—πª√–¡“≥ 5 - 10 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√<br />
¢Õߪ√Õ∑ (Srisa-ard, 2001) ·≈§‰∑¥å∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√<br />
≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬§«“¡√âÕπ®–√–‡À¬¢÷Èπ¡“ ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√<br />
§«∫·πàπ°àÕπ‡°‘¥°“√·¢Áßµ—«·≈– – ¡„π∑àÕ∑’Ë<br />
§«∫·πàπ¥â«¬Õ“°“» (air condenser) ·≈§‰∑¥å∑’ˉ¥âµâÕß<br />
¡’°“√∑”„Àâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘ϥ⫬°“√≈–≈“¬·≈–µ°µ–°Õπ´È”<br />
(re-crystallization) „π‡Õ∑∏‘≈ Õ–´‘‡∑µ ·≈–∑”°“√Õ∫„Àâ<br />
·Àâß‚¥¬°“√≈¥§«“¡¥—π°àÕπ𔉪„â„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å µàÕ‰ª<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 8 Õÿª°√≥å°“√ —߇§√“–Àå·≈§‰∑¥å®“°°√¥·≈§µ‘° ”À√—∫ (a) ¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë 1 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π<br />
·∫∫§«∫·πàπ (polycondensation polymerization) ·≈– (b) ¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë 2 °“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬§«“¡√âÕπ<br />
(thermal decomposition) (∑’Ë¡“: Srisa-ard, 2001)<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–Àå “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π∑’Ë ”§—≠ 2 «‘∏’ ‰¥â·°à «‘∏’æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√-<br />
‡´—π ·∫∫§«∫·πàπ‚¥¬µ√ß (direct polycondensation<br />
polymerization) ∑’Ë¡’°“√„â°√¥·≈§µ‘°‡ªìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å<br />
·≈–«‘∏’æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π (ringopening<br />
polymerization, ROP) ∑’Ë¡’°“√„â·≈§‰∑¥å‡ªìπ<br />
¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å °“√»÷°…“ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√ —߇§√“–Àå à«π„À≠à<br />
‡ªìπ°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¢Õß°√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥·Õ≈ ·≈–<br />
·≈§‰∑¥åπ‘¥·Õ≈<br />
”À√—∫ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫<br />
§«∫·πàπ‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°√¥·≈§µ‘°®–¡’º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ë<br />
‡ªìπ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢ÕßπÈ”‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¥â«¬ ®÷ß¡’°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“<br />
‰Œ‚¥√‰≈´’ ∑’Ë∑”„ÀâæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‡°‘¥°“√ ≈“¬µ—«<br />
§«∫§Ÿà‰ª¥â«¬ ∑”„ÀâæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥¡’§à“πÈ”Àπ—°<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈≈¥≈ß π—∫‡ªìπ¢âÕ®”°—¥ ”§—≠„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ Ÿß ·¡â®–¡’°“√<br />
欓¬“¡ª√—∫ª√ÿ߇∑§π‘§‚¥¬°“√≈¥§«“¡¥—π¢Õß<br />
√–∫∫√–À«à“ߪؑ°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π‡æ◊ËÕ°”®—¥πÈ”∑’Ë<br />
‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ·µà‡ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’Ë®–°”®—¥πÈ”∑’Ë<br />
º ¡Õ¬Ÿà„πæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åÀ≈Õ¡∑’Ë¡’§«“¡Àπ◊¥¡“°Õ¬à“ß<br />
¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¥—ßπ—Èπ«‘∏’π’È®÷ß “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-<br />
·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ∑’Ë¡’πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡©≈’ˬ‚¥¬®”π«π<br />
(number-average molecular weight, M n<br />
) ¡’§à“‰¡à‡°‘π
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 59<br />
20,000 - 30,000 °√—¡µàÕ‚¡≈ ‡∑à“π—Èπ ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°√¥·≈§µ‘°<br />
∑—Èßπ‘¥·Õ≈ ·≈–¥’·Õ≈∑’˪√“»®“°µ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“„¥Ê<br />
∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 180 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬≈ ·≈–§«“¡¥—π 25<br />
¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√¢Õߪ√Õ∑ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 25 —Ë«‚¡ß ‚¥¬∑”°“√<br />
°”®—¥πÈ”∑’˺ ¡Õ¬Ÿà°àÕπ¥â«¬°“√°≈—Ëπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 120<br />
Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ æ∫«à“‰¥âæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’<br />
§à“πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡©≈’ˬ‚¥¬®”π«π‰¡à‡°‘π 20,000<br />
°√—¡µàÕ‚¡≈ (Hyon et al., 1997) Achmad et al. (2009)<br />
‰¥â∑”°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥¿“¬„µâ<br />
¿“«– Ÿ≠≠“°“»∑’˪√“»®“°µ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“·≈–µ—«∑”<br />
≈–≈“¬ ‚¥¬∑”°“√°”®—¥πÈ”∑’˺ ¡Õ¬Ÿà°àÕπ¥â«¬°“√°≈—Ëπ<br />
∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 150 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬≈ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 150 π“∑’<br />
°àÕπ∑”°“√≈¥§«“¡¥—π∑’Ë 10 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√¢Õߪ√Õ∑<br />
‡ªìπ‡«≈“Õ’° 150 π“∑’ °àÕπ∑”°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π∑’Ë<br />
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„πà«ß 150 - 250 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ∑’˧«“¡¥—π<br />
10 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√¢Õߪ√Õ∑ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 96 —Ë«‚¡ß æ∫«à“<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ„âÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå‡∑à“°—∫ 200 Õß»“<br />
‡´≈‡´’¬ ®–‰¥âæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’§à“πÈ”Àπ—°<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡©≈’ˬ‚¥¬®”π«π Ÿß∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ ª√–¡“≥ 25,000<br />
°√—¡µàÕ‚¡≈ ∂â“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß°«à“ 200 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
®–‡°‘¥°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬§«“¡√âÕπ ∑”„ÀâæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-<br />
·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’§à“πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈≈¥µË”≈ß ”À√—∫<br />
µ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“„π°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π¢Õß<br />
°√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥·Õ≈∑’ˉ¥â¡’°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬ ‰¥â·°à °√¥<br />
øÕ øÕ√‘° (phosphoric acid) ´‘ߧå§≈Õ‰√¥å (zinc<br />
chloride) °√¥´—≈øî«√‘° (sulfuric acid) ·Õ𵑂¡π’<br />
‰µ√ÕÕ°‰´¥å (antimony (III) oxide) ‰∑∑“‡π’¬¡<br />
‰Õ‚´æ√Õ摇≈∑ (titanium (IV) isopropylate)<br />
Õ≈Ÿ¡‘‡π’¬¡Õ–´‘∑‘≈Õ–´‘‚∑‡π∑ (aluminum acetylacetonate)<br />
·≈– ·µππ— ÕÕ°‚∑‡Õ∑ (stannous octoate) ‚¥¬<br />
∑”°“√°”®—¥πÈ”∑’˺ ¡Õ¬Ÿà°àÕπ¥â«¬°“√°≈—Ëπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘100<br />
Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ¿“¬„µâ°“√≈¥§«“¡¥—π °àÕπ∑”<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π¿“¬„µâ∫√√¬“°“»‰π‚µ√‡®π ‡ªìπ‡«≈“<br />
12 —Ë«‚¡ß ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘à«ß 180 - 220 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
æ∫«à“°“√„â°√¥´—≈øî«√‘°§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.1 % ‚¥¬<br />
πÈ”Àπ—° ∑”„À≥âæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’§à“<br />
πÈ”Àπ—° ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡©≈’ˬ‚¥¬®”π«π¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ ª√–¡“≥<br />
18,200 17,000 ·≈– 18,100 °√—¡µàÕ‚¡≈ ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
°“√ —߇§√“–Àå 180 200 ·≈– 220 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ µ“¡<br />
≈”¥—∫ (Hiltunen et al., 1997)<br />
πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’√“¬ß“π«à“°“√„â√–∫∫‡√àß<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ “√ª√–°Õ∫‚≈À– (metal<br />
compounds) ·≈– °√¥ (proton acids) “¡“√∂‡µ√’¬¡<br />
æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ∑’Ë —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ„π ∂“π–À≈Õ¡-<br />
¢Õß·¢Áß (melt-solid polycondensation) „Àâ¡’πÈ”Àπ—°<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡©≈’ˬ‚¥¬®”π«πª√–¡“≥ 94,100 °√—¡µàÕ‚¡≈<br />
‰¥â (Moon et al., 2000; Moon et al., 2001) ‚¥¬<br />
À≈—ß®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫§«∫·πàπ∑’Ë<br />
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 180 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ¿“¬„µâ§«“¡¥—π∑’Ë 10 ∑Õ√å<br />
(torr) ∑’Ë¡’°“√„âµ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“√à«¡√–À«à“ß ·µππ—<br />
§≈Õ‰√¥å (stannous (II) chloride) ·≈–°√¥æ“√“-<br />
‚∑≈ŸÕ’π´—≈‚øπ‘° (p-toluenesulfonic acid) ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.4 % ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—° ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 5 —Ë«‚¡ß·≈â«<br />
®–π”æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’ˉ¥â‰ª∫¥≈–‡Õ’¬¥ °àÕπ<br />
∑”°“√„À⧫“¡√âÕπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 105 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡ªìπ<br />
‡«≈“ 1 —Ë«‚¡ß ·≈–∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 150 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
‡ªìπ‡«≈“Õ’° 10 —Ë«‚¡ß ¿“¬„µâ§«“¡¥—π∑’Ë 0.5 ∑Õ√å<br />
”À√—∫°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥<br />
«ß·À«π∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õß·≈§‰∑¥å “¡“√∂·∫à߉¥â‡ªìπ<br />
3 ª√–‡¿∑ ‰¥â·°à ·∫∫‰ÕÕÕπ≈∫ (anionic) ·∫∫<br />
‰ÕÕÕπ∫«° (cationic) ·≈–·∫∫‚§ÕÕ√契‡π—π-°“√<br />
·∑√° (coordination-insertion) µ—«Õ¬à“ߢÕßµ—«‡√‘Ë¡<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ (initiator) ¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π<br />
·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π·∫∫‰ÕÕÕπ≈∫ ‰¥â·°à alkaline metal<br />
alkoxides (Kricheldorf, 2001) ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 9<br />
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡æÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥⡒πÈ”Àπ—°<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰¡à Ÿß‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ back biting<br />
´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡°‘¥°“√¢“¥ À√◊Õ‡°‘¥·≈§‰∑¥å¢÷Èπ§«∫§Ÿà<br />
¥â«¬
60 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
R-O:M<br />
O<br />
-<br />
+ O<br />
O<br />
R<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
-<br />
O:M<br />
O<br />
lactide<br />
R<br />
O<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 9 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π·∫∫‰ÕÕÕπ≈∫ (anionic ring-opening polymerization) ¢Õß<br />
·≈§‰∑¥å (∑’Ë¡“: Gupta and Kumar, 2007)<br />
O<br />
O<br />
n<br />
O<br />
-<br />
O:M<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“ߢÕßµ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ (catalyst) ¢Õß<br />
°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π·∫∫<br />
‰ÕÕÕπ∫«° ‰¥â·°à borontrifluoride ·≈– trifluoroacetic<br />
acid (Tang et al., 2003) ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 10 ¢âÕ‡ ’¬<br />
∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√π’È §◊Õ ∑”„À₧√ß·∫∫¢Õß<br />
·≈§‰∑¥å‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉¥âßà“¬∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ≈¥<br />
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘°“√ —߇§√“–Àå≈ß®–∑”„ÀâÕ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“â“≈ß (Wang et al., 2004)<br />
O<br />
+<br />
F 3 CSO 3 CH 3 +<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OCH 3<br />
F 3 C-SO 3<br />
-<br />
O<br />
+<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OCH 3<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
+<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
+<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OCH 3<br />
O<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 10 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π·∫∫‰ÕÕÕπ∫«° (cationic ring-opening polymerization) ¢Õß<br />
·≈§‰∑¥å (∑’Ë¡“: Gupta and Kumar, 2007)<br />
”À√—∫°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫<br />
‡ªî¥«ß·À«π·∫∫‚§ÕÕ√契‡π—π-°“√·∑√° ‡ªìπ<br />
°√–∫«π°“√∑’Ë„â„π°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
„πªí®®ÿ∫—π¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª„â√–∫∫‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“<br />
(initiating systems) ∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
‰Œ¥√Õ°´’≈ (hydroxyl compounds) ·≈– “√<br />
ª√–°Õ∫‚≈À–Õ‘π∑√’¬å (organometallic compounds)<br />
‚¥¬ “√ª√–°Õ∫‚≈À–Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë¡’°“√„â¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ<br />
·µππ— ÕÕ°‚∑‡Õ∑ (stannous octoate, Sn(Oct) 2<br />
) ∑’Ë<br />
¡’◊ËÕ„π√–∫∫ IUPAC «à“ tin (II)-bis-2-ethylhexanoate<br />
´÷Ëß¡’‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë11 ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‚≈À–Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√Õπÿ≠“µ®“°<br />
Õߧ尓√Õ“À“√·≈–¬“ª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ (Food and<br />
Drug Administration, FDA) ”À√—∫„⇪ìπ à«πº ¡<br />
„πº≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕ“À“√·≈–¬“‰¥â (Stridsberg et al., 2002)
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 61<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Sn<br />
O<br />
O<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 11 ‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ ·µππ— ÕÕ°‚∑‡Õ∑ (∑’Ë¡“: Gupta and Kumar, 2007)<br />
‚¥¬°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫<br />
‡ªî¥«ß·À«π·∫∫‚§ÕÕ√契‡π—π-°“√·∑√°· ¥ß„π<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 12 ‚¥¬¡’°“√‡°‘¥ coordination ¢Õß ·µππ—<br />
ÕÕ°‚∑‡Õ∑ “√ª√–°Õ∫‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ ·≈–·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
°àÕπ°“√‡ªî¥«ß·À«π¢Õß·≈§‰∑¥å (Kricheldorf et al.,<br />
2000) πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’°“√‡ πÕ°≈‰°¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“<br />
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π ∑’Ë¡’ ·µππ— ÕÕ°<br />
‚∑‡Õ∑ ·≈– “√ª√–°Õ∫‰Œ¥√Õ°´’≈‡ªìπ√–∫∫‡√‘Ë¡<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ‚¥¬¡’°“√‡°‘¥ ·µππ— Õ—≈§Õ°‰´¥å ∑’Ë¡’<br />
µ—«‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß„π°“√‡ªî¥«ß·À«π¢Õß<br />
·≈§‰∑¥å (Kowalski et al., 2000) ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 13<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å ∑’Ë —߇§√“–Àå “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï®“°<br />
¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑’ˬ—߉¡à‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ·≈–‚Õ≈‘‚°‡¡Õ√å¥â«¬<br />
‡∑§π‘§°“√≈–≈“¬·≈–µ°µ–°Õπ ‚¥¬„â§≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡<br />
·≈–πÕ√å¡Õ≈-‡Œ°‡´π‡ªìπµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ ·≈–µ—«µ°<br />
µ–°Õ𠇪ìπµâπ<br />
H<br />
(Oct) 2 Sn O R<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Sn(Oct) 2<br />
+ R-OH +<br />
O<br />
O<br />
coordination<br />
-insertion<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Stannous octoate Hydroxy compound Lactide<br />
O<br />
ROP<br />
Oct 2 Sn<br />
H<br />
O<br />
O<br />
CH-CO<br />
CH 3<br />
2<br />
R<br />
ROP<br />
+ n (Lactide)<br />
Oct 2 Sn<br />
H<br />
O<br />
O<br />
CH-CO R<br />
CH 3<br />
2n+2<br />
Poly(lactide)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 12 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß¢Õß·≈§‰∑¥å‚¥¬„â ·µππ— ÕÕ°‚∑‡Õ∑·≈– “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈‡ªìπ√–∫∫‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ‚¥¬°“√‡°‘¥ºà“π “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ (∑’Ë¡“: Stridsberg et al., 2002)
62 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
(a)<br />
Sn(Oct) 2<br />
+ R-OH<br />
OctSn-OR + OctH<br />
Stannous octoate Hydroxy compound Stannous alkoxide<br />
O<br />
(b)<br />
OctSn-OR<br />
+<br />
n<br />
O<br />
O<br />
ROP<br />
OctSn<br />
O<br />
O-CH-C<br />
CH 3<br />
OR<br />
2n<br />
Stannous alkoxide<br />
O<br />
Lactide<br />
Poly(lactide)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 13 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß¢Õß·≈§‰∑¥å‚¥¬„â ·µππ— ÕÕ°‚∑‡Õ∑·≈– “√ª√–°Õ∫‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈<br />
‡ªìπ√–∫∫‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ‚¥¬°“√‡°‘¥ ·µππ— Õ—≈§Õ°‰´¥å (a) ¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√‡°‘¥ ·µππ— Õ—≈§Õ°‰´¥å ·≈–<br />
(b) ¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√‡ªî¥«ß·À«π¢Õß·≈§‰∑¥å (∑’Ë¡“: Dechy-Cabaret et al., 2004)<br />
¡∫—µ‘∑“ߧ«“¡√âÕπ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
”À√—∫ PLLA ·≈– PDLA ‡ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å<br />
°÷Ëߺ≈÷° (semi-crystalline polymers) ∑’Ë¡’§à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
°“√À≈Õ¡ (melting temperatures, T m<br />
) Õ¬Ÿà„πà«ß<br />
ª√–¡“≥ 170-180 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ·≈–¡’§à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘°“√<br />
‡ª≈’ˬπ ∂“π–§≈⓬·°â« (glass-transition temperature,<br />
T g<br />
) Õ¬Ÿà„πà«ßª√–¡“≥ 60 - 65 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ¢≥–∑’Ë<br />
PDLLA ‡ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åÕ —≥∞“π (amorphous<br />
polymer) ‰¡à¡’§«“¡‡ªìπº≈÷° ®÷߉¡àª√“°Ø§à“ T m<br />
‚¥¬<br />
¡’§à“ T g<br />
Õ¬Ÿà„πà«ßª√–¡“≥ 50-60 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
(Maharana et al., 2009) ‚¥¬§à“ T g<br />
·≈– T m<br />
¢Õß<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥®–¡’§à“¡“°¢÷Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ§«“¡¬“«¢Õß<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ À√◊ÕπÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ<br />
¡∫—µ‘°“√≈–≈“¬¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√≈–≈“¬ (solubility) „π<br />
µ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß PLLA ·≈– PDLLA · ¥ß<br />
„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 ‚¥¬ PDLA ®–¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√<br />
≈–≈“¬‡àπ‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫ PLLA ®“°µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 æ∫«à“<br />
PDLLA “¡“√∂≈–≈“¬„πµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å‰¥â<br />
À≈“¬π‘¥¡“°°«à“ PLLA ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§«“¡‡ªìπº≈÷°¢Õß<br />
PLLA ∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂≈–≈“¬„πµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å<br />
µà“ßʉ¥âπâÕ¬°«à“ PDLLA
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 63<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√≈–≈“¬¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥„πµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬åµà“ßÊ (Södergård and Stolt,<br />
2002)<br />
Organic solvents PLLA PDLLA<br />
Isopropyl ether <br />
Cyclohexane <br />
Xylene <br />
Ethyl acetate <br />
Tetrahydrofuran <br />
Chloroform <br />
Methyl ether ketone <br />
Furan <br />
Acetone <br />
1,4-Dioxane <br />
Ethyl lactate <br />
1,3-Dioxolane <br />
Pyridine <br />
Dimethylsulfoxide <br />
N,N-Dimethylformamide <br />
Ethanol <br />
= non-soluble, = swelling, = soluble
64 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
§à“πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‚¥¬§«“¡Àπ◊¥ (viscosity<br />
molecular weight, M V<br />
) ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å<br />
“¡“√∂§”π«≥‰¥â®“°§à“§«“¡Àπ◊¥Õ‘π∑√‘𠑧<br />
(intrinsic viscosity, [(]) ¥â«¬ ¡°“√¢Õß Mark-Houwink<br />
∑’Ë¡’°“√„âµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬µà“ßÊ ‰¥âÀ≈“¬ ¡°“√ ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà<br />
°—∫π‘¥¢Õßµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë„â«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
¥—ßπ’È<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ„â§≈Õ‚√øÕ√塇ªìπµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬∑’Ë 25 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ (Hyon et al., 1997)<br />
[η] = 5.45 x 10 -4 M V<br />
0.73<br />
”À√—∫ poly(L-lactide)<br />
[η] = 2.21 x 10 -4 M V<br />
0.77<br />
”À√—∫ poly(D,L-lactide)<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ„â§≈Õ‚√øÕ√塇ªìπµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬∑’Ë 20 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ (Kricheldorf and Lee, 1995)<br />
[η] = 7.4 x 10 -5 M V<br />
0.87<br />
”À√—∫ poly(L-lactide)<br />
[η] = 1.32 x 10 -3 M V<br />
0.58<br />
”À√—∫ poly(D,L-lactide)<br />
‡¡◊ËՄ⇵µ√“‰Œ‚¥√øŸ√“π‡ªìπµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬∑’Ë 37 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ (Yuan et al., 1999)<br />
[η] = 1.04 x 10 -4 M V<br />
0.75<br />
”À√—∫ poly(D,L-lactide)<br />
¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà<br />
°—∫πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈·≈–√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπº≈÷° (Maharana<br />
et al., 2009) æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈<br />
·≈–√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπº≈÷°∑’Ë¡“°°«à“ ®–¡’ ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈<br />
∑’Ë¥’°«à“ ‚¥¬æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ª√–‡¿∑°÷Ëߺ≈÷° ‰¥â·°à<br />
æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ·≈–æÕ≈‘¥’-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ®–<br />
¡’ ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈∑’Ë Ÿß°«à“æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ª√–‡¿∑<br />
Õ —≥∞“π ‰¥â·°à æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ „π°“√‡≈◊Õ°<br />
„âß“πµà“ßÊ ®÷ߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§«“¡µâÕß°“√ ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈<br />
Õ¬à“߉√ ‡àπ „π°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„âß“π‡ªìπÕπÿ¿“§π” àß<br />
¬“ “¡“√∂‡≈◊Õ°„âæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’ ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß<br />
°≈‰¡à Ÿß¡“°π—°‰¥â ¢≥–∑’Ë°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„âß“π‡ªìπ‡ âπ<br />
‰À¡‡¬Á∫·º≈ µâÕß„âæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥∑’Ë¡’ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
‡‘ß°≈ Ÿß¡“° ‡ªìπµâπ Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈<br />
∑’Ë¡’µàÕ ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‰¥â·°à<br />
¡∫—µ‘°“√∑πµàÕ·√ߥ÷ß (tensile properties) ∑’Ë∑¥ Õ∫<br />
µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π ASTM D-638 ·≈–°“√∑πµàÕ·√ß<br />
µ°°√–∑∫ (impact strength) ∑’Ë∑¥ Õ∫µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π<br />
ASTM D-256 · ¥ß„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 ´÷Ëßæ∫«à“§à“§«“¡<br />
µâ“π∑“πµàÕ·√ߥ÷ß ≥ ®ÿ¥¢“¥ (tensile strength) §à“<br />
°“√¬◊¥µ—« ≥ ®ÿ¥¢“¥ (elongation at break) ·≈–§à“<br />
§«“¡µâ“π∑“πµàÕ·√ßµ°°√–∑∫ (impact strength)<br />
¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥¡’·π«‚πâ¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕπÈ”Àπ—°<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¡’§à“¡“°¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’√“¬ß“π«à“§à“§«“¡<br />
µâ“π∑“πµàÕ·√ߥ÷ß ≥ ®ÿ¥¢“¥¡’§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 2 ‡∑à“ ‡¡◊ËÕ<br />
πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥¡’§à“‡æ‘Ë¡<br />
¢÷Èπ®“° 50,000 ¥“≈µ—𠇪ìπ 100,000 ¥“≈µ—π ·µà§à“<br />
§«“¡µâ“π∑“πµàÕ·√ߥ÷ß ≥ ®ÿ¥¢“¥‰¡à¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß<br />
‡¡◊ËÕπÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥¡’§à“<br />
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“° 100,000 ¥“≈µ—𠇪ìπ 300,000 ¥“≈µ—π<br />
(Engelberg and Kohn, 1991)
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 65<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
M v PLLA Tensile strength at break a<br />
(MPa)<br />
Elongation at breakb<br />
(%)<br />
20,000<br />
47<br />
1.3<br />
33,500<br />
54<br />
3.3<br />
47,000<br />
59<br />
3.5<br />
71,000<br />
66<br />
4.0<br />
a<br />
<br />
b<br />
<br />
c<br />
(notch) <br />
Impact strengthc<br />
(J/m) <br />
32<br />
55<br />
70<br />
66<br />
¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
“¡“√∂ª√—∫ª√ÿ߉¥â‚¥¬°“√‡µ‘¡æ≈“ µ‘‰´‡´Õ√å<br />
(plasticizer) ¥—ßµ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√‡µ‘¡ ‰µ√‡Õ∑‘≈ ´‘‡∑√µ<br />
(triethyl citrate) ∑”„ÀâæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥¡’§à“<br />
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ ∂“π–§≈⓬·°â«≈¥≈ß ¡’§à“§«“¡<br />
µâ“π∑“πµàÕ·√ߥ÷ß≈¥≈ß ·≈–¡’§à“°“√¬◊¥µ—« ≥ ®ÿ¥<br />
¢“¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ¥—ß· ¥ß„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 ‚¥¬§à“µà“ßÊ<br />
¥—ß°≈à“«¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫Õ—µ√“ à«π¢Õßæ≈“ µ‘‰´‡´Õ√å¥â«¬<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 §à“ T<br />
g g ·≈– ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ (Labrecque et al., 1997)<br />
Triethyl citrate<br />
(% w/w)<br />
T Tg g<br />
(C)<br />
Tensile strength at break<br />
(MPa)<br />
Elongation at break<br />
(%)<br />
0<br />
10<br />
20<br />
40<br />
59<br />
42<br />
33<br />
22<br />
52<br />
28<br />
13<br />
7<br />
7<br />
21<br />
382<br />
610<br />
¡∫—µ‘°“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥<br />
°“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
¡’ 2 ·∫∫∑’Ë ”§—≠ §◊Õ °“√ ≈“¬µ—«‚¥¬‰¡à„â‡Õπ‰´¡å<br />
(non-enzyme degradation) ·≈–°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å (enzyme degradation) (Maharana et al., 2009)<br />
”À√—∫°“√ ≈“¬µ—«‚¥¬‰¡à„â‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‰¥â·°à<br />
°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬°√–∫«π‰Œ‚¥√‰≈´’ ·∫∫ ÿà¡∑’Ëæ—π∏–<br />
‡Õ ‡∑Õ√å (√Ÿª∑’Ë 14) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ√Ÿª·∫∫°“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑’Ë ”§—≠<br />
∑’Ë ÿ¥¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‚¥¬‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢ÕßπÈ”®–<br />
‡°‘¥°“√·æ√àºà“πº‘««— ¥ÿ‡¢â“‰ª¿“¬„π‡π◊ÈÕ¢Õß«— ¥ÿ∑’Ë∑”<br />
¥â«¬æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥°àÕπ‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‰Œ‚¥√‰≈´’<br />
´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ«— ¥ÿ∑’Ë∑”¥â«¬æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥‡°‘¥°“√ ≈“¬µ—«<br />
∑—Èß®“°¿“¬„π«— ¥ÿ (bulk erosion) ·≈–°“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑’Ë<br />
º‘««— ¥ÿ (surface erosion) (Siepmann and Gopferich,<br />
2001) ”À√—∫º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¢Õß<br />
æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ §◊Õ °√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥·Õ≈ ´÷Ëß<br />
∂Ÿ°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ°√¥‰æ√Ÿ«‘§ (pyruvic acid) ‰¥â¿“¬„π
66 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
√à“ß°“¬¡πÿ…¬å°àÕπ∂Ÿ°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å<br />
·≈–πÈ”‚¥¬°“√ºà“π«—Ø®—°√°√¥´‘∑√‘° (citric acid<br />
cycle) ¢≥–°√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥¥’´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ<br />
®“°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¢ÕßæÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ·≈–<br />
æÕ≈‘¥’-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ®–∂Ÿ°°”®—¥ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬‚¥¬<br />
µ√ß∑“ßªí “«– (Yuehuei, 2000) °“√ ≈“¬µ—«®–‡°‘¥<br />
¢÷Èπ„π à«π∑’ˇªìπÕ —≥∞“π°àÕπ à«π∑’ˇªìπº≈÷°¢Õß<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ (Cai et al., 1996) ´÷Ë߬◊π¬—π‰¥â<br />
®“°°“√∑’ËæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥¡’√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπ<br />
º≈÷°‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ√–¬–‡«≈“„π°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¡“°¢÷Èπ<br />
(Cam et al., 1995) ‚¥¬Õ—µ√“°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¢Õß<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥®–·ª√º°º—π°—∫πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈<br />
·≈–√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπº≈÷°¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ (Li<br />
et al., 1990) ¥—ßπ—ÈπæÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥®– ≈“¬<br />
µ—«‰¥â‡√Á«°«à“æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ·≈–æÕ≈‘¥’-·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ ‚¥¬æƒµ‘°√√¡°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ “¡“√∂«‘‡§√“–À剥⮓° ¡∫—µ‘µà“ßÊ ∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ-<br />
·ª≈߉ª ‰¥â·°à πÈ”Àπ—°∑’ËÀ“¬‰ª (weight loss)<br />
πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ (molecular weight) °“√°√–®“¬¢Õß<br />
πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ (molecular weight distribution)<br />
—≥∞“π«‘∑¬“¢Õßæ◊Èπº‘« (surface morphology) ¡∫—µ‘<br />
∑“ߧ«“¡√âÕπ (thermal properties) √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπ<br />
º≈÷° (degree of crystallinity) ·≈–°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬<br />
‚Õ≈‘‚°‡¡Õ√å∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«ÕÕ° Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡<br />
‡ªìπµâπ (Huang et al., 2004)<br />
CH CH<br />
O<br />
3<br />
O<br />
3<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
CH 3 CH<br />
O<br />
3<br />
O<br />
n<br />
+ H 2 O<br />
CH CH<br />
O<br />
3<br />
O<br />
3<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OH + HO<br />
O<br />
CH 3 CH<br />
O<br />
3<br />
O<br />
CH 3<br />
O<br />
H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O<br />
HO<br />
OH<br />
lactic acid<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 14 °“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√‰Œ‚¥√‰≈´’ ·∫∫ ÿà¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å (Maharana et al., 2009)
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 67<br />
°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ “¡“√∂‡°‘¥‰¥â∑—Èß„π¥‘π ·≈–„ππÈ”∑’Ë¡’®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å<br />
(microorganisms) µà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ·≈–‡◊ÈÕ√“<br />
∑’Ë¡’°“√º≈‘µ‡Õπ‰´¡åπ‘¥µà“ßÊ ÕÕ°¡“‡æ◊ËÕ„â„π°“√<br />
≈“¬æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ “¡“√∂<br />
≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡åµà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à esterases,<br />
proteases ·≈– lipase ‡ªìπµâπ (Williams, 1981; Tokiwa<br />
and Jarerat, 2004) ´÷Ëß°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å®–<br />
‡°‘¥§«∫§Ÿà‰ª°—∫°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬°√–∫«π‰Œ‚¥√‰≈´’<br />
‡ ¡Õ §«“¡◊Èπ„πÕ“°“»·≈–„π¥‘π “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â¥â«¬°√–∫«π‰Œ‚¥√‰≈´’<br />
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√»÷°…“°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å à«π„À≠à∑”°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬„â‡Õπ‰´¡å<br />
‚¥¬µ√ß¡“°°«à“°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬„â®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å ‡π◊ËÕß®“°<br />
“¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–»÷°…“ªí®®—¬¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å<br />
∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕÕ—µ√“°“√ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥âÕ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß¡“°°«à“<br />
°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∫√‘‡«≥º‘«πÕ°¢Õß<br />
«— ¥ÿ (surface erosion) ∑’Ë∑”¥â«¬æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
‡∑à“π—Èπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡Õπ‰´¡å‰¡à “¡“√∂ºà“π‡¢â“‰ª¿“¬„π<br />
‡π◊ÈÕ«— ¥ÿ‰¥â (Maharana et al., 2009) ∑”„ÀâπÈ”Àπ—°<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ ·≈–§à“°“√°√–®“¬¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‰¡à<br />
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß µ—«Õ¬à“ß°≈‰°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å<br />
· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 15 ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√ ≈“¬æ—π∏–‡Õ ‡∑Õ√å<br />
¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å°≈ÿà¡ hydrolases ∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬°√¥<br />
Õ–¡‘‚π 3 π‘¥ ‰¥â·°à aspartate, histidine ·≈– serine<br />
∑”„Àâ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥·µ°ÕÕ°‡ªìπ<br />
2 ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈∑’Ë —Èπ≈ß ‚¥¬‡°‘¥À¡Ÿà§“√å∫Õ°´‘≈‘° ·≈–À¡Ÿà<br />
‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈‡ªìπÀ¡Ÿàª≈“¬¢Õß·µà≈–‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 15 °≈‰°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥¥â«¬‡Õπ‰´¡å hydrolases (Lucas et al., 2008)
68 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
∫∑ √ÿª<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‡ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å —ß‡§√“–Àå<br />
∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ ∑’Ë¡’ 3 ‰Õ‚´‡¡Õ√å<br />
‰¥â·°à æÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ æÕ≈‘¥’-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
·≈–æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ´÷Ëß —߇§√“–À剥⮓°<br />
°“√„â°√¥·≈§µ‘°∑’Ë¡’‚§√ß·∫∫∑’˵à“ß°—π æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ ·≈– æÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å ‡ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å𑥇¥’¬«°—π<br />
∑’Ë„â¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å·≈–°√–∫«π°“√„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àåµà“ß<br />
°—π æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ —߇§√“–Àå‚¥¬„â°√¥·≈§µ‘°<br />
‡ªìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π<br />
·∫∫§«∫·πàπ ¢≥–∑’ËæÕ≈‘·≈§‰∑¥å —߇§√“–Àå‚¥¬„â<br />
·≈§‰∑¥å‡ªìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√<br />
‡´—π·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π ´÷Ëß°√–∫«π°“√æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´—π<br />
·∫∫‡ªî¥«ß·À«π “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë¡’<br />
πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ Ÿß°«à“ ‚§√ß·∫∫∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π¢Õß<br />
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ àߺ≈µàÕ§«“¡‡ªìπº≈÷° ¡∫—µ‘<br />
∑“ߧ«“¡√âÕπ ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈ §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√≈–≈“¬<br />
„πµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å ·≈–Õ—µ√“°“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß<br />
’«¿“æ °√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥·Õ≈´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˇ°‘¥<br />
¢÷Èπ®“°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ ·≈–æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥‡∑à“π—Èπ∑’Ë “¡“√∂<br />
‡¢â“ Ÿà°√–∫«π°“√‡¡µ“∫Õ≈‘´÷¡„π√à“ß°“¬ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ‰¥â<br />
¢≥–∑’Ë°√¥·≈§µ‘°π‘¥¥’´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ<br />
®“°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘¥’-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
·≈–æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ®–∂Ÿ°°”®—¥ÕÕ°®“°<br />
√à“ß°“¬‚¥¬µ√ß∑“ßªí “«– ‚¥¬æÕ≈‘¥’·Õ≈-·≈§µ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ „Àâº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¡’∑—Èß°√¥·≈<br />
§µ‘° π‘¥·Õ≈·≈–π‘¥¥’<br />
·¡â«à“ªí®®ÿ∫—π¢âÕ®”°—¥∑’Ë ”§—≠„π°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå<br />
„âß“πæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ”À√—∫‡ªìπæ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ<br />
§◊Õ ¡’√“§“∑’Ë Ÿß°«à“æ≈“ µ‘°∑’Ë„âß“π∑—Ë«‰ª ‰¥â·°à<br />
æÕ≈‘‡Õ∑‘≈’π ·≈– æÕ≈‘æ√Õæ‘≈’π Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡§“¥«à“<br />
„πÕπ“§µÕ—π„°≈âπ’Ⱥ≈‘µ¿—≥±å®“°æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥<br />
®– “¡“√∂·¢àߢ—π„π¥â“π√“§“°—∫æ≈“ µ‘°∑—Ë«‰ª„π<br />
ªí®®ÿ∫—π‰¥â ‡π◊ËÕß®“°À≈“¬ª√–‡∑»¡’°“√ √â“ßπ‚¬∫“¬<br />
√à«¡°—π„π°“√ π—∫ πÿπ°“√„âß“πæ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ<br />
µà“ßÊ‚¥¬°“√„â√–∫∫¿“…’ ”À√—∫°“√º≈‘µ °“√®”Àπà“¬<br />
·≈–°“√°”®—¥¢¬–æ≈“ µ‘°∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡“°<br />
√–À«à“ßæ≈“ µ‘°∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ<br />
(non-biodegradable plastics) ∑’Ë¡’°“√„âß“π°—π„π<br />
ªí®®ÿ∫—π°—∫æ≈“ µ‘°∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ<br />
(biodegradable plastics À√◊Õ bioplastics) ∑”„Àâ<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±åæ≈“ µ‘°∑—Èß Õßπ‘¥¡’√“§“„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π<br />
¡“°¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°π’È°“√º≈‘µº≈‘µ¿—≥±åæ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ<br />
„πª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë¡“°¢÷Èπ ∑”„À⧓¥«à“µâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘µ„π<br />
Õ𓧵®–¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“≈¥≈ßÕ’°¥â«¬<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
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❏❏❏❏❏
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 71-79 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 71-79 (2011)<br />
µ—«∑”§«“¡√âÕπ PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
Heating Element<br />
ÿ∏√√¡ »√’À≈à¡ —° 1<br />
·∫∫®”≈Õß°“√π”‰øøÑ“¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬<br />
‰ÕÕÕπµ—«„Àâ<br />
Barium titanate (BaTiO 3<br />
) ‡ªìπ«— ¥ÿÕ‘‡≈Á°-<br />
∑√Õπ‘° å∑’Ë„â°—π¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß ¡’°“√π” BaTiO 3<br />
∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‡®◊Õ (doped BaTiO 3<br />
) ‰ª„â„πß“πµà“ßÊ ¡“° ‡àπ<br />
∑”µ—«‡ªìπª√–®ÿ∑’Ë¡’À≈“¬—Èπ (multilayer capacitors;<br />
MLC), ·∑√π 契«‡´Õ√å (transducer) Àπ૬§«“¡®”<br />
‡ø√å‚√Õ‘‡≈Á°∑√‘°·∫∫øî≈å¡∫“ß (ferroelectric thin film<br />
memories) ·≈–µ—«∑”§«“¡√âÕπ (heating element) À√◊Õ<br />
µ—«√—∫√Ÿâ (sensor) œ≈œ BaTiO 3<br />
∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‡®◊ե⫬ՖµÕ¡<br />
À√◊Õ‰ÕÕÕπ∑’ˇªìπµ—«„Àâ (donor) ‡ªìπ‡´√“¡‘°∑’Ë¡’ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
PTCR (positive temperature coefficient resistance)<br />
´÷Ëß¡’ ¿“æµâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«„πà«ß<br />
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·§∫Ê „°≈âÊ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Ÿ√’ (Curie point; T C<br />
)<br />
(Capurso, 1998) ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ª√“°Ø°“√≥å PTCR<br />
∂Ÿ°§âπæ∫·≈–∫—π∑÷°‰«â§√—Èß·√°„πªï 1955 (Haayman,<br />
1955) „π‡«≈“µàÕ¡“π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åÀ≈“¬∑à“π √â“ß·∫∫<br />
®”≈Õß (model) À≈“¬Ê ·∫∫¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å<br />
PTCR „π BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬µ—«‰ÕÕÕπ„Àâ (donor doped<br />
BaTiO 3<br />
)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ¿“æµâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“ (electrical resistivity; ρ) µàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ¢Õ߇´√“¡‘°∑’Ë· ¥ß ¡∫—µ‘ PTCR ¢π“¥<br />
§«“¡‡ªìπ PTCR (PTCR magnitude À√◊Õ PTCR jump) À“‰¥â®“°Õ—µ√“ à«π√–À«à“ß ¿“æµâ“π∑“π<br />
‰øøÑ“ Ÿß ÿ¥ (maximum resistivity; ρ max<br />
) µàÕ ¿“æµâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“µË” ÿ¥ (minimum resistivity; ρ min<br />
)<br />
1<br />
“¢“«‘“«‘»«°√√¡‡´√“¡‘° ”π—°«‘“«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ÿ√π“√’ ®.π§√√“ ’¡“ 30000<br />
E-mail: sutamsri@sut.ac.th
72 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
Heywang (1961, 1964) ‡ªìπºŸâ∑’ˇ πÕ·∫∫<br />
®”≈Õß∑’ˇªìπ∑’ˬա√—∫Õ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß·∫∫·√° ‡¢“<br />
Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å PTCR «à“‡°‘¥®“°°“√¡’°”·æß»—°¬å<br />
(potential barrier) À√◊Õ—Èπªî¥ (blocking layer) ∑’Ë<br />
¢Õ∫‡°√π (grain boundary) ´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà√–À«à“߇°√π (grains)<br />
¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
‡¢“‡ πÕ«à“—Èπªî¥ (blocking layer)<br />
¥—ß°≈à“«¡’惵‘°√√¡°“√√—∫Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ (electron<br />
accepting state) ¥—ßπ—Èπ¡—π®÷ß∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇÀ¡◊Õπ°—∫¥—°<br />
§Õ¬®—∫Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ®“°Õ–µÕ¡¢Õß “√‡®◊Õµ—«„Àâ<br />
(donor dope atom) ∑”„À⇰‘¥—Èπ¢Õß°“√æ√àÕß<br />
Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ (electron depletion layer) ∑”„Àâ·∂∫°“√π”<br />
(conduction band) ∑’Ë¢Õ∫‡°√π‚§âߢ÷Èπ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ√Õ¬µàÕ<br />
back-to-back Schottky À√◊Õ°”·æß»—°¬å (potential<br />
barrier) ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 §«“¡°«â“ߢÕß—Èπ¢Õß°“√<br />
æ√àÕßÕ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ (electron depletion layer; d) À“‰¥â®“°<br />
N<br />
s<br />
d <br />
2N<br />
d<br />
(1)<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ N s<br />
‡ªì𧫓¡Àπ“·πàπ¢Õß ∂“π–µ—«√—∫<br />
(acceptor state) ∑’Ë¢Õ∫‡°√π ·≈– N d<br />
§◊Õ §«“¡<br />
Àπ“·πàπ¢ÕßÕ–µÕ¡¢Õß “√‡®◊Õµ—«„À⬗ߺ≈ (effective<br />
donor atom) ¿“¬„π‡°√π<br />
§«“¡ Ÿß¢Õß°”·æß»—°¬å (φ) À“‰¥â®“° (Cho,<br />
2006)<br />
eN<br />
s<br />
<br />
(2)<br />
8<br />
0<br />
gb<br />
N<br />
d<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ ε 0<br />
, ε gb<br />
§◊Õ ¿“æ¬Õ¡ (permittivity)<br />
¢Õß ÿ≠≠“°“»·≈–¢Õ∫‡°√𠵓¡≈”¥—∫ ·≈– e §◊Õ<br />
ª√–®ÿ¢ÕßÕ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ<br />
‡π◊ËÕß®“° BaTiO 3<br />
‡ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡ø√å‚√-<br />
Õ‘‡≈Á°∑√‘° ¥—ßπ—Èπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Ÿ√’®÷ß¡’<br />
惵‘°√√¡µ“¡°Æ¢Õß Curie-Weiss °≈à“«§◊Õ<br />
<br />
gb<br />
2<br />
C<br />
T <br />
(3)<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ T §◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ C §◊Õ §à“§ß∑’Ë¢Õß<br />
Curie-Weiss ´÷Ëß¡’§à“ª√–¡“≥ ~120,000 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
·≈– θ §◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Curie-Weiss (Curie-Weiss<br />
temperature) ®“° ¡°“√ (3) ·≈– ¡°“√ (2) ®–‡ÀÁπ<br />
«à“°”·æß»—°¬å¡’§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°<br />
§«“¡πà“®–‡ªìπ∑’ËÕ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ®–¢â“¡°”·æß»—°¬å¢÷Èπ°—∫<br />
§«“¡ Ÿß¢Õß°”·æß»—°¬å ·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ¿“æ<br />
§«“¡µâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“∑’Ë¢Õ∫‡°√π (ρ gb<br />
) ¢Õß PTCR-<br />
BaTiO 3<br />
®÷ß·ª√µ“¡§«“¡ Ÿß¢Õß°”·æß»—°¬å·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
µ“¡ ¡°“√ (Moulson, 2003)<br />
(4)<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ R §◊Õ §à“§ß∑’Ë ·≈– k §◊Õ §à“§ß∑’Ë<br />
‚∫≈´‘¡—π (Boltzmann constant)<br />
®–‰¥â«à“<br />
<br />
<br />
gb<br />
R exp <br />
<br />
e<br />
<br />
<br />
kT <br />
·∑π (3) ‰ª„π (2) ·≈â«·∑π (2) ‰ª„π (4)<br />
2 2<br />
e N <br />
<br />
s <br />
(5)<br />
gb<br />
R exp<br />
1<br />
<br />
8<br />
0<br />
N<br />
dC<br />
T <br />
®“° (5) ®–‡ÀÁπ«à“∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
§Ÿ√’ ¿“槫“¡µâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“∑’Ë¢Õ∫‡°√π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß<br />
‡≈¢’È°”≈—ß (exponentially) ‚¥¬¿“æ√«¡®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“<br />
·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß Heywang Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å PTCR<br />
«à“ ç∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Ÿ√’ (T C<br />
) ¿“槫“¡<br />
µâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“¢ÕߢÕ∫‡°√π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«<br />
‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ¿“æ§«“¡µâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“<br />
¢Õß«— ¥ÿ®÷߇æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘é<br />
·∫∫®”≈Õß∑’Ë Õß´÷ËßÕ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å<br />
PTCR ‡ªìπ·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß Daniels (1978, 1979)<br />
·∫∫®”≈Õßπ’ÈÕ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å PTCR «à“‡°‘¥®“°<br />
°“√°√–®“¬µ—«¢Õßµ”Àπ‘ (defect) „π‘Èπß“π PTCR<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ‡®◊Õ (dope) BaTiO 3<br />
¥â«¬‰ÕÕÕπ®”æ«°µ—«„Àâ<br />
(donor) ‡àπ ·∑π∑’Ë Ba 2+ ‰ÕÕÕπ¥â«¬ La 3+ ‰ÕÕÕπ<br />
À√◊Õ ·∑π Ti 4+ ‰ÕÕÕπ¥â«¬ Nb 5+ ‰ÕÕÕπ Õ“®®–‡°‘¥<br />
µ”Àπ‘µà“ßÊ ‰¥â¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 73<br />
N d<br />
+<br />
+<br />
Potential barrier<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + + + + + +<br />
d<br />
N S<br />
-<br />
- -<br />
Grain boundary<br />
Acceptor state<br />
Conduction band<br />
Fermi level<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 —Èπªî¥ (blocking layer) ∑’Ë¢Õ∫‡°√π (grain boundary) µ“¡·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß Heywang (1961, 1964)<br />
1) µ”Àπ‘Õ‘‡≈Á°∑√Õπ‘° å (electronic defect)<br />
La<br />
1<br />
2 2 2 6<br />
e<br />
2<br />
x x<br />
2O3<br />
TiO2<br />
LaBa<br />
Ti<br />
Ti<br />
OO<br />
O2<br />
2<br />
2) µ”Àπ‘‰∑µ“‡π’¬¡‰ÕÕÕπ (Titanium ion defect)<br />
La O<br />
2<br />
3<br />
<br />
/ x<br />
2TiO2<br />
2LaBa<br />
2TiTi<br />
6OO<br />
O2<br />
3) µ”Àπ‘àÕß«à“ß·∫‡√’¬¡ (Barium vacancy defect)<br />
La 9O<br />
// x<br />
2O3<br />
3TiO2<br />
2LaBa<br />
VBa<br />
3TiTi<br />
<br />
1<br />
2<br />
x<br />
O<br />
/<br />
Daniels (1976, 1978/1979) ∫Õ°«à“¢≥–∑’Ë<br />
‡º“ºπ÷° (sinter) „π∫√√¬“°“»·∫∫ÕÕ°´‘‡¥—π BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬‰ÕÕÕπµ—«„Àâ®–¡’µ”Àπ‘À≈—°‡ªìπµ”Àπ‘<br />
Õ‘‡≈Á°∑√Õπ‘° å (electronic defect) ´÷Ëß∑”„À⇰‘¥<br />
Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ®”π«π¡“°‡ªìπæ“À–ª√–®ÿ (Hill, 1991)<br />
µàÕ¡“‡¡◊ËÕ≈¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈ß¡“µ”Àπ‘À≈—°¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
∑’Ë<br />
‡®◊ե⫬‰ÕÕÕπµ—«„Àâ®–‡ªìπàÕß«à“ß·∫‡√’¬¡ (Barium<br />
//<br />
vacancy defect; V Ba ) ·≈–µ”Àπ‘¥—ß°≈à“«®–¡’®”π«π<br />
¡“°¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ≈¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈߉ª‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê µàÕ¡“àÕß«à“ß<br />
·∫‡√’¬¡ (Barium vacancy defect) ´÷Ë߇°‘¥∑’Ë¢Õ∫‡°√π<br />
®–·æ√ஓ°¢Õ∫‡°√π‡¢â“‰ª„π‡°√π ·µà‡π◊ËÕß®“°µ”Àπ‘<br />
π‘¥π’È·æ√à (diffuse) ‰¥ââ“¡“°®÷ß¡—°®–‰¡à “¡“√∂·æ√à<br />
‡¢â“‰ª„π‡°√π‰¥âÀ¡¥ à«π„À≠à®÷߬—ߧ߇°“–°—πÕ¬Ÿà<br />
µ“¡¢Õ∫‡°√π Õ“®®–¡Õß—Èπ¢Õßµ”Àπ‘π‘¥π’È«à“‡ªìπ<br />
—Èπ¢Õß©π«πÀÿâ¡√Õ∫Ê ‡°√π ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 3a Daniels<br />
(1976, 1991) Õ∏‘∫“¬µàÕ‰ª«à“—Èπ¢Õß©π«ππ’È¡’<br />
惵‘°√√¡‡ªìπµ—«√—∫ (acceptor) ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë®—∫Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ<br />
®“°‡π◊ÈÕ “√ (bulk) ·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥°”·æß»—°¬å¢«“ß°—Èπ<br />
°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë¢Õßæ“À–ª√–®ÿ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 3b
74 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 a) ‡°√π (grain) ·≈–¢Õ∫‡°√π (grain boundary) µ“¡·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß Daniels (1976, 1978, 1979)<br />
b) °”·æß»—°¬å (potential barrier) ∑’Ë—Èπ¢Õ∫‡°√π (grain boundary layer) (∑’Ë¡“: ª√—∫ª√ÿß®“° Hill,<br />
1991)<br />
®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ ∑—Èß Daniels ·≈– Heywang µà“ß<br />
‡ÀÁπ«à“¢Õ∫‡°√π¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬µ—«„Àâ (donor<br />
doped BaTiO 3<br />
) ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπµ—«√—∫ (acceptor) ¢—¥¢«“ß<br />
°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë¢ÕßÕ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å PTCR ®÷ß<br />
¢÷Èπ°—∫§«“¡Àπ“¢ÕߢÕ∫‡°√π ª°µ‘·≈⫧«“¡Àπ“<br />
¢ÕߢÕ∫‡°√π®–¢÷Èπ°—∫ªí®®—¬À≈“¬ª√–°“√ (Alles,<br />
1989; LaCourse, 1995; Kulwicki, 1981) ‡àπ ª√‘¡“≥<br />
‰ÕÕÕπ¢ÕßÕ–µÕ¡µ—«„Àâ∑’ˇ®◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇº“ºπ÷°<br />
∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë„â°“√‡º“ºπ÷°·≈–Õ—µ√“‡√Á«∑’Ë≈¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
‘Èπß“π≈ß¡“ (cooling rate) ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª·≈â«°“√≈¥<br />
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈ß¡“‡√Á«Ê ®–‰¥â¢Õ∫‡°√π∫“ßÊ ∑”„Àâ‘Èπß“π<br />
∑’ˉ¥â· ¥ß ¡∫—µ‘ PTCR ‰¥â¥’°«à“°“√≈¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈ß<br />
¡“Õ¬à“ßâ“Ê (Cho, 2006)<br />
·∫∫®”≈Õß·∫∫ ÿ¥∑⓬‡ªìπ·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß<br />
Jonker (1964, 1982) Õ∏‘∫“¬«à“ BaTiO 3<br />
‡ªìπ “√<br />
ª√–°Õ∫®”æ«°‡ø√å‚√Õ‘‡≈Á°∑√‘° ¥—ßπ—Èπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘µË”<br />
°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Ÿ√’¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
®÷ß¡’‚æ≈“‰√‡´—π‡°‘¥‡Õß<br />
(spontaneous polarization) ¿“¬„πº≈÷°¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
·≈–¿“¬„πº≈÷°Àπ÷ËßÊ ¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬<br />
À≈“¬Ê ‚¥‡¡π (domain) ´÷Ëß¿“¬„π·µà≈–‚¥‡¡π¡’°“√®—¥<br />
‡√’¬ß‚æ≈“‰√‡´—π‰ª„π∑‘»‡¥’¬«°—π¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 4a ¥—ßπ—Èπ<br />
‚æ≈“‰√‡´—π ÿ∑∏‘√–À«à“߇°√π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿàµ‘¥°—π®–∑”„Àâ<br />
‡°‘¥ª√–®ÿ∑’˺‘« (surface charge) ¢ÕߢÕ∫‡°√π ¥—ß<br />
· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 4b ‚æ≈“‰√‡´—π ÿ∑∏‘®–∑”„À⇰√π∑’Ë¡’<br />
∑—ÈßÀ¡¥§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß¡’ª√–®ÿ∫«°∑’˺‘«·≈–‡°√π∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ’°<br />
§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß¡’ª√–®ÿ≈∫∑’˺‘« Jonker Õ∏‘∫“¬Õ’°«à“∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
µË”°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Ÿ√’ª√–®ÿ≈∫∑’˺‘«®–À—°≈â“ßÀ√◊Õ¥‡¬<br />
°”·æß»—°¬å∑’Ë¢Õ∫‡°√π´÷Ë߇°‘¥®“°àÕß«à“ߢÕß·∫‡√’¬¡<br />
(Barium vacancies) ‡ªìπº≈„Àâ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘µË”°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
§Ÿ√’ BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬‰ÕÕÕπµ—«„Àâ¡’§«“¡µâ“π∑“π<br />
‰øøÑ“µË” Õπ÷Ëߪ√–®ÿ∫«°∑’˺‘«‰¡à¡’º≈µàÕ°“√π”‰øøÑ“<br />
‡æ√“–Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ®–«‘Ë߉ªµ“¡∑“ß∑’Ë¡’°”·æß»—°¬åµË”<br />
Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« µàÕ¡“‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢÷Èπ‰ª Ÿß°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
§Ÿ√’ BaTiO 3<br />
®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª‡ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫®”æ«°æ“√“<br />
Õ‘‡≈Á°∑√‘°´÷Ë߉¡à¡’‚æ≈“‰√‡´—π‡°‘¥‡Õß (spontaneous<br />
polarization) ¥—ßπ—Èπ°”·æß»—°¬å∑’Ë¢Õ∫‡°√π®÷߉¡à∂Ÿ°<br />
À—°≈â“ß ∑”„Àâ BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬‰ÕÕÕπµ—«„Àâ¡’§«“¡<br />
µâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“ ŸßÊ ‡Àµÿ°“√≥套߰≈à“«‡°‘¥‰¥â‡√Á«¡“°<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ„À⧫“¡√âÕπ·°à BaTiO 3<br />
ºà“πÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Ÿ√’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ<br />
BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬‰ÕÕÕπµ—«„Àâ®÷ß· ¥ß ¡∫—µ‘ PTCR<br />
¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 75<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 a) ‚æ≈“‰√‡´—π‡°‘¥‡Õß (spontaneous polarization) „π‚¥‡¡π¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡ø√å‚√Õ‘‡≈Á°∑√‘°<br />
b) ª√–®ÿ∑’˺‘«¢Õ߇°√π (surface charge) ´÷Ë߇°‘¥®“°º≈√«¡¢Õß‚æ≈“‰√‡´—π‡°‘¥‡ÕߢÕ߇°√π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà<br />
µ‘¥°—π<br />
(¥—¥·ª≈ß®“°: Huybrechs, 1995)<br />
π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åπ” PTCR- BaTiO 3<br />
‰ª„â<br />
∑”µ—«∑”§«“¡√âÕπ (heating element) ∑’˵—¥‰ø‡Õ߉¥â<br />
‚¥¬Õ—µ‚π¡—µ‘‰¡àµâÕß„â«ß®√‰øøÑ“ ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬À≈—°°“√<br />
∑’Ë«à“∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘µË”°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Ÿ√’ µ—«∑”§«“¡√âÕπ<br />
¡’ ¿“槫“¡µâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“„πµ—«‰¡à¡“° ®÷߬ա„Àâ<br />
‰øøÑ“«‘Ëߺà“πµ—«¡—π·≈â«„À⧫“¡√âÕπÕÕ°¡“‡À¡◊Õπ<br />
°—∫‰ âÀ≈Õ¥‰øøÑ“ µàÕ¡“‡¡◊ËÕµ—«¢Õß¡—π¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß<br />
¢÷Èπ®π°√–∑—Ëß Ÿß°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Ÿ√’ PTCR- BaTiO 3<br />
®–¡’<br />
¿“槫“¡µâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“ Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß∑—π∑’À≈“¬æ—π‡∑à“<br />
∑”„Àâ‰øøÑ“«‘Ëߺà“πµ—«¡—π‰¡à‰¥â ¡—π®÷ßÀ¬ÿ¥„À⧫“¡<br />
√âÕπÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘®÷ߵ˔≈ß ·≈–®–„À⧫“¡√âÕπÕÕ°¡“Õ’°∑’<br />
‡¡◊ËÕµ—«¡—π¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘µË”°«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Ÿ√’<br />
º≈¢Õß°“√‡µ‘¡‰ÕÕÕπµ—«√—∫„π PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
ºŸâº≈‘µ PTCR ®“° BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇµ‘¡ “√‡®◊Õµ—«<br />
„Àâ¡—°®–‡µ‘¡‰ÕÕÕπÀ√◊ÕÕ–µÕ¡¢Õß∏“µÿ·∑√π´‘—π<br />
≈߉ª„π à«πº ¡¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–®“°ß“π«‘®—¬æ∫«à“°“√<br />
‡µ‘¡Õ–µÕ¡¢Õß∏“µÿ·∑√π´‘—π∫“ßµ—« ‡àπ Fe, Cr ·≈–<br />
Mn ‡¢â“‰ª„π BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬‰ÕÕÕπµ—«„À⮖૬<br />
‡æ‘Ë¡ ¡∫—µ‘ PTCR ‰¥â¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 ‡π◊ËÕß®“°<br />
‰ÕÕÕπ¢Õß∏“µÿ·∑√π´‘—π∑’ˇµ‘¡≈߉ªπ—Èπ¡’‡«‡≈π´’<br />
µË”°«à“‰ÕÕÕπ¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
®÷ß∂◊Õ«à“°“√‡µ‘¡‰ÕÕÕπ¢Õß<br />
∏“µÿ∑√“π´‘—π‡ªìπ°“√‡®◊Õ BaTiO 3<br />
¥â«¬‰ÕÕÕπµ—«√—∫<br />
Ueoka (1974) Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡µ‘¡ Mn 2+ ≈߉ª„π BaTiO 3<br />
«à“∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ŸßÊ °“√‡µ‘¡ Mn 2+ ®–∑”„Àâ BaTiO 3<br />
ª√—∫<br />
ª√–®ÿ„Àâ ¡¥ÿ≈‚¥¬°“√‡°‘¥àÕß«à“ߢÕßÕÕ°´‘‡®π<br />
(oxygen vacancies; ) Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ®–¡’®”π«π<br />
≈¥≈߇¡◊ËÕ≈¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈ß¡“∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ÀâÕß„π∫√√¬“°“»<br />
ª°µ‘ ∑”„Àâ Mn 2+ ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°‡µ‘¡‡¢â“‰ª·∑π∑’Ë Ti 4+ „π<br />
BaTiO 3<br />
‡ª≈’Ë¬π‡«‡≈π´’‡ªìπ Mn 3+ À√◊Õ Mn 4+ ‡æ◊ËÕ√—°…“<br />
¡¥ÿ≈¢Õߪ√–®ÿ¢Õß√–∫∫ Mn ‰ÕÕÕπ∑’Ë¡’‡«‡≈π´’ ŸßÊ<br />
‡À≈à“π’È®–∑”Àπâ“∑’˧լ®—∫Õ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ∑”„Àâ°”·æß»—°¬å<br />
µ“¡·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß Heywang Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√‡µ‘¡<br />
Mn 2+ ‡¢â“‰ª®÷ß∑”„Àâ BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬µ—«„Àâ· ¥ß<br />
¡∫—µ‘ PTCR ¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ Õ“®®–‡¢’¬π ¡°“√‡§¡’¢Õß<br />
°“√‡°‘¥µ”À𑵓¡§”Õ∏‘∫“¬¢Õß Ueoka ‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
76 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 ¿“槫“¡µâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“µàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊Õ‰ÕÕÕπµ—«„Àâ∑’ˇµ‘¡ Mn, Cr À√◊Õ Si ®“°¿“æ<br />
®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ Mn ∑’ˇµ‘¡à«¬‡æ‘Ë¡ PTCR ¢÷Èπ‰ª‡ªìπ 10 7 (∑’Ë¡“: Ueoka, 1974)<br />
º≈¢Õß°“√‡µ‘¡‰Õ‚´‡«‡≈π´å‰ÕÕÕπ (isovalence)<br />
„π PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
°“√·∑π∑’Ë Ba 2+ „π BaTiO 3<br />
¥â«¬‰ÕÕÕπ∑’Ë¡’<br />
‡«‡≈π´’ 2+ ‡∑à“°—π ‡àπ Sr 2+ , Pb 2+ , Ca 2 ®–∑”„Àâ°“√<br />
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚§√ß √â“ߺ≈÷°®“°º≈÷°·∫∫‡∑∑√–‚°π—≈<br />
(tetragonal) ‰ª‡ªìπº≈÷°·∫∫≈Ÿ°∫“»°å (cubic) ‡°‘¥<br />
∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇ°‘¥<br />
ª√“°Ø°“√≥å PTCR ‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª¥â«¬¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 6<br />
®“°√Ÿª®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ °“√·∑π∑’Ë Ba 2+ ¥â«¬ Sr 2+ ®–∑”„Àâ<br />
BaTiO 3<br />
· ¥ßª√“°Ø°“√≥å PTCR ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘µË”≈ß „π<br />
∑“ßµ√ß°—π¢â“¡°“√·∑π∑’Ë Ba 2+ ¥â«¬ Pb 2+ ®–∑”„Àâ<br />
BaTiO 3<br />
· ¥ßª√“°Ø°“√≥å PTCR ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ<br />
®÷ßÕ“®®–‡≈◊Õ°‡µ‘¡‰Õ‚´‡«‡≈π´å‰ÕÕÕπ‡æ◊ËÕ§«∫§ÿ¡„Àâ<br />
PTCR- BaTiO 3<br />
∑’Ë„â∑”µ—«∑”§«“¡√âÕπ (heating<br />
element) µ—¥‰ø∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’˵âÕß°“√‰¥â
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 77<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 6 ¿“槫“¡µâ“π∑“π‰øøÑ“µàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˇ®◊ե⫬ Sr ·≈– Pb (∑’Ë¡“: Andrich, 1965-1966)<br />
“√‡µ‘¡·µàß૬„π°“√‡º“ºπ÷° PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
„π°“√∑” PTCR ®“° BaTiO 3<br />
Õ“®®–„ à “√<br />
‡µ‘¡·µàß (additive) ∫“ßπ‘¥≈߉ªà«¬≈¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡º“<br />
ºπ÷°¢Õß BaTiO 3<br />
“√‡À≈à“π’Ȭ—ß “¡“√∂૬∑”„À⇰‘¥<br />
°“√‡º“ºπ÷°·∫∫‡ø ¢Õ߇À≈« (liquid phase sintering)<br />
‰¥â¥â«¬ “√‡µ‘¡·µàß∑’Ë‚√ßß“πº≈‘µ PTCR π‘¬¡‡µ‘¡‰ª<br />
૬„π°“√‡º“ºπ÷° BaTiO 3<br />
∑’Ë„âß“π∑“ß PTCR ‡ªìπ<br />
¢Õߺ ¡√–À«à“ß Al 2<br />
O 3<br />
SiO 2<br />
·≈– TiO 2<br />
‡√’¬°«à“ AST<br />
system (Matsuo, 1968; Bomlai, 2005)<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√„â PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√π” PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
‰ª„â ‰¥â·°à<br />
°“√𔉪∑”µ—«∑”§«“¡√âÕπ„π‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 7<br />
º≈°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÕߧåª√–°Õ∫∑“߇§¡’¢Õß‘Èπ PTCR<br />
®“°‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡ Õ߇§√◊ËÕߥ⫬‡§√◊ËÕ߇հ´å‡√¬å<br />
ø≈ŸÕÕ‡√ ‡´π´å (X-ray fluorescent) · ¥ß„πµ“√“ß<br />
∑’Ë 1 ®“°µ“√“ß®–‡ÀÁπ«à“‘Èπ PTCR „π‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡¡’<br />
∏“µÿ Ba, Pb ·≈– Ti ‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫À≈—° Ba ·≈–<br />
Ti §ß‡ªìπ à«πº ¡À≈—°„π BaTiO 3<br />
π—Èπ‡Õß à«π Pb<br />
πà“®–‡ªìπÕ–µÕ¡¢Õ߉Ղ´‡«‡≈π´å∑’ˇµ‘¡≈߉ª‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ<br />
PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡ PTCR ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
ª√–¡“≥ 200-250 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇧√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡<br />
µ—¥‰ø∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‰¡àµË”‡°‘π‰ª ‡æ√“– BaTiO 3<br />
∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â<br />
‡µ‘¡ Pb ®–· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡ PTCR µ—¥‰ø∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
ª√–¡“≥ 120 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ (¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 6) ´÷Ëß<br />
µË”‡°‘π‰ª∑’Ë®–„âß“π„π‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡ πÕ°®“°π’È PTCR<br />
„π‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡¬—ߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Õ–µÕ¡¢Õß∏“µÿNb Õ’°<br />
¥â«¬´÷Ëߧ߇ªìπÕ–µÕ¡¢Õß “√‡®◊Õµ—«„Àâ (donor dope)<br />
∑’ˇµ‘¡≈߉ª‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ BaTiO 3<br />
· ¥ß ¡∫—µ‘ PTCR µ“¡<br />
·∫∫®”≈Õß∑’Ë°≈à“«‰ª·≈â«π—Èπ‡Õß Õπ÷Ëß®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ PTCR<br />
„π‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡¬—ߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬∏“µÿFe Õ’°¥â«¬ ´÷ËߺŸâº≈‘µ<br />
§ß®–‡µ‘¡ Fe ≈߉ª‡ªìπ “√‡®◊Õµ—«√—∫ (acceptor dope)<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ°√–µÿâπ„Àâ BaTiO 3<br />
· ¥ß ¡∫—µ‘ PTCR ¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ<br />
π—Èπ‡Õß ÿ¥∑⓬®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ PTCR „π‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡<br />
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬∏“µÿ Si ·≈– Al ¥â«¬´÷ËßÕ“®®–‡ªìπ “√<br />
‡µ‘¡·µàß∑’˺Ÿâº≈‘µ„ à‡¢â“‰ª‡æ◊ËÕ૬„π°“√‡º“ºπ÷°π—Èπ‡Õß<br />
à«π Ca ∑’Ëæ∫„π PTCR ¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡π—Èπ¬—߉¡à∑√“∫<br />
·πà—¥«à“∑”Àπâ“∑’ËÕ–‰√„π‡´√“¡‘°·∫∫π’È
78 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 7 a) ‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡ b) ‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡∑’Ë∂Õ¥‡ªìπ‘ÈπÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß‘Èπ‡´√“¡‘° PTCR-BaTiO ∑’Ë„â∑”‡ªìπµ—«<br />
∑”§«“¡√âÕπ (heating element)<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 Õߧåª√–°Õ∫∑“߇§¡’¢Õß‘Èπ PTCR-BaTiO 3<br />
∑’Ë„â„π‡§√◊ËÕß√’¥º¡<br />
Õߧåª√–°Õ∫ ‘Èπµ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë 1 ‘Èπµ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë 2<br />
Barium oxide (BaO) 44.5 43.8<br />
Lead oxide (PbO) 23.9 25.7<br />
Titanium dioxide (TiO 2<br />
) 27.9 27.9<br />
Silica (SiO 2<br />
) 1.03 1.07<br />
Alumina (Al 2<br />
O 3<br />
) 1.18 0.52<br />
Calcium oxide (CaO) 0.34 0.4<br />
Ferric oxide (Fe 2<br />
O 3<br />
) 0.26 0<br />
Niobium Pentoxide (Nb 2<br />
O 5<br />
) 0.21 0.17<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
Alles, A. B., Amarakoon, V. W. and Burdick, V. L.<br />
(1989). Positive Temperature Coefficient of<br />
Resistivity Effect in Undoped,Atmospherically<br />
Reduced Barium Titanate. J. Am. Ceram.<br />
Soc. 72(1): 148-51.<br />
Andrich, E. (1965-66). Properties and Applications<br />
of PTC Thermistors. Electronic Application.<br />
26(3): 123.<br />
Bomlai, P., Sirikurat, N., Brown, A. and Milne, S.<br />
(2005). Effects of TiO 2<br />
and SiO 2<br />
additions<br />
on Phase Formation, Microstructures and<br />
PTCR Characteristics of Sb-doped Barium<br />
Strontium Titanate Ceramics. J. Euro. Ceram.<br />
Soc. 25: 1905-1918.<br />
Capurso, J. S. and Schulze, W. A. (1998).<br />
Piezoresistivity in PTCR Barium Titanate<br />
Ceramics: I, Experimental Findings. J. Am.<br />
Cer. Soc. 81(2): 337-46.
∫∑§«“¡<br />
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Cho, S. H. (2006). Theoretical Aspects of PTC<br />
Thermistors. J. of the Korean Ceramic<br />
Society. 43(11): 673-679.<br />
Daniels, J., Hardtl, K. H. and Wernicke, R. (1978-<br />
79). The PTC Effect of Barium Titanate.<br />
Philips Tech Rev. 38(3): 73-82.<br />
Daniels, J. and Hardtl, K. H. (1976). Part I Electrical<br />
Conductivity at High Temperature of Donor<br />
Doped Barium Titanate Ceramics. Philips<br />
Res. Repts. 31: 489-504.<br />
Haayman, P. W., Dam, R. W. and Klasens, H. A.<br />
(1955). Method of Preparation of<br />
Semiconducting Materials. West German<br />
Pat. No. 929 350, June 23.<br />
Heywang, W. (1961). Barium titanate as a<br />
Semiconductor with Blocking Layers. Solid<br />
State Electron 3(1): 51-58.<br />
Heywang, W. (1964). Resistivity Anomaly in Doped<br />
Barium Titanate. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 47(10):<br />
484-490.<br />
Hill, D. C. and Tuller, H. L. (1991). Ceramic<br />
Sensors: Theory and Practice. in Ceramic<br />
Materials for Electronics Processing,<br />
Properties and Applications (2 nd edition)<br />
edited by Buchanan, R. C. Marcel Dekker<br />
Inc., 249-347.<br />
Hubrechts, B., Ishizaki K. and Takata, M. (1995).<br />
<strong>Review</strong> the Positive Temperature Coefficient<br />
of Resistivity in Barium Titanate. J. Mater.<br />
Sci. 30: 2463-74.<br />
Jonker, G. H. (1964). Some Aspects of<br />
Semiconducting Barium Titanate. Solid State<br />
Electron. 7: 895-903.<br />
Jonker, G. H. and Havinga, E. E. (1982). The<br />
Influence of Foreign Atoms on the Crystal<br />
Lattice of Barium Titanate. Mater. Res. Bull.<br />
17: 345-350.<br />
Kulwicki, B. M. (1981). PTC Material Technology<br />
1955-1980. in Advanced in Ceramics<br />
Vol. 1, Grain Boundary Phenomena in<br />
Electronic Ceramics. edited by Levinson,<br />
L. M. Columbus, Ohio: American Ceramic<br />
Society. 138-54.<br />
LaCourse, B. C. and Amarakoon, V. W. (1995).<br />
Characterization of the Firing Schedule<br />
for Positive Temperature Coefficient of<br />
Resistance BaTiO 3<br />
. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.<br />
78(12): 3352-3356.<br />
Matsuo, Y., Fujimura, M., Sasahi, H., Nagase, K.<br />
and Hayakawa, S. (1968). Semiconducting<br />
BaTiO 3<br />
with Al 2<br />
O 3<br />
SiO 2<br />
and TiO 2<br />
. Am.<br />
Ceram. Soc. Bull. 47: 292-297.<br />
Moulson, A. J. and Herbert, J. M. (2003).<br />
Electroceramics. (2 nd edition). New York:<br />
John Wiley & Sons Inc. 167-173.<br />
Ueoka, H. and Yodogawa, M. (1974). Ceramic<br />
Manufacturing Technology for the High<br />
Performance PTC Themistor. IEEE Trans.<br />
Manuf. Technol. 32: 77-82.<br />
❏❏❏❏❏
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 80-95 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 80-95 (2011)<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õߺ≈º≈‘µ®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“<br />
‡¡≈≈“√奢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
Antioxidant Activity of Maillard Reaction Product<br />
from Chitosan and Sugar<br />
πæ√—µπå ¡–‡À 1* ºÿ ¥’ ¡ÿÀ–À¡—¥ 2 ·≈– Õÿ‰√«√√≥ «—≤π°ÿ≈ 1<br />
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ<br />
°“√∑¥≈Õߧ√—Èßπ’È»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õߺ≈º≈‘µ¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√奮“° ‰§‚µ·´π<br />
·≈–πÈ”µ“≈ 6 π‘¥ §◊Õ °≈Ÿ‚§ ø√ÿ°‚µ ·≈§‚µ Õ–√“∫‘‚π ¡Õ≈‚µ ·≈– °“·≈§‚µ ‚¥¬µ√«®«—¥§«“¡<br />
“¡“√∂„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √– 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ·≈–°“√«—¥ reducing power µ√«®«—¥<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ´÷Ëߧ◊Õº≈º≈‘µªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥ ·≈–À“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ<br />
∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √– ´÷Ëߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õß∑—Èß Õß«‘∏’„Àâº≈ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—π<br />
§◊Õ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ∑ÿ°π‘¥®–¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √– Ÿß°«à“‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê ‚¥¬ “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈Õ–√“∫‘‚π ·≈– “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈°“·≈§‚µ ¡’<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √– Ÿß°«à“ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢ÕßπÈ”µ“≈π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ ‚¥¬¡’§à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√<br />
∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ§à“ % radical scavenging activity ≈¥≈ß√âÕ¬≈– 50 (IC 50<br />
) ‡∑à“°—∫ 26.38 °√—¡/¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈– 28.50<br />
°√—¡/¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ µ“¡≈”¥—∫ à«π§à“ Antiradical Efficiency ‡∑à“°—∫ 0.03791 ·≈– 0.03509 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈°“·≈§‚µ ¡’§à“ reducing power ∑’ˉ¡à·µ°µà“ß∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p>0.05) ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫<br />
BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole) §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑’˧àÕπ¢â“ß Ÿß°—∫°“√‡°‘¥ “√<br />
’πÈ”µ“≈ (A 420<br />
) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ final stage ¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ß¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â„π°“√π” “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ<br />
¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈¡“„⇪ìπµ—«‡≈◊Õ°Àπ÷ËߢÕß “√®“°∏√√¡“µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ„â∑¥·∑π “√‡µ‘¡·µàß„πÕ“À“√∑’ˉ¥â<br />
®“°°“√ —߇§√“–Àå<br />
1<br />
§≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’°“√ª√–¡ß ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’√“¡ß§≈»√’«‘—¬ Õ. ‘‡°“ ®.µ√—ß 92150<br />
2<br />
§≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å Õ.À“¥„À≠à ®. ߢ≈“ 90112<br />
* Corresponding Author, E-mail: mnopparat@hotmail.com
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 81<br />
Abstract<br />
Antioxidant activity of maillard reaction products from chitosan and six types of sugar including<br />
glucose, fructose, lactose, arabinose, maltose, and galactose was investigated. Antioxidant property was<br />
measured the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging capacity and measurement of<br />
reducing power. The chitosan-sugar complex or maillard reaction product was measured and its correlation<br />
with antioxidant property was evaluated. Two methods of antioxidant property measurement showed similar<br />
profiles of antioxidant activity. All of the chitosan-sugar complex exhibited better antioxidant activity than<br />
chitosan. The chitosan-arabinose complex and the chitosan-galactose complex showed the most effective,<br />
compared to other sugar complex. The concentration that cause 50% inhibition (IC 50<br />
) of chitosan-arabinose<br />
complex and chitosan-galactose complex were determined to be 26.38 g/ml and 28.50 g/ml, respectively,<br />
while antiradical efficiency were 0.03791 and 0.03509 , respectively. Reducing power of chitosan-galactose<br />
complex was not statistically significant (p>0.05), compared with BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole). High<br />
correlation between antioxidant activity and browning polymer (A 420<br />
), final stage of maillard reaction, was<br />
observed. Therefore, chitosan-sugar complexes may be use as alternative natural products for synthetic food<br />
additive replacement.<br />
§” ”§—≠ : ‰§‚µ·´π ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥ “√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–<br />
Keywords : Chitosan, Maillard reaction, Antioxidant<br />
∫∑π”<br />
ªí®®ÿ∫—𧫓¡ π„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫ “√‡µ‘¡·µàß<br />
„πÕ“À“√∑’˺≈‘µ®“°∏√√¡“µ‘¡’§«“¡ π„®‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°<br />
¢÷Èπ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ—πµ√“¬®“° “√‡µ‘¡·µàß„πÕ“À“√∑’ˉ¥â<br />
®“°°“√ —߇§√“–Àå ‰§‚µ·´π‡ªìπ«— ¥ÿ®“°∏√√¡“µ‘<br />
Õ’°π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’°“√π”¡“„⇪ìπ “√‡µ‘¡·µàß„πÕ“À“√<br />
‡àπ „⇪ìπ “√„À⧫“¡Àπ◊¥ “√„À⧫“¡§ßµ—«<br />
Õ‘¡—≈´‘ø“¬‡ÕÕ√å “√૬‡°Á∫√—°…“°≈‘Ëπ “√૬„Àâ<br />
πÈ”º≈‰¡â„ ·≈– “√૬„Àâ ’§ßµ—«‡ªìπµâπ (Shahidi,<br />
2007) ‰§‚µ·´π‡ªìπæ«°‚æ≈’Õ–¡‘‚π·´§§“‰√¥å<br />
(polyaminosaccharide) ´÷Ë߉¥â®“°°√–∫«π°“√°”®—¥À¡Ÿà<br />
Õ–´‘µ‘≈ (deacetylation) ¢Õ߉§µ‘π ∑”„ÀâÀ¡ŸàÕ–´‘µ“‰¡¥å<br />
(acetamide group) ¢Õ߉§µ‘π ∂Ÿ°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπÀ¡Ÿà<br />
Õ–¡‘‚π (amino group,-NH 2<br />
) ‰§‚µ·´π¡’‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë<br />
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Àπ૬¬àÕ¬¢Õß D-°≈Ÿ‚§´“¡’π<br />
(D-glucosamine) ‡ªìπ’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈∑’Ë¡’ ’¢“« ‰¡à¡’°≈‘Ëπ<br />
·≈–¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ (Singh and Ray, 1994;<br />
Qurashi et al., 1992) ‰§‚µ·´π¡’§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…µË”<br />
§à“ LD 50<br />
¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π ®“°°“√∑¥≈Õߥ⫬ÀπŸ„π<br />
ÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 16 °√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡ ¢Õß<br />
πÈ”Àπ—°√à“ß°“¬ ´÷Ëß¡’§à“„°≈⇧’¬ß°—∫‡°≈◊Õ·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
(Kroschwitz, 1990)<br />
‰§‚µ·´π·≈–Õπÿæ—π∏å¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π‡ªìπ<br />
·À≈àߢÕß “√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–Õ’°·À≈àßÀπ÷Ëß∑’ˉ¥â√—∫<br />
§«“¡ π„®‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰§‚µ·´π¡’§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬<br />
“¡“√∂¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√<br />
µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫πÈ”Àπ—°<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈·≈–§«“¡Àπ◊¥ ‚¥¬‰§‚µ·´π∑’Ë¡’πÈ”Àπ—°<br />
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈µË”·≈–§«“¡Àπ◊¥µË”®–¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“π<br />
Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √– Ÿß (Kamil et al., 2002; Xie et al., 2001)<br />
®“°°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õß<br />
‰§‚µ·´π´÷Ëß °—¥‰¥â®“°‡ÀÁ¥ shiitake æ∫«à“¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
∑’Ë¥’„π°“√‡ªìπ “√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √– ‚¥¬‡©æ“–§«“¡<br />
“¡“√∂„π°“√®—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ ·≈–§«“¡ “¡“√∂<br />
„π°“√®—∫‡øÕ√— ‰ÕÕÕπ (Yen et al., 2007)
82 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√奇°‘¥®“°°“√√«¡µ—«°—π<br />
√–À«à“ßÀ¡Ÿà§“√å∫Õπ‘≈¢Õß reducing sugar À√◊Õ<br />
Õ—≈¥’‰Œπå À√◊Õ §’‚µπ °—∫À¡Ÿà‡Õ¡’π¢Õß°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π À√◊Õ<br />
‚ª√µ’π À√◊Õ “√ª√–°Õ∫‰π‚µ√‡®π ´÷ËߪƑ°‘√‘¬“¥—ß<br />
°≈à“«‡ªìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ“À“√ (Hodge and<br />
Rist, 1953) ”À√—∫º≈‘µ¿—≥±å®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥<br />
¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π¡’°“√»÷°…“„π°ã«¬‡µ’ά« ¥ ´÷Ë߇µ√’¬¡<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥ (Maillard reaction<br />
product, MRP) ‚¥¬º ¡‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈‰´‚≈<br />
„π —¥ à«π 1:1.5 (w/w) ª√—∫æ’‡Õ·≈â«π”‰ª„À⧫“¡<br />
√âÕπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 90 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ®π§√∫ 60 —Ë«‚¡ß<br />
®“°π—Èππ” MRP ∑’ˉ¥â¡“º ¡°—∫·ªÑß∑’Ë„âº≈‘µ°ã«¬‡µ’ά«<br />
º≈°“√∑¥≈Õßæ∫«à“º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“<br />
‡¡≈≈“√奢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–‰´‚≈ “¡“√∂¬◊¥Õ“¬ÿ<br />
¢Õ߰㫬‡µ’ά«‰¥â (Huang et al., 2007) πÕ°®“°π—Èπ<br />
Kanatt et al. (2008) æ∫«à“°“√𔉧‚µ·´π¡“∑”„Àâ<br />
‡°‘¥ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ°—∫°≈Ÿ‚§ (chitosan glucose<br />
complex) ®–∑”„Àâ§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–<br />
·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√¬—∫¬—Èß®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ<br />
¥’¢÷Èπ°«à“‰§‚µ·´πª°µ‘ ´÷Ëߺ≈‘µ¿—≥±å “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
‡‘ß´âÕπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡ªìπº≈º≈‘µ®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥<br />
°“√∑¥≈Õߧ√—Èßπ’È¡’®ÿ¥ª√– ߧå‡æ◊ËÕ»÷°…“<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ<br />
‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈‚¥¬„âπÈ”µ“≈ 6 π‘¥ §◊Õ °≈Ÿ‚§<br />
ø√ÿ°‚µ ·≈§‚µ Õ–√“∫‘‚π ¡Õ≈‚µ ·≈–<br />
°“·≈§‚µ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√π” “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
‡‘ß´âÕπ®“°πÈ”µ“≈¥—ß°≈à“«¡“„â∑¥·∑π “√‡µ‘¡·µàß<br />
„πÕ“À“√∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåµàÕ‰ª<br />
«‘∏’°“√∑¥≈Õß<br />
°“√‡µ√’¬¡ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õß<br />
‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
‡µ√’¬¡ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π<br />
·≈–πÈ”µ“≈ µ“¡«‘∏’°“√¢Õß Kanatt et al. (2008) ‚¥¬<br />
𔉧‚µ·´π¡“≈–≈“¬„π “√≈–≈“¬°√¥Õ–´‘µ‘°§«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ√âÕ¬≈– 1 ®“°π—Èππ” “√≈–≈“¬‰§‚µ·´π∑’Ë<br />
‡µ√’¬¡‰«â¡“∑”°“√ autoclave °—∫πÈ”µ“≈§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 1 ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 15 π“∑’ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“<br />
‡¡≈≈“√å¥ ”À√—∫πÈ”µ“≈∑’Ë„â„π°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È®–<br />
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬πÈ”µ“≈®”π«π 6 π‘¥ §◊Õ °≈Ÿ‚§<br />
ø√ÿ°‚µ ·≈§‚µ Õ–√“∫‘‚π ¡Õ≈‚µ ·≈–<br />
°“·≈§‚µ<br />
”À√—∫√âÕ¬≈– 100 “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ„π<br />
°“√∑¥≈Õߧ√—Èßπ’ȇ°‘¥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¢Õß°“√≈–≈“¬πÈ”µ“≈<br />
1 °√—¡ „π “√≈–≈“¬√âÕ¬≈– 1 ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π„π°√¥<br />
Õ–´‘µ‘°§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ√âÕ¬≈– 1 ª√‘¡“µ√ 100 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√<br />
·≈â«„À⧫“¡√âÕπ<br />
°“√»÷°…“°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ’πÈ”µ“≈<br />
«—¥°“√‡°‘¥ ’πÈ”µ“≈µ“¡«‘∏’¢Õß Ajandouz<br />
et al. (2001) ‚¥¬∑”°“√«—¥ UV-absorbance ·≈–<br />
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥ ’πÈ”µ“≈ (browning intensity)<br />
¢Õß “√º ¡√–À«à“߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈ ·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
À√◊Õ‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ÀâÕß §«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ<br />
294 π“‚π‡¡µ√ ”À√—∫¢—Èπ°“√‡°‘¥ “√µ—«°≈“ß<br />
(intermediate stages) ¢Õß nonenzymatic browning<br />
reaction ·≈– 420 π“‚π‡¡µ√ ”À√—∫¢—Èπ ÿ¥∑⓬<br />
(final stage) ¢Õß nonenzymatic browning reaction<br />
∑”°“√‡®◊Õ®“ß®π‰¥â§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ °“√«—¥§à“<br />
°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑”°“√«—¥ 3 §√—Èß √“¬ß“πº≈‡ªìπ§à“‡©≈’ˬ<br />
°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–<br />
»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‚¥¬<br />
µ√«® Õ∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—∫ 2,2-diphenyl-1-<br />
picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) (DPPH Radical Scavenging<br />
Capacity) µ“¡«‘∏’¢Õß Singh et al. (2002)<br />
µ√«® Õ∫§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¥â«¬«‘∏’<br />
measurement of reducing power µ“¡«‘∏’¢Õß Oyaizu<br />
(1986) ‚¥¬»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–<br />
¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π πÈ”µ“≈ ·≈– “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õß<br />
‰§‚µ·´π°—∫πÈ”µ“≈∑—Èß 6 π‘¥
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 83<br />
1. °“√«—¥ Radical Scavenging Activity<br />
‚¥¬„â DPPH Method<br />
µ√«® Õ∫°‘®°√√¡¢Õß “√µâ“πÕÕ°´‘‡¥—π<br />
¥â«¬«‘∏’ 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Radical<br />
Scavenging Capacity Assay ‚¥¬¥—¥·ª≈ß®“°«‘∏’¢Õß<br />
Singh et al. (2002) ‡µ√’¬¡ “√≈–≈“¬µ—«Õ¬à“ߧ«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ·µ°µà“ß°—πÀ≈“¬§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ ‚¥¬‡®◊Õ®“ß “√<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“ߥ⫬πÈ”°≈—Ëπ ªî‡ªµ “√µ—«Õ¬à“ß·µà≈–§«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ¡“ 100 ‰¡‚§√≈‘µ√ ‡µ‘¡ “√≈–≈“¬ DPPH (2,2-<br />
Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.1<br />
¡‘≈≈‘‚¡≈“√å ª√‘¡“µ√ 5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‡¢¬à“Õ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß ∑‘Èß<br />
‰«â 20 π“∑’ ·≈â«®÷ß𔉪«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’Ë<br />
§«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 517 π“‚π‡¡µ√ ·≈â«®÷ßπ”§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π<br />
· ß∑’ˉ¥â§”π«≥‡ªìπ % radical scavenging activity<br />
¥—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë 1 ”À√—∫ÿ¥§«∫§ÿ¡„âπÈ”°≈—Ëπ·∑π<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“ß π”§à“ % radical scavenging activity ∑’Ë<br />
√–¥—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµà“ßÊ ¡“ √â“ß°√“ø ‡æ◊ËÕ§”π«≥À“<br />
§à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√ °—¥ (°√—¡/µ—«Õ¬à“ß 1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√)<br />
∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ§à“ % radical scavenging activity<br />
≈¥≈ß√âÕ¬≈– 50 (IC 50<br />
) ·≈â«π”§à“ IC 50<br />
¡“§”π«≥<br />
‡ªìπ§à“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√‡ªìπ “√µâ“πÕÕ°´‘‡¥—π<br />
(Antiradical Efficiency, AE) ¥—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë 2<br />
<br />
control OD OD<br />
% radical scavenging activity <br />
sample 100 ----<br />
control OD<br />
<br />
1<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ control OD = §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ߧ«∫§ÿ¡<br />
sample OD = §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ߢÕß “√µ—«Õ¬à“ß<br />
1<br />
AE <br />
---- 2<br />
IC 50<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ AE = Antiradical Efficiency<br />
IC 50<br />
= §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ§à“ % radical scavenging activity ≈¥≈ß<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 50<br />
2. °“√«—¥§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–<br />
¥â«¬«‘∏’ Measurement of reducing power<br />
°“√«—¥ reducing power ¢Õßµ—«Õ¬à“ß∑”°“√<br />
µ√«®«—¥µ“¡«‘∏’¢Õß Oyaizu (1986) ‚¥¬π”µ—«Õ¬à“ß<br />
ª√‘¡“µ√ 2.5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ º ¡°—∫ sodium phosphate<br />
buffer (pH 6.6) §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 200 ¡‘≈≈‘‚¡≈“√å ª√‘¡“µ√<br />
2.5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈– potassium ferricyanide §«“¡‡¢â¡<br />
¢âπ√âÕ¬≈– 1 ª√‘¡“µ√ 2.5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈â«π” “√º ¡<br />
‰ª incubate ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 50 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“<br />
20 π“∑’ ®“°π—Èπ‡µ‘¡ TCA §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ√âÕ¬≈– 10<br />
ª√‘¡“µ√ 2.5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈â«π”¢Õߺ ¡‰ªÀ¡ÿπ‡À«’ˬß<br />
∑’Ë 650 g ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 10 π“∑’ π” “√≈–≈“¬ à«π∫π<br />
ª√‘¡“µ√ 5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ¡“‡µ‘¡πÈ”°≈—Ëπ ª√‘¡“µ√ 5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√<br />
·≈– ferric chloride §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ√âÕ¬≈– 0.1 ª√‘¡“µ√<br />
1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈â«π”‰ª«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’˧«“¡<br />
¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 700 π“‚π‡¡µ√<br />
º≈·≈–«‘®“√≥å<br />
°“√»÷°…“°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ’πÈ”µ“≈<br />
®“°°“√»÷°…“°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ’πÈ”µ“≈ ‚¥¬«—¥<br />
UV-absorbance ·≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥ ’πÈ”µ“≈<br />
¢Õß “√º ¡√–À«à“߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈ πÈ”µ“≈<br />
‡¥’ˬ«Ê ·≈–‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ÀâÕß ‚¥¬<br />
°“√«—¥¢—Èπ°“√‡°‘¥ “√µ—«°≈“ߢÕß nonenzymatic
84 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
browning reaction À√◊Õ°“√«—¥ UV-absorbance ∑”°“√<br />
«—¥∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 294 π“‚π‡¡µ√ à«π°“√«—¥¢—Èπ<br />
ÿ¥∑⓬¢Õß nonenzymatic browning reaction À√◊Õ<br />
°“√«—¥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥ ’πÈ”µ“≈ ∑”°“√«—¥∑’˧«“¡<br />
¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 420 π“‚π‡¡µ√ º≈°“√∑¥≈Õß· ¥ß¥—ß<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1-3<br />
®“°√Ÿª®–æ∫«à“‡¡◊ËÕº ¡‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
µà“ßÊ∑—Èß 6 𑥇¢â“¥â«¬°—π·≈–„À⧫“¡√âÕπ ®–‡°‘¥<br />
“√µ—«°≈“ß («—¥∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 294 π“‚π‡¡µ√)<br />
·≈–‡°‘¥º≈‘µ¿—≥±å¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“°“√‡°‘¥ ’πÈ”µ“≈ («—¥∑’Ë<br />
§«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 420 π“‚π‡¡µ√) ‚¥¬ “¡“√∂ —߇°µ<br />
‰¥â®“°°√“ø¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢ÕßπÈ”µ“≈<br />
∑ÿ°π‘¥°—∫‰§‚µ·´π®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë Ÿß¡“°<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫°√“ø¢ÕßπÈ”µ“≈À√◊Õ‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê<br />
(√Ÿª∑’Ë 1-2) º≈°“√∑¥≈Õߥ—ß°≈à“« “¡“√∂¬◊π¬—π‰¥â«à“<br />
¡’ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ’πÈ”µ“≈‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ´÷Ëß· ¥ß∂÷ß°“√‡°‘¥ “√<br />
ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈ ‚¥¬ “√<br />
ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈Õ–√“∫‘‚π<br />
(Chi-Ara) ´÷Ë߇°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ’πÈ”µ“≈ Ÿß ÿ¥¡’ª√‘¡“≥<br />
¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 114<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê ∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ√âÕ¬≈–<br />
2.5<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ’πÈ”µ“≈¢Õß<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈∑—Èß<br />
6 π‘¥ (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3) æ∫«à“ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õß<br />
‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈Õ–√“∫‘‚π (Chi-Ara) ®–‡°‘¥<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ’πÈ”µ“≈ Ÿß ÿ¥ √Õß≈ß¡“§◊Õ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß<br />
´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈°“·≈§‚µ (Chi-Gal)<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§<br />
(Chi-Glu) “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–<br />
πÈ”µ“≈·≈§‚µ (Chi-Lac) “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ<br />
¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈¡Õ≈‚µ (Chi-Mal) ·≈–<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
ø√ÿ°‚µ (Chi-Fru) µ“¡≈”¥—∫ „πà«ß·√°Ê ∑’Ë¡’°“√<br />
»÷°…“‡°’ˬ«°—∫ nonenzymatic browning reaction π—Èπ<br />
æ∫«à“ °“√‡°‘¥ ’πÈ”µ“≈¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬ø√ÿ°‚µ ∑’Ë¡’<br />
À¡ŸàÕ–¡‘‚π®“°·À≈àßÕ◊Ëπ„π√–∫∫®–‡°‘¥‰¥â√«¥‡√Á«<br />
°«à“°≈Ÿ‚§ (Hodge, 1953; Reynolds, 1965) ·µà¡’<br />
ß“π«‘®—¬∑’Ë· ¥ßº≈„π∑“ßµ√ß°—π¢â“¡°—∫ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
¢â“ßµâπ π—Ëπ§◊Õ· ¥ßº≈«à“°≈Ÿ‚§ ‡°‘¥ ’πÈ”µ“≈‰¥â‡√Á«°«à“<br />
(Ellingson et al., 1954; Bobbio et al., 1981; Baxter,<br />
1995) πÕ°®“°π—Èπ¬—ß¡’ß“π«‘®—¬∑’Ë√“¬ß“π«à“°“√‡°‘¥<br />
’πÈ”µ“≈¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬ø√ÿ°‚µ ®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¡“°À√◊Õ<br />
πâÕ¬°«à“°≈Ÿ‚§ ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ ¿“«–„π°“√„À⧫“¡√âÕπ<br />
(Kato et al., 1969; Buera et al., 1987; Wijewickreme<br />
et al., 1997)
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 85<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
Absorbance (294 nm)<br />
0.80<br />
0.70<br />
0.60<br />
0.50<br />
0.40<br />
0.30<br />
0.20<br />
0.10<br />
0.00<br />
-0.10<br />
Lac<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Lac<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
Absorbance (294 nm)<br />
0.70<br />
0.60<br />
0.50<br />
0.40<br />
0.30<br />
0.20<br />
0.10<br />
0.00<br />
-0.10<br />
Mal<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Mal<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
(c)<br />
(d)<br />
absorbance (294 nm)<br />
0.25<br />
0.20<br />
0.15<br />
0.10<br />
0.05<br />
0.00<br />
-0.05<br />
Fru<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Fru<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
Absorbance (294 nm)<br />
3.50<br />
3.00<br />
2.50<br />
2.00<br />
1.50<br />
1.00<br />
0.50<br />
0.00<br />
-0.50<br />
Ara<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Ara<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
(e)<br />
(f)<br />
Absorbance (294 nm)<br />
1.80<br />
1.60<br />
1.40<br />
1.20<br />
1.00<br />
0.80<br />
0.60<br />
0.40<br />
0.20<br />
0.00<br />
-0.20<br />
Gal<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Gal<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
Absorbance (294 nm)<br />
1.80<br />
1.60<br />
1.40<br />
1.20<br />
1.00<br />
0.80<br />
0.60<br />
0.40<br />
0.20<br />
0.00<br />
-0.20<br />
Glu<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Glu<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµà“ßÊ °—π ®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥∑’Ë intermediate state (A 294<br />
) ¢Õß<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ√–À«à“߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈ (a : lactose, b: maltose, c: fructose, d: arabinose,<br />
e: galactose and f: glucose) ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫πÈ”µ“≈‡¥’ˬ«Ê ·≈–‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê (Chi)
86 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
Absorbance (420 nm)<br />
0.04<br />
0.04<br />
0.03<br />
0.03<br />
0.02<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
0.01<br />
0.00<br />
Lac<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Lac<br />
Absorbance (420 nm)<br />
0.03<br />
0.02<br />
0.02<br />
0.01<br />
0.01<br />
0.00<br />
Mal<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Mal<br />
-0.01<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
-0.01<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
(c)<br />
(d)<br />
Absorbance (420 nm)<br />
0.010<br />
0.008<br />
0.006<br />
0.004<br />
0.002<br />
0.000<br />
Fru<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Fru<br />
Absorbance (420 nm)<br />
0.25<br />
0.20<br />
0.15<br />
0.10<br />
0.05<br />
0.00<br />
Ara<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Ara<br />
-0.002<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
-0.05<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concention (%)<br />
(e)<br />
(f)<br />
Absorbance (420 nm)<br />
0.14<br />
0.12<br />
0.10<br />
0.08<br />
0.06<br />
0.04<br />
0.02<br />
0.00<br />
Gal<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Gal<br />
Absorbance (420 nm)<br />
0.11<br />
0.09<br />
0.07<br />
0.05<br />
0.03<br />
0.01<br />
Glu<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Glu<br />
-0.02<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (% )<br />
-0.01<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµà“ßÊ°—π ®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥∑’Ë final state (A 420<br />
) ¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
‡‘ß´âÕπ√–À«à“߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈ (a : lactose, b: maltose, c: fructose, d: arabinose, e: galactose<br />
and f: glucose) ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫πÈ”µ“≈‡¥’ˬ«Ê ·≈–‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê (Chi)
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 87<br />
Absorbance (294 nm)<br />
3.5<br />
3<br />
2.5<br />
2<br />
1.5<br />
1<br />
Chi+Fru<br />
Chi+Mal<br />
Chi+Lac<br />
Chi+Glu<br />
Chi+Gla<br />
Chi+Ara<br />
0.5<br />
0<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
(b)<br />
Absorbance (420 nm)<br />
0.25<br />
0.2<br />
0.15<br />
0.1<br />
0.05<br />
Chi+Fru<br />
Chi+Mal<br />
Chi+Lac<br />
Chi+Glu<br />
Chi+Gal<br />
Chi+Ara<br />
0<br />
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµà“ßÊ °—π ®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥∑’Ë final state (a) ·≈– intermediate<br />
state (b) ¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ√–À«à“߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈π‘¥µà“ßÊ
88 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
º≈°“√µ√«®«—¥°“√‡°‘¥ polymerization ´÷Ëß<br />
‡ªìπ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ “√µ—«°≈“ß (UV absorbing compound,<br />
A 294<br />
) ‡ªìπ “√ ’πÈ”µ“≈ (brown polymer, A 420<br />
) · ¥ß<br />
¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 ‚¥¬· ¥ß„π√Ÿª¢Õß 294/420 ratio<br />
(Ajandouz et al., 2001) π—Èπ§◊ÕÀ“°§à“ 294/420 ratio<br />
¡’§à“µË”· ¥ß∂÷ß°“√‡°‘¥ polymerization ¢Õß “√µ—«°≈“ß<br />
(UV absorbing compound) ¡’§à“ Ÿß ®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß<br />
§√—Èßπ’È “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
°“·≈§‚µ (Chi+Gal) ·≈– “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õß<br />
‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈Õ–√“∫‘‚π (Chi+Ara) ®–¡’°“√<br />
‡°‘¥ polymerization Ÿß°«à“πÈ”µ“≈π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ “√µ—«°≈“ß (UV absorbing compound) ‡ªìπ “√ ’πÈ”µ“≈ (brown polymer) · ¥ß„π√Ÿª<br />
¢Õß 294/420 ratio<br />
π‘¥¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ<br />
294/420 ratio<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈ø√ÿ°‚µ (Chi+Fru) 21.49 + 0.62<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈¡Õ≈‚µ (Chi+Mal) 27.08 + 0.72<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈·≈§‚µ (Chi+Lac) 18.81 + 0.12<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§ (Chi+Glu) 18.62 + 0.15<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈°“·≈§‚µ (Chi+Gal) 13.43 + 0.03<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈Õ–√“∫‘‚π (Chi+Ara) 14.82 + 0.16<br />
”À√—∫ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥ (Maillard reaction,<br />
nonenzymic browning reaction) π—È𠇪ìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¢Õß<br />
reducing sugar °—∫ free amino group ·≈– maillard<br />
browning product ®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ„À⧫“¡√âÕπ “√<br />
ª√–°Õ∫∑—Èß Õß∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¥â«¬°—π (BeMiller and Whistler,<br />
1996) §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß 294/420 ratio ·≈–§à“<br />
°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 420 π“‚π‡¡µ√ (´÷Ëß<br />
‡ªìπ°“√«—¥°“√‡°‘¥ final stage ¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ ’πÈ”µ“≈)<br />
æ∫«à“ r = - 0.771 ‚¥¬‡ªì𧫓¡ —¡æ—π∏å„π∑‘»∑“ß∑’Ë<br />
µ√ߢⓡ°—π π—Èπ§◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕ 294/420 ratio ¡’§à“µË” (´÷Ëß<br />
· ¥ß∂÷ß°“√‡°‘¥ polymerization ∑’Ë¡“°) °“√‡°‘¥ “√<br />
’πÈ”µ“≈∑’Ë final stage ®– Ÿß · ¥ß«à“°“√‡°‘¥ “√ ’<br />
πÈ”µ“≈‡°‘¥®“° polymerization ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ “√<br />
µ—«°≈“ß (UV absorbing compound) ‡ªìπ “√ ’πÈ”µ“≈<br />
(brown polymer)<br />
°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–<br />
1 °“√«—¥ Radical Scavenging Activity<br />
‚¥¬„â DPPH Method<br />
®“°°“√«—¥§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–<br />
¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
π‘¥µà“ßÊ ‚¥¬°“√«—¥ radical scavenging activity<br />
¥â«¬ DPPH Method ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫πÈ”µ“≈‡¥’ˬ«Ê<br />
·≈–‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê æ∫«à“ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õß<br />
‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈∑ÿ°π‘¥¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“π<br />
Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬«‘∏’ DPPH method Ÿß°«à“<br />
πÈ”µ“≈·≈–‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 4
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 89<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
% Radical scavenging activity<br />
50<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
Lac<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Lac<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
% Radical scavenging activity<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
Mal<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Mal<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
(c)<br />
(d)<br />
% Radical scavenging activity<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
Fru<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Fru<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
% Radical scavenging activity<br />
100<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Ara<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Ara<br />
15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100<br />
(e)<br />
(f)<br />
% Radical scavenging activity<br />
100<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Gal<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Gal<br />
15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
% Radical scavenging activity<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Glu<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Glu<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √– DPPH ¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈µà“ßÊ<br />
(a : lactose, b: maltose, c: fructose, d: arabinose, e: galactose and f: glucose) ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫<br />
‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈‡¥’ˬ«Ê
90 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 · ¥ß§à“ IC 50<br />
·≈–§à“ Antiradical<br />
Efficiency (AE)¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈‡¥’ˬ«Ê ´÷Ëß<br />
æ∫«à“‰§‚µ·´π¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈ DPPH<br />
Ÿß°«à“πÈ”µ“≈∑ÿ°π‘¥ à«πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 · ¥ß§à“ IC 50<br />
·≈–§à“ Antiradical Efficiency ¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß<br />
´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈π‘¥µà“ßÊ º≈°“√<br />
∑¥≈Õßæ∫«à“ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π<br />
·≈–πÈ”µ“≈Õ–√“∫‘‚π ¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈<br />
DPPH Ÿß°«à“ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕππ‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ·µà‰¡à<br />
·µ°µà“ßÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘°—∫ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß<br />
´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π°—∫πÈ”µ“≈°“·≈§‚µ (p > 0.5)<br />
‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“§à“ IC 50<br />
·µà·µ°µà“ß∑“ß ∂‘µ‘Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠<br />
(p< 0.5) ‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“§à“ AE º≈°“√∑¥≈Õߥ—ß°≈à“«<br />
Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√∑¥≈ÕߢÕß Benjakul et al. (2005)<br />
´÷Ëß∑¥≈Õß„π√–∫∫∑’Ë¡’‚ª√µ’π®“°æ≈“ ¡“À¡Ÿ·≈–<br />
πÈ”µ“≈ ‚¥¬º≈°“√∑¥≈Õßæ∫«à“ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√<br />
µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õß maillard reaction product ®“°<br />
πÈ”µ“≈°“·≈§‚µ ®– Ÿß°«à“πÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§ ·≈–ø√ÿ°‚µ<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ«—¥¥â«¬«‘∏’ DPPH test ·≈–°“√«—¥ reducing power<br />
”À√—∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“π<br />
Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ“®‡ªìπ<br />
‰ª„π·π«∑“߇¥’¬«°—∫°“√»÷°…“¢Õß Guérara and<br />
Sumaya-Martinez (2003) ´÷Ëß»÷°…“„π√–∫∫¢Õß‚ª√µ’π<br />
‰Œ‚¥√‰≈‡ µ∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫πÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§ º≈°“√»÷°…“<br />
chromatographic profile °àÕπ·≈–À≈—ß°“√‡°‘¥<br />
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥æ∫«à“ °“√‡°‘¥°“√®—¥‡√’¬ßµ—«°—π„À¡à<br />
¢Õß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈Õ“®‡ªìπµ—«à«¬„π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–„À⥒¢÷Èπ<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“ß√–∫∫µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë¡’°“√»÷°…“ “√ ’πÈ”µ“≈<br />
®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√å¥ (maillard reaction products,<br />
MRP) µàÕ§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √– ‡àπ<br />
√–∫∫¢Õß°≈Ÿ‚§ -‰°≈´’π (Yoshimura et al., 1997)<br />
√–∫∫¢Õß Ovalbumin ·≈– D-Aldohexoses (Sun et<br />
al., 2006) ·≈–√–∫∫¢Õß coffee brews (Cämmerer<br />
and Kroh, 2006) ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â MRP ¡’°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â„π<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±åµà“ßÊ ‡àπ °“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â„π°“√¬—∫¬—Èß<br />
‡Õπ‰´¡å polyphenoloxidase (PPO) „π°ÿâß°ÿ≈“¥”<br />
(Matmaroh et al., 2006) °“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â„πº≈‘µ¿—≥±å<br />
ª≈“´“√奒π (Tanaka et al., 1988) ·≈–°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå<br />
„â„πº≈‘µ¿—≥±å∫—µ‡µÕ√å§ÿ°°’È (Bressa et al., 1996)<br />
‡ªìπµâπ<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 §à“ IC 50<br />
·≈–§à“ Antiradical Efficiency ¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈‡¥’ˬ«Ê<br />
π‘¥¢Õß “√<br />
IC 50<br />
(g/ml)<br />
Antiradical Efficiency<br />
πÈ”µ“≈¡Õ≈‚µ (Mal) 19571.56 a 0.00005 a<br />
πÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§ (Glu) 13487.11 b 0.00007 a<br />
πÈ”µ“≈·≈§‚µ (Lac) 7604.60 c 0.00013 ab<br />
πÈ”µ“≈°“·≈§‚µ (Gla) 4844.83 cd 0.00021 ab<br />
πÈ”µ“≈ø√ÿ°‚µ (Fru) 3710.59 cd 0.00027 b<br />
πÈ”µ“≈Õ–√“∫‘‚π (Ara) 2531.34 d 0.00040 c<br />
‰§‚µ·´π (Chi) 2102.12 d 0.00048 d<br />
À¡“¬‡Àµÿ -IC 50<br />
: §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬ (g/ml) ∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ§à“ % radical scavenging activity ≈¥≈ß<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 50<br />
-Õ—°…√∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·π«µ—Èß · ¥ß§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 91<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 §à“ IC 50<br />
·≈–§à“ Antiradical Efficiency ¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈<br />
π‘¥¢Õß “√<br />
IC 50<br />
(g/ml)<br />
Antiradical<br />
Efficiency<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈ø√ÿ°‚µ (Chi+Fru) 488.45 a 0.00205 a<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈¡Õ≈‚µ (Chi+Mal) 172.56 b 0.00579 b<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈·≈§‚µ (Chi+Lac) 106.35 c 0.00940 c<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈°≈Ÿ‚§ (Chi+Glu) 57.52 d 0.01738 d<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈°“·≈§‚µ (Chi+Gal) 28.50 e 0.03509 e<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈Õ–√“∫‘‚π (Chi+Ara) 26.38 e 0.03791 f<br />
À¡“¬‡Àµÿ -IC 50<br />
: §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ (g/ml) ∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ§à“ % radical scavenging<br />
activity ≈¥≈ß√âÕ¬≈– 50<br />
-Õ—°…√∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·π«µ—Èß · ¥ß§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p 0.05)
92 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
Absorbance (700 nm)<br />
1.60<br />
1.40<br />
1.20<br />
1.00<br />
0.80<br />
0.60<br />
0.40<br />
0.20<br />
Lac<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Lac<br />
Absorbance (700 nm)<br />
0.90<br />
0.80<br />
0.70<br />
0.60<br />
0.50<br />
0.40<br />
0.30<br />
0.20<br />
0.10<br />
Mal<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Mal<br />
0.00<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
0.00<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
(c)<br />
(d)<br />
Absorbance (700 nm)<br />
0.40<br />
0.35<br />
0.30<br />
0.25<br />
0.20<br />
0.15<br />
0.10<br />
0.05<br />
0.00<br />
Fru<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Fru<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
Absorbance (700 nm)<br />
2.40<br />
2.20<br />
2.00<br />
1.80<br />
1.60<br />
1.40<br />
1.20<br />
1.00<br />
0.80<br />
0.60<br />
0.40<br />
0.20<br />
0.00<br />
Ara<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Ara<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
(e)<br />
(f)<br />
Absorbance (700 nm)<br />
2.40<br />
2.20<br />
2.00<br />
1.80<br />
1.60<br />
1.40<br />
1.20<br />
1.00<br />
0.80<br />
0.60<br />
0.40<br />
0.20<br />
0.00<br />
Gal<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Gal<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
Absorbance (700 nm)<br />
2.20<br />
2.00<br />
1.80<br />
1.60<br />
1.40<br />
1.20<br />
1.00<br />
0.80<br />
0.60<br />
0.40<br />
0.20<br />
0.00<br />
Glu<br />
Chi<br />
Chi+Glu<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Concentration (% )<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 Reducing power ¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈π‘¥µà“ßÊ (a : lactose,<br />
b: maltose, c: fructose, d: arabinose, e: galactose and f: glucose) ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫‰§‚µ·´π·≈–<br />
πÈ”µ“≈‡¥’ˬ«Ê
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 93<br />
Absorbance (700 nm)<br />
2.50<br />
2.00<br />
1.50<br />
1.00<br />
0.50<br />
0.00<br />
Chi+Fru<br />
Chi+Mal<br />
Chi+Lac<br />
Chi+Glu<br />
Chi+Ara<br />
Chi+Gal<br />
BHA<br />
d ee<br />
e<br />
c<br />
b<br />
a<br />
b<br />
a<br />
de<br />
ee<br />
c<br />
a<br />
b<br />
ee<br />
e<br />
d<br />
c<br />
a<br />
b<br />
c<br />
d d<br />
d<br />
d<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Concentration (%)<br />
a<br />
b<br />
c<br />
e<br />
ef f<br />
d<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 6 Reducing power ¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈π‘¥µà“ßÊ ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫ BHA<br />
(100% “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ: ‡°‘¥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¢Õß°“√≈–≈“¬πÈ”µ“≈ 1 °√—¡ „π “√≈–≈“¬ 1% ¢Õß<br />
‰§‚µ·´π„π°√¥Õ–´‘µ‘¥ 1% ª√‘¡“µ√ 100 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√·≈â«„À⧫“¡√âÕπ, 100% BHA : ≈–≈“¬ BHA<br />
1 °√—¡„π πÈ”°≈—Ëπ 100 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√) Õ—°…√ a, b, c, d ·≈– e · ¥ß§«“¡·µ°µà“ßÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘<br />
(p < 0.05)<br />
√ÿª<br />
°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–<br />
¢Õߺ≈º≈‘µ®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√奢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–<br />
πÈ”µ“≈ 6 π‘¥ æ∫«à“ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õß<br />
‰§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈∑ÿ°π‘¥¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√<br />
µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–∑’Ë¥’°«à“‰§‚µ·´π‡¥’ˬ«Ê ‚¥¬ “√<br />
ª√–°Õ∫ ‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈Õ–√“∫‘‚π<br />
¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘<br />
„π°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ<br />
∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¡“°°«à“‰§‚µ·´πÀ√◊ÕπÈ”µ“≈‡¥’ˬ«Ê ¡’<br />
§«“¡‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡¡≈≈“√奷≈–°“√‡°‘¥<br />
polymerization ´÷Ëß°≈‰°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π<br />
°“√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–Õ“®‡°‘¥®“°°“√®—¥‡√’¬ßµ—«„À¡à<br />
¢Õß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ °“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È· ¥ß∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫‡‘ß´âÕπ¢Õ߉§‚µ·´π·≈–πÈ”µ“≈„π<br />
°“√𔉪„⇪ìπ “√°—πÀ◊π„πÕÿµ “À°√√¡Õ“À“√<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√„â “√‡µ‘¡·µàß„πÕ“À“√∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√<br />
—߇§√“–Àå<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
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❏❏❏❏❏
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 96-104 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 96-104 (2011)<br />
§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–·≈–Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«<br />
ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ<br />
Characterization and Shelf Life of Cold Pressed<br />
Organic Jasmine Rice Bran oil<br />
¿—∑√“¿√≥å ·°â«°Ÿ≈ 1<br />
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ<br />
ß“π«‘®—¬π’ȉ¥â»÷°…“§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß°“¬¿“懧¡’·≈–Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫<br />
∫’∫‡¬Áπµ“¡¡“µ√∞“π ¡Õ°. 47-2553 πÈ”¡—πæ◊∫√‘‚¿§ º≈°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“ §à“¥—π’À—°‡À §à“§«“¡◊Èπ §à“°√¥<br />
§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å ·≈–§à“‰Õ‚Õ¥’π ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 1.3294 √âÕ¬≈– 0.20 1.36 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ KOH / °√—¡πÈ”¡—π 3.12<br />
¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ °‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”¡—π ·≈– 93.02 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°√—¡πÈ”¡—𠵓¡≈”¥—∫ °√¥‰¢¡—πÕߧåª√–°Õ∫ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬<br />
°√¥ª“≈å¡‘µ‘° (√âÕ¬≈– 21.79) °√¥ ‡µ’¬√‘° (√âÕ¬≈– 1.86) °√¥‚Õ‡≈Õ‘° (√âÕ¬≈– 44.85) °√¥≈‘‚π‡≈Õ‘° (√âÕ¬≈–<br />
31.32) ·≈–°√¥≈‘‚π‡≈π‘° (√âÕ¬≈– 0.19) πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈ Ÿß∂÷ß √âÕ¬≈– 1.298 À√◊Õ 12,980<br />
ppm ´÷Ëß·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈‡ªìπ “√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–µ“¡∏√√¡“µ‘∑’Ëæ∫‡©æ“–„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“« º≈°“√»÷°…“¢ÕßÕ“¬ÿ<br />
°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπæ∫«à“ §à“°√¥¡’Õ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ßâ“Ê √âÕ¬≈– 0.127<br />
∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 60 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡«≈“ºà“π‰ª 2 «—π ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 0.310 „πÀπ÷Ë߇¥◊Õπ ¢≥–∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
50 ·≈– 40 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ¡’Õ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 0.270 ·≈– 0.200 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ‡¡◊ËÕπ”§à“°√¥¡“§“¥<br />
§–‡πÕ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ¡’Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 1697.23 «—π À√◊Õ<br />
4.6 ªï ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
1<br />
“¢“«‘“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’°“√Õ“À“√ ¿“§«‘“‡°…µ√·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬<br />
√“¿—Ø ÿ√‘π∑√å ®—ßÀ«—¥ ÿ√‘π∑√å 32000<br />
* E-mail: p_kaewkool@yahoo.com
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 97<br />
Abstract<br />
In this research work, the physico-chemical parameters and shelf-life of cold pressed organic<br />
jasmine rice bran oil are examined based on Thai Industrial Standards TIS 47-2533 (1990) Edible oil. The<br />
results indicate that the refractive index, moisture value, acid value, peroxide value and iodine value are<br />
1.3294, 0.20%, 1.36 mg KOH/g oil, 3.12 mg/kg oil and 93.02 mg/g oil, respectively. The fatty acid<br />
compositions include palmitic acid (21.79%), stearic acid (1.86%), oleic acid (44.85%), linoleic acid (31.32%)<br />
and linolenic acid (0.19%). Gamma-oryzanol which serves as a natural antioxidant is found in cold pressed<br />
organic jasmine rice bran oil at a high level up to 1.298%. The results of shelf-life of cold pressed organic<br />
jasmine rice bran oil show that the acid value increased slowly in the second day (0.127 %) at 60 ÌC and<br />
reached the value of 0.310% in one month. Moreover, the increment of acid value is 0.270% and 0.200%,<br />
at 50 ÌC and 40 ÌC, respectively. By using acid values, it was estimated that shelf-life of the cold pressed<br />
organic jasmine rice bran oil was 1697.23 day (4.6 year) at 25 ÌC.<br />
§” ”§—≠ : §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß°“¬¿“懧¡’ πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“<br />
Keywords : Physico-chemical parameters, Cold pressed organic jasmine rice bran oil, Shelf - life<br />
∫∑π”<br />
πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«‡ªìππÈ”¡—π∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥§à“∑“ß<br />
‚¿π“°“√ Ÿß “¡“√∂ °—¥‰¥â®“° à«π¢Õß√”¢â“« (rice<br />
bran) ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈æ≈Õ¬‰¥â®“°°√–∫«π°“√¢—¥ ’¢â“«<br />
(milling process) ‚¥¬¡’√”¢â“«‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫<br />
ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 8-10 ¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—°¢â“«‡ª≈◊Õ° ®“°<br />
√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«®—¥‡ªìππÈ”¡—π‰¡àÕ‘Ë¡µ—«<br />
‡æ√“–¡’ —¥ à«π¢Õß°√¥‰¢¡—π‰¡àÕ‘Ë¡µ—«∑—È߇‘߇¥’ˬ«<br />
(mono-unsaturated fatty acid) √âÕ¬≈– 45 ·≈–‡‘ß´âÕπ<br />
(poly-unsaturated fatty acid) √âÕ¬≈– 37 „π¢≥–∑’Ë¡’<br />
°√¥‰¢¡—πÕ‘Ë¡µ—«πâÕ¬§◊Õ√âÕ¬≈– 18 πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫«à“¡’<br />
“√∫“ßπ‘¥∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘‡ªìπ “√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–<br />
µ“¡∏√√¡“µ‘ ‡àπ «‘µ“¡‘πÕ’ (‚∑‚§øï√Õ≈; tocopherols<br />
·≈–‚∑‚§‰µ√Õ’πÕ≈; tocotrienols) ·≈–·°¡¡“-<br />
‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈ (gamma-oryzanol) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ “√°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë<br />
‰¡à “¡“√∂ –ªÕππ‘ø“¬¥å (sponifly) ‰¥â ®“°°“√<br />
»÷°…“¢Õß Ju and Vali (2005) æ∫«à“ “√°≈ÿà¡π’È¡’ Ÿß<br />
∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 4.2 ¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—°√”¢â“«∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ Bergman and<br />
Xu (2003) æ∫«à“·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«<br />
®– Ÿß°«à“‚∑‚§øï√Õ≈ ·≈–‚∑‚§‰µ√Õ’πÕ≈∂÷ß 13-20 ‡∑à“<br />
®“°°“√»÷°…“∂÷ߧÿ≥ª√–‚¬πå¢Õß·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈<br />
„π¥â“πµà“ßÊ ¡’¡“°¡“¬∑—Èß∑“ߥâ“πÕ“À“√ ‡àπ Sasaki<br />
et al. (1990) »÷°…“°“√„â “√·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈<br />
‡ªìπ “√°—πÀ◊π„ππÈ”¡—πæ◊ ·≈–‡ªìπ “√°—π‡ ’¬„π<br />
Õ“À“√ ∑“ߥâ“π‡§√◊ËÕß ”Փ߄⇪ìπ à«πº ¡¢Õß<br />
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑“‡ â㧭 ·≈–∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ‡àπ Rong<br />
et al. (1994) ‰¥â„⇪ìπµ—«à«¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥‚§‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈<br />
„πæ≈“ ¡“ ≈¥°“√√«¡µ—«¢Õ߇°≈Á¥‡≈◊Õ¥ ·≈–૬<br />
‡æ‘Ë¡°“√æ—≤π“°≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕ Tadahisa and Donald (1991)<br />
æ∫«à“·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈‰¡à°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡º‘¥ª°µ‘<br />
¢Õ߬’π ‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß ·≈–‡π◊ÈÕßÕ° ·≈–®“°<br />
°“√»÷°…“¢Õß Krishna et al. (2001) æ∫«à“ª√‘¡“≥<br />
·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«§‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 2<br />
¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«¥‘∫ ·≈–®– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª„π¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√<br />
∑”πÈ”¡—π„Àâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï<br />
πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«¡’ 2 π‘¥ §◊Õ πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«π‘¥<br />
∑’˺à“π°√√¡«‘∏’ (refined oil) ·≈–π‘¥∫’∫‡¬Áπ (cold press<br />
oil) πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«„π∑âÕßµ≈“¥‡ªìππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«π‘¥<br />
ºà“π°√√¡«‘∏’ °—¥®“°√”¢â“« ‚¥¬°“√„â “√‡§¡’·≈–<br />
ºà“𧫓¡√âÕπ Ÿß„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µπÈ”¡—π∫√‘‚¿§ ®÷ß
98 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
Ÿ≠‡ ’¬ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ“À“√∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‡àπ «‘µ“¡‘πÕ’ ·≈–<br />
·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈‰ª‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“° µà“ß®“°<br />
πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ∑’Ë °—¥πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«¥â«¬<br />
‡§√◊ËÕß∫’∫Õ—¥·∫∫‡°≈’¬«Õ—¥ (screw press) ®–¬—ߧߡ’<br />
“√ ”§—≠Õ¬Ÿà ª√‘¡“≥·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π<br />
πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«π—Èπ®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫æ—π∏ÿå¢â“«·≈–«‘∏’°“√ °—¥<br />
§¡ —π Àÿµ–·æ∑¬å (2550) æ∫«à“°“√ °—¥πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«<br />
¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕ߇°≈’¬«Õ—¥·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ®–¡’·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈<br />
Ÿß∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 1-2 À√◊Õ 10,000-20,000 ppm ( à«π„π<br />
≈â“π à«π) ¢≥–∑’ËπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«·∫∫ºà“π°√–∫«π°“√<br />
„â “√‡§¡’·≈–§«“¡√âÕπ®–¡’·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈‡À≈◊Õ<br />
Õ¬Ÿà‡æ’¬ß√âÕ¬≈– 0.0005 À√◊Õ 500 ppm ªí®®ÿ∫—πºŸâº≈‘µ<br />
∫“ß√“¬ª√—∫ª√ÿß°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«·∫∫<br />
ºà“π°√√¡«‘∏’∑’Ë„âª√ÿßÕ“À“√„Àâ§ß¡’ª√‘¡“≥·°¡¡“-<br />
‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 0.004 À√◊Õ 4,000 ppm<br />
Krishna et al. (2006) æ∫«à“ª√‘¡“≥·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈<br />
∑’ˇµ‘¡≈߉ª„ππÈ”¡—πæ◊¡’º≈∑”„ÀâÕ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ<br />
¢Õß°√¥‰¢¡—πÕ‘ √–≈¥≈ß ´÷Ëß°√¥‰¢¡—πÕ‘ √–®–‡ªìπµ—«<br />
∫àß∫Õ°§ÿ≥¿“æ·≈–Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“¢ÕßπÈ”¡—πæ◊<br />
‚¥¬°√¥‰¢¡—πÕ‘ √–®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°≈‘ËπÀ◊π àߺ≈„Àâ<br />
Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π —Èπ≈ß ¥—ßπ—Èπ°√–∑√«ß<br />
“∏“√≥ ÿ¢¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬®÷߉¥â°”Àπ¥¡“µ√∞“π<br />
„Àâª√‘¡“≥¢Õß°√¥‰¢¡—πÕ‘ √–„ππÈ”¡—πæ◊∫√‘‚¿§<br />
‰¡à§«√ Ÿß°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 0.6 À√◊Õ 6,000 ppm ·≈–<br />
ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß°√¥‰¢¡—πÕ‘ √–„ππÈ”¡—πæ◊π‘¥∫’∫‡¬Áπ<br />
‰¡à§«√ Ÿß°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 4.0 À√◊Õ 40,000 ppm<br />
®—ßÀ«—¥ ÿ√‘π∑√凪ìπ·À≈àߪ≈Ÿ°¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘<br />
§ÿ≥¿“楒∑’Ë ÿ¥¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ·≈–‡ªìπ®—ßÀ«—¥π”√àÕߺ≈‘µ<br />
¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å (organic jasmine rice) À°√≥å<br />
‡°…µ√Õ‘π∑√’¬å°Õß∑ÿπ¢â“« ÿ√‘π∑√å (Rice Fund Surin<br />
Organic Agriculture Cooperative Ltd.; RFSOAC)<br />
à߇ √‘¡‡°…µ√°√º≈‘µ¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å ®π°√–∑—Ëß<br />
‰¥â¡“µ√∞“πº≈‘µ¿—≥±å‡°…µ√Õ‘π∑√’¬å (Organic<br />
Agriculture Certification Thailand; A.C.T.) πÕ°®“°<br />
π’Ȭ—ߺ≈‘µπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ®“°√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘<br />
Õ‘π∑√’¬å (cold pressed organic jasmine rice bran oil)<br />
À“°®– à߇ √‘¡πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ<br />
‡ªìπ ‘π§â“‡°…µ√Õ‘π∑√’¬å ª√–‡¿∑Õ“À“√‡ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ<br />
(health food) ¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥ ÿ√‘π∑√å„πÕ𓧵 ®”‡ªìπ<br />
µâÕß∑√“∫§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߺ≈‘µ¿—≥±å ¥—ßπ—Èπß“π«‘®—¬π’È®÷ß<br />
∑”°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–·≈–Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π<br />
√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ ‡æ◊ËՄ⇪ìπ<br />
·π«∑“ß„π°“√¢Õ√—∫√Õß¡“µ√∞“π‡°…µ√Õ‘π∑√’¬åµàÕ‰ª<br />
«‘∏’°“√«‘®—¬<br />
«—µ∂ÿ¥‘∫·≈– “√‡§¡’<br />
1. πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ<br />
®“° À°√≥凰…µ√Õ‘π∑√’¬å°Õß∑ÿπ¢â“« ÿ√‘π∑√å ®—ßÀ«—¥<br />
ÿ√‘π∑√å<br />
2. °√¥Õ–´‘µ‘° ‡Œ°‡´π ‚∑≈ŸÕ’π ‡¡∑“πÕ≈<br />
‡Õ∑“πÕ≈ ‰¥‡Õ∏‘≈Õ’‡∑Õ√å ·≈–§≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡ ‡ªìπ “√<br />
‡§¡’‡°√¥«‘‡§√“–À宓°∫√‘…—∑ RCI Lab Scan ®”°—¥<br />
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‚ª·µ ‡´’¬¡‰Õ‚Õ‰¥¥å ·≈–‚´‡¥’¬¡<br />
‰∏‚Õ´—≈‡øµ ‡ªìπ “√‡§¡’‡°√¥«‘‡§√“–À宓°∫√‘…—∑<br />
Rankem ª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ‚´‡¥’¬¡´—≈‡øµª≈Õ¥πÈ”<br />
‚´‡¥’¬¡§“√å∫Õ‡πµª≈Õ¥πÈ” ·≈–‚´‡¥’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å<br />
‡ªìπ “√‡§¡’‡°√¥«‘‡§√“–À宓°∫√‘…—∑ Merck ®”°—¥<br />
ª√–‡∑»‡¬Õ√¡—π<br />
3. “√¡“µ√∞“π ·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈ 95 %<br />
®“°∫√‘…—∑´Ÿ‚π (Suno) ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ ‡Œæµ–‡¥§“‚πÕ‘°<br />
·Õ´‘¥ 99 % ®“°∫√‘…—∑´‘°¡“ ‡§¡‘§Õ≈ ‡´πÀ≈ÿ¬ å<br />
ª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“<br />
¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√∑¥≈Õß<br />
1. π”πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫<br />
‡¬Á𫑇§√“–Àå§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß°“¬¿“懧¡’§◊Õ§à“¥—π’À—°‡À<br />
§à“°√¥ §à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å ·≈–§à“‰Õ‚Õ¥’𠵓¡«‘∏’°“√<br />
¢Õß AOAC (2000)<br />
2. ‡µ√’¬¡πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫<br />
∫’∫‡¬Á𫑇§√“–Àå°√¥‰¢¡—πÕߧåª√–°Õ∫„π√Ÿª°√¥‰¢¡—π<br />
‡¡∑‘≈‡Õ ‡∑Õ√å ¥—¥·ª≈ß«‘∏’®“° Jeyashoke et al. (1998)<br />
‚¥¬—ËßπÈ”¡—πµ—«Õ¬à“ß 0.1 °√—¡ „ àÀ≈Õ¥∑¥≈ÕßΩ“‡°≈’¬«<br />
¢π“¥ª√–¡“≥ 20 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‡µ‘¡‚∑≈ŸÕ’π 10 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 99<br />
·≈⫇¢¬à“„À⇢⓰—π ¥Ÿ¥ “√≈–≈“¬¡“ 3 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√„ àÀ≈Õ¥<br />
∑¥≈ÕßÕ’°À≈Õ¥ ‡µ‘¡ “√≈–≈“¬‚´‡¥’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å<br />
1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ (1 % in MeOH) ªî¥Ω“„π·πàπ‡¢¬à“„Àâ<br />
‡¢â“°—π 𔉪„À⧫“¡√âÕπ„π‰¡‚§√‡«ø 10 ∂÷ß 15<br />
«‘π“∑’ ∑”„À⇬Áπ∑—π∑’ ‡µ‘¡°√¥Õ–´‘µ‘° 1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√<br />
µ“¡¥â«¬ “√≈–≈“¬‚´‡¥’¬¡§“√å∫Õ‡πµ 1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√<br />
(4 % in H 2<br />
O) ‡¢¬à“„À⇢⓰—π≈â“ߥ⫬πÈ”°≈—Ëπ 3 §√—Èß<br />
√Õ„Àâ·¬°—Èπ¥Ÿ¥ à«π„ ¥â“π∫π„ àÀ≈Õ¥∑¥≈Õß<br />
¢π“¥‡≈Á° ‡µ‘¡ºß‚´‡¥’¬¡´—≈‡øµª≈Õ¥πÈ”≈߉ª‡≈Á°πâÕ¬<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ¥Ÿ¥πÈ”∑’˵‘¥§â“ßÕÕ° ‡°Á∫ à«π„ „ àÀ≈Õ¥∑¥≈Õß<br />
¢π“¥‡≈Á° π”µ—«Õ¬à“߉ª«‘‡§√“–Àå¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß GC<br />
Shimadzu √ÿàπ GC-14B µ√«®«—¥·∫∫‡ø≈¡‰ÕÕÕ-<br />
‰π‡´—π (FID) ®“°∫√‘…—∑ Shimadzu ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ<br />
§Õ≈—¡πå BPX-70 ‡§≈◊Õ∫¥â«¬ 70 % cyanopropyl<br />
polysilphene siloxane §«“¡Àπ“øî≈å¡ 0.25 ‰¡‚§√‡¡µ√<br />
¢π“¥‡ âπºà“π»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ß 0.25 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√ ¬“« 15 ‡¡µ√<br />
®“°∫√‘…—∑ SGE International Pty.Ltd. ª√–‡∑»<br />
ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ¿“«–∑’Ë„â„π°“√∑¥≈Õß §◊Õ ·°ä Œ’‡≈’¬¡<br />
‡ªìπ·°ä µ—«æ“ (carrier gas) Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Õ≈—¡πå 160<br />
Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘Õ‘π‡®°‡µÕ√å ·≈–µ—«µ√«®«—¥<br />
230 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ©’¥ “√ª√‘¡“µ√ 0.2 ‰¡‚§√≈‘µ√<br />
3. ‡µ√’¬¡πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫<br />
∫’∫‡¬Á𫑇§√“–Àåª√‘¡“≥·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß<br />
UV-spectrophotometer Shimadzu √ÿàπ UV-1601 ‚¥¬<br />
°“√‡®◊Õ®“ßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ¥â«¬<br />
‡Œ°‡´π∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 25 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ 𔉪<br />
«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 315 π“‚π‡¡µ√<br />
®“°π—Èπ∑”°“√§”π«≥À“ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈<br />
µàÕπÈ”Àπ—°·ÀâߢÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ<br />
‰¥â‚¥¬°“√‡∑’¬∫°—∫°√“ø¡“µ√∞“π<br />
4. ‡µ√’¬¡πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫<br />
∫’∫‡¬Áπ‡æ◊ËÕ§“¥§–‡πÕ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«<br />
ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ ‚¥¬∫√√®ÿπÈ”¡—π„ ࢫ¥<br />
’“ª√‘¡“≥ 40 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ ‡°Á∫∫à¡∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 40 50<br />
·≈– 60 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß«‘‡§√“–Àå §à“°√¥<br />
·≈–§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å∑ÿ°«—π„π —ª¥“Àå·√° ·≈–∑ÿ°<br />
3 «—π„π —ª¥“Àå∑’Ë Õß®π§√∫ 1 ‡¥◊Õπ π”Õ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡<br />
¢÷Èπ¢Õß§à“°√¥ ·≈–§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å¡“§“¥§–‡πÕ“¬ÿ°“√<br />
‡°Á∫√—°…“¥â«¬ ¡°“√Õ“√å‡√‡π’¬ (arrhenius equation)<br />
¡°“√∑’Ë (1) ( ¡æ≈ ª√–§Õßæ—π∏å, 2534)<br />
Ea<br />
log k log A <br />
2.303RT<br />
(1)<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ„Àâ k=§à“§ß∑’ËÕ—µ√“‡√Á« (rate constant; time -1 )<br />
A=§à“§ß∑’Ë®“°·ø°‡µÕ√姫“¡∂’Ë (frequency<br />
factor; mole -1 .sec -1 )<br />
Ea= æ≈—ßß“π°√–µÿâπ (activation energy;<br />
cal.mole -1 )<br />
R=§à“§ß∑’Ë¢Õß·°ä (gas constant = 1.987<br />
cal.mole. K -1 )<br />
T=Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘Õß»“ —¡∫Ÿ√≥å (Temperature; K=<br />
ÌC + 273)<br />
´÷Ëß°“√„â ¡°“√Õ“√å‡√‡π’¬ §à“ A ·≈– Ea À“<br />
‰¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß‚¥¬«—¥§à“§ß∑’Ë¢ÕßÕ—µ√“‡√Á« (k) °“√<br />
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ§à“°√¥·≈–§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 40 50<br />
·≈– 60 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ·≈â«æ≈äÕµ√–À«à“ß log k °—∫<br />
1/T ‰¥â°√“ø‡ âπµ√ß §«“¡—π§◊Õ -Ea/2.303R ·≈–<br />
®ÿ¥µ—¥·π«·°πµ—Èß §◊Õ log A<br />
º≈°“√∑¥≈Õß<br />
º≈°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß°“¬¿“懧¡’<br />
¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ<br />
®“°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß°“¬¿“懧¡’<br />
¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ §à“<br />
¥—π’À—°‡À §à“§«“¡◊Èπ §à“°√¥ §à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å ·≈–<br />
§à“‰Õ‚Õ¥’π ‡∑à“°—∫ 1.3294 √âÕ¬≈– 0.20 1.36 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡<br />
KOH/ °√—¡πÈ”¡—π 3.12 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ °‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”¡—π ·≈–<br />
93.02 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ °√—¡πÈ”¡—𠵓¡≈”¥—∫ º≈°“√»÷°…“<br />
‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡¡“µ√∞“πº≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ¡Õ°. 47-<br />
2533 πÈ”¡—πæ◊∫√‘‚¿§ °”Àπ¥§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß°“¬¿“æ<br />
‡§¡’¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«º≈‘µ«‘∏’∏√√¡“µ‘¡’§à“¥—π’À—°‡À
100 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
√–À«à“ß 1.46-1.47 §à“§«“¡◊Èπ‰¡à‡°‘π√âÕ¬≈– 0.2 §à“<br />
°√¥‰¡à‡°‘π 4 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ KOH/ °√—¡πÈ”¡—π §à“‡ªÕ√å<br />
ÕÕ°‰´¥å‰¡à‡°‘π 10 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ °‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”¡—π ·≈–<br />
§à“‰Õ‚Õ¥’π√–À«à“ß 92-115 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ °√—¡πÈ”¡—π<br />
ª√‘¡“≥·≈–π‘¥°√¥‰¢¡—πÕߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß<br />
πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ «‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß GC ‚§√¡“‚µ·°√¡· ¥ß¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 °√¥<br />
‰¢¡—πÕߧåª√–°Õ∫ ‰¥â·°à °√¥ª“≈å¡‘µ‘° (C16:0)<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 21.79 °√¥ ‡µ’¬√‘° (C18:0) √âÕ¬≈– 1.86 °√¥<br />
‚Õ‡≈Õ‘° (C18:1) √âÕ¬≈– 44.85 °√¥≈‘‚π‡≈Õ‘° (C18:2)<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 31.32 ·≈–°√¥≈‘‚π‡≈π‘° (C18:3) √âÕ¬≈– 0.19<br />
º≈ß“π«‘®—¬ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ß“π«‘®—¬¢Õß Sugano and Tsuji<br />
(1997), Tahira et al. (2007) ·≈– Van Hoed et al.<br />
(2006) √“¬ß“π«à“ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß°√¥‚Õ‡≈Õ‘°·≈–°√¥<br />
≈‘‚π‡≈Õ‘°„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«¡’¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 70 ¢Õß<br />
Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß°√¥‰¢¡—π∑—ÈßÀ¡¥<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ‚§√¡“‚µ·°√¡¢Õß°√¥‰¢¡—πµà“ßÊ„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Á𫑇§√“–Àå¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß<br />
GC 14B §Õ≈—¡πå BPX-70 (15m x 0.25mm i.d.) Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘§Õ≈—¡πå 160 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
Õ‘π‡®°‡µÕ√å ·≈–µ—«µ√«®«—¥ 230 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
ª√‘¡“≥·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«<br />
ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ«—¥®“°§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π<br />
· ߥ⫬‡§√◊ËÕß UV-spectrophotometer ∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ<br />
315 π“‚π‡¡µ√ „⇌°‡´π‡ªìπµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ ·≈–‡∑’¬∫<br />
°—∫°√“ø¡“µ√∞“π·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈ æ∫«à“ ª√‘¡“≥<br />
·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å<br />
·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ¡’ Ÿß∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 1.298 À√◊Õ 12,980 ppm<br />
Ÿß°«à“πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ºà“π°√√¡«‘∏’ ·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“<br />
¢Õߧ≥‘»“ °‘µµ‘√—µπ‰æ∫Ÿ≈¬å ·≈–§≥– (2552) æ∫«à“<br />
ª√‘¡“≥·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ºà“π<br />
°√√¡«‘∏’∑’Ë«“ߢ“¬„π∑âÕßµ≈“¥¡’ª√‘¡“≥‡∑à“°—∫ 1,543<br />
·≈– 300 ppm ∑—Èßπ’ȇπ◊ËÕß¡“®“°¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√∑”∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï<br />
¢Õß·µà≈–‚√ßß“π¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π Krishna et al.<br />
(2001) ‰¥â»÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß°“√∑”πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«¥‘∫<br />
„Àâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï ·≈–Õߧåª√–°Õ∫·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈<br />
„π¢â“«Õ‘π‡¥’¬ æ∫«à“ ª√‘¡“≥·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈„π<br />
πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«¢ÕßÕ‘π‡¥’¬ 18 π‘¥®–Õ¬Ÿà„πà«ß√âÕ¬≈–<br />
1.63-2.72 „ππÈ”¡—π¥‘∫ ·≈–ß“π«‘®—¬¢Õß πæ¡“»<br />
¡π— «√“°ÿ≈ (2545) √–∫ÿ«à“ª√‘¡“≥·°¡¡“-‚Õ‰√´“πÕ≈<br />
·≈–«‘µ“¡‘πÕ’„π¢â“«‰∑¬ “¬æ—π∏ÿåµà“ßÊ ®–Õ¬Ÿà„πà«ß<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 1.04-1.96 „ππÈ”¡—π¥‘∫
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 101<br />
º≈«‘‡§√“–Àå°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß§à“°√¥·≈–§à“<br />
‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å<br />
§à“°√¥·≈–§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å‡ªìπµ—«¥—π’∫àß’È<br />
§ÿ≥¿“æ¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ<br />
¥—ßπ—Èπß“π«‘®—¬π’È®÷߇°Á∫∫ࡵ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘<br />
Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 40 50 ·≈– 60 Õß»“<br />
‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”°“√µ√«®«‘‡§√“–Àå°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß<br />
§à“°√¥·≈–§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å¥â«¬°“√‰µ‡µ√∑µ“¡«‘∏’<br />
AOAC (2000) º≈· ¥ß¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 2<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß§à“°√¥·≈–‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘µà“ßÊ<br />
®“°√Ÿª®–‡ÀÁπ«à“Õ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß§à“°√¥<br />
·≈–§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å„ππÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å<br />
·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ¢÷Èπ°—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ŸßªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡°‘¥‰¥â<br />
‡√Á«°«à“π—Èπ§◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 40 50 ·≈– 60 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ‡«≈“ºà“π‰ª 2 «—π §à“°√¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ√âÕ¬≈– 0.124<br />
0.126 ·≈– 0.127 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ·≈–§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å<br />
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ√âÕ¬≈– 0.171 0.313 ·≈– 0.535 µ“¡≈”¥—∫<br />
·≈–¿“¬„π 1 ‡¥◊Õπ §à“°√¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ√âÕ¬≈– 0.200 0.270<br />
·≈– 0.310 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ·≈–§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 0.270 0.402 ·≈– 0.571 µ“¡≈”¥—∫<br />
º≈°“√§“¥§–‡πÕ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“πÈ”¡—π<br />
√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ<br />
°“√°”Àπ¥§ÿ≥¿“æÀ√◊ÕÕ“¬ÿ¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π<br />
“¡“√∂¥Ÿ‰¥â®“°°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¢Õ߉µ√°≈’‡´Õ‰√¥å‡°‘¥<br />
°√¥‰¢¡—πÕ‘ √– °√¥‰¢¡—πÕ‘ √–‡¡◊ËÕ∂Ÿ°ÕÕ°´‘‰¥´å®–<br />
‡°‘¥°≈‘Ëπ‡ÀÁπÀ◊π„ππÈ”¡—π∑”„Àâ‰¡à‡ªìπ∑’˵âÕß°“√¢Õß<br />
ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√§“¥§–‡πÕ“¬ÿ°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“¢Õß<br />
πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ ®÷ß„â§à“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ-<br />
·ª≈ߢÕß§à“°√¥ ·≈–§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å ‚¥¬„âÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
‡ªìπµ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“°“√‡ ◊ËÕ¡ ¿“æ¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π ª√°µ‘<br />
Õ—µ√“°“√ ≈“¬µ—«¢Õߺ≈‘µ¿—≥±å®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π√“« 2-3<br />
‡∑à“ ∑ÿ°Ê 10 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷È𠧫“¡ —¡æ—π∏å
102 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
‡àππ’ȇªìπ‰ªµ“¡ ¡°“Õ“√å‡√‡π’¬ ¡°“√∑’Ë (1) ®“°<br />
º≈°“√«‘®—¬‡¡◊ËÕπ”Õ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß§à“°√¥·≈–<br />
§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å®“°«—π∑’Ë 0 ‰ª «—π∑’Ë 1 ¢ÕßπÈ”¡—π<br />
√”¢â“«ÀÕ¡¡–≈‘Õ‘π∑√’¬å·∫∫∫’∫‡¬Áπ‡ªìπ§à“§ß∑’ËÕ—µ√“‡√Á«<br />
(k) ¡“æ≈äÕµ°√“ø· ¥ß§«“¡ —¡º— √–À«à“ß log k °—∫<br />
1/T ‰¥â°√“ø¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 ·≈– 4<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 Arrhenius plot ¢ÕßÕ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß§à“°√¥<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 Arrhenius plot ¢ÕßÕ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß§à“‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å
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å<br />
104 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
§¡ —π Àÿµ–·æ∑¬å. (2550). πÈ”¡—π√”¢â“«§ÿ≥§à“¥—ß∑Õß.<br />
‡°…µ√°√√¡∏√√¡“µ‘ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4: Àπâ“ 28-36.<br />
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·≈– §≥‘µ °ƒ…≥—ß°Ÿ≈. (2552). °“√À“<br />
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∑’Ë«“ß®”Àπà“¬„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‚¥¬«‘∏’<br />
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·¬°µ“¡¢π“¥. «“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏.<br />
32(2-3) Àπâ“ 242-251.<br />
πæ¡“» ¡π— «√“°ÿ≈. (2545). °“√ ”√«®ª√‘¡“≥·°¡¡“-<br />
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µà“ßÊ. «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏åª√‘≠≠“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√¡À“-<br />
∫—≥±‘µ “¢“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’’«‡§¡’ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬<br />
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’ °√ÿ߇∑æœ:<br />
Àπâ“ 82-106.<br />
¡æ≈ ª√–§Õßæ—π∏å. (2534). °“√»÷°…“§«“¡§ß<br />
¿“æ·∫∫‡√àß·≈–°”À𥫗π ‘ÈπÕ“¬ÿ¢Õ߬“.<br />
°“√»÷°…“§«“¡§ßµ—«¢Õ߇¿ —, »Ÿπ¬å∫√‘°“√<br />
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‡¿ —Õÿµ “À°√√¡, §≥–‡¿ —-<br />
»“ µ√å, ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬: 23-44.<br />
”π—°ß“π¡“µ√∞“πº≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕÿµ “À°√√¡. (2533).<br />
¡“µ√∞“πº≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕÿµ “À°√√¡, ¡Õ°. 47-<br />
2533. πÈ”¡—πæ◊∫√‘‚¿§.<br />
AOAC. (2000). Methods of Analysis. . Association<br />
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Association: Washington. DC.<br />
Bergman, C. J., and Xu, Z. (2003). Genotype and<br />
environment effects on tocopherols,<br />
tocotrienols and gamma-oryzanol content<br />
of Southern US rice. Cereal Chemistry. 80:<br />
446-449.<br />
Jeyashoke, N., Krisnangkura, K. and Chen, S. T.<br />
(1998). Microwave induced rapid<br />
transmethylation of fatty acids for analysis<br />
of food oil. Journal of Chromatography A.<br />
818:133-137.<br />
Ju, Y. H. and Vali, S. R. (2005). Rice Bran Oil as<br />
a Potential Resource for Biodiesel. Journal<br />
of Science Industrial Research. 64: 822.<br />
❏❏❏❏❏<br />
Krishna, A. G. G., Hemakumar, K. H. and Khatoon,<br />
S. (2006): Acidity of Oryzanol and Its<br />
Contribution to Free Fatty Acids Value in<br />
Vegetable Oils. Journal American Oil<br />
Chemistsûs Society. 83: 999-1005.<br />
Krishna, A. G. G., Khatoon, S. Shela, P. M.,<br />
Sarmandal, C. V., Indira, T. N., Mishra, A.<br />
(2001). Effect of refining of crude rice bran<br />
oil on the retention of oryzanol in the<br />
refined oil. Journal American Oil Chemistsûs<br />
Society. 78: 127-131.<br />
Rong, N., Ausman, L. M. and Nicholosi, R. J. (1994).<br />
Rice bran oil decrease plasma LDL<br />
cholesterol by inhibitory dietary cholesterol<br />
absorption. Journal of the Federation of<br />
American Societies for Experimental<br />
Biology. 8: A162.<br />
Sasaki, J. Takada, Y. Kusuda, M. Tanabe, Y.<br />
Matsunaga, A. and Arakawa, K. (1990).<br />
Effects of gamma-oryzanol on serum lipids<br />
and apolipoproteins in dyslipidemic<br />
schizophrenics receiving major tranquilizero.<br />
Clinical Therapeutics. 12: 263-268.<br />
Sugano, M. and Tsuji, E. (1997). Rice bran oil<br />
and cholesterol metabolism. Nutrition.<br />
127: 521S-524S.<br />
Tadahisa, H. and Donald, A. (1991). Preventive<br />
effect of antioxidants on lipid peroxidation<br />
in the retina. Ophthalmic Research .23: 196-<br />
203.<br />
Tahira, R. Rehman, A. and Muhanmmad Anwar, B.<br />
(2007). Characterization of rice bran oil.<br />
Journal of Agricultural Research. 45: 225-<br />
230.<br />
Van Hoed,V. Depaemelaere, G. Vila Ayal, J.<br />
Santiwattana, and P. Verhé, R. (2006).<br />
Influence of Chemical Refining on the<br />
Major and Minor Components of Rice<br />
Bran Oil. Journal American Oil Chemistsûs<br />
Society. 83: 315-321.
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 105-112 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 105-112 (2011)<br />
≈“¬π‘È«¡◊Õ·≈–æÀÿªí≠≠“: °“√»÷°…“‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ<br />
Fingerprint Pattern and Multiple Intelligence:<br />
a Preliminary Study<br />
Somsong Nanakorn 1 , Niyada Honark 1 , Supannee Ungpansattawong 2 ,<br />
Wichuda Chaisiwamongkol 2 , Amnuay Maneesriwongul 2 , Rassame Suwanwerakamtorn 3 ,<br />
Sarintip Raksasataya 4 and Kusuma Chusilp 5<br />
Abstract<br />
This study aims at investigation of a relationship between fingerprint patterns and multiple<br />
intelligences (MI) i.e. the linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal,<br />
intrapersonal and naturalistic intelligences of school children. Subjects are 72 high school children who<br />
attended the Olympic academic course at the Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, northeastern<br />
Thailand. The MI data were assessed by the self-administered questionnaire which consists of 80 questions.<br />
Ten fingerprints of each subject were collected by scanning with the fingerprint scanner and the Automated<br />
Inkless Fingerprint Imaging Software. Results are as follows: (1) ten fingerprint patterns of most subjects are<br />
of two types i.e. whorls plus ulnar loops; (2) The right middle finger of whorl pattern is significantly related<br />
to the logical-mathematical intelligence high score. It is concluded that the whorl pattern on the right<br />
middle finger may be able to indicate the logical-mathematical intelligence high score. Large sample size is<br />
examined to determine a relationship between fingerprint patterns and other MI.<br />
Keywords: Fingerprint, Whorl pattern, Multiple intelligence<br />
1<br />
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002<br />
2<br />
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002<br />
3<br />
Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002<br />
4<br />
Faculty of Education, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002<br />
5<br />
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002
106 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
Introduction<br />
Dermal ridges on palm, fingertips, and<br />
soles appear in the third to fifth month of fetal<br />
development and the patterns remain unchanged<br />
(Penrose, 1969; Penrose and Ohara, 1973; Okajima,<br />
1975; Nora and Fraser, 1989). Disturbances can be<br />
caused environmentally by diseases such as fetal<br />
rubella, thalidomide poisoning (Penrose and Ohara,<br />
1973) or chromosomal aberration (Schaumann and<br />
Alter, 1976; Rajangam et al., 1995) or maternal<br />
stress during prenatal period (Babler, 1991; Brown<br />
et al., 2000; Rosa et al., 2001). The dermal ridges<br />
on fingertips called fingerprints are arranged in<br />
patterns and classified based on the number of<br />
triradii present (Holt, 1961). Thus, there is no<br />
triradius in a simple arch pattern, one triradius in<br />
loops (ulnar and radial), and two triradii in a whorl.<br />
Since Professor Howard Gardner (1983)<br />
initially identified the original seven different<br />
kinds of human intelligences i.e. linguistic, logicalmathematical,<br />
spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic,<br />
interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences in Frames<br />
of Mind, then added an eighth intelligence -<br />
naturalistic intelligence (Gardner, 1999). Short<br />
descriptions of those multiple intelligences (MI) are<br />
as follows: linguistic = smart in spoken & written<br />
language; logical-mathematical = smart in numbers<br />
& reason; spatial = smart in patterns of wide space;<br />
musical = smart in rhythm; bodily-kinesthetical =<br />
smart in bodily movement; interpersonal = smart in<br />
understanding other people; intrapersonal = smart in<br />
understanding themselves; naturalistic = smart in<br />
nature & the environment. Human beings are<br />
organisms who possess a basic set of intelligences<br />
and have a unique blend of their intelligences<br />
(Gardner, 1999). Though Gardnerûs theory of MI<br />
has not been readily accepted within academic<br />
psychology, it has however has met with a strong<br />
positive response from many educators and has helped<br />
them to reflect on their practices, and given them a<br />
basis to broaden their focus, and to attend to what<br />
might assist people to live their lives well (Smith,<br />
2008). Factors affecting human intelligences are<br />
biological endowment (including genes, and brain<br />
injuries during development), personal life history,<br />
and cultural background (Armstrong, 1994). The<br />
fingerprint pattern is also inherited from many genes<br />
(Penrose, 1969) and prenatal environments (Babler,<br />
1991; Brown et al., 2000; Rosa et al., 2001).<br />
Therefore, the authors hypothesize that MI and<br />
fingerprint patterns may be related. To assess MI<br />
from a fingerprint pattern would be easy, quick and<br />
useful for parents and teachers to promote the<br />
potentialities of their children. The aim of the pilot<br />
study was to describe the MI scores and analyze<br />
relationships between each MI score and the<br />
fingerprint patterns of school children. This research<br />
protocol had been reviewed and received ethical<br />
approval from the Khon Kaen University Ethics<br />
Committee for Human Research.<br />
Materials and methods<br />
Subjects: A total of 72 high school<br />
children who attended the Olympic academic course<br />
at the Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University,<br />
northeastern Thailand participated in the study.<br />
Instruments: Four kinds of instruments<br />
were used as follows:<br />
1. Laptop PC.<br />
2. Fingerprint sensor (digitalPersona Inc.,<br />
IT WORKS Co., Ltd., 2005).
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 107<br />
3. The Automated Inkless Fingerprint<br />
Imaging software (Nanakorn et al., 2006; 2007; 2008).<br />
4. MI questionnaire (Sintuwong, 2002; with<br />
written permission) which consists of 80 questions<br />
of the 8 MI categories (10 questions for each MI)<br />
scoring in 5 levels from 0 to 4 (This is not like me<br />
at all = 0, This is a bit like me = 1, This is<br />
sometimes like me = 2, I am like this more often<br />
than not = 3, I am always like this = 4).<br />
Sample collection: Prior to answering the<br />
MI questionnaire and scanning of fingertips, signed<br />
informed consents were obtained. Each subjectûs ten<br />
fingertips were scanned using the fingerprint sensor<br />
coupled with the Automated Inkless Fingerprint<br />
Imaging Software. The scanning method is described<br />
elsewhere (Nanakorn et al., 2007; 2008). Briefly,<br />
researchers performed scanning by touching each<br />
subjectûs fingertips on a touchpad of the fingerprint<br />
sensor, starting from the left hand; thumb, index,<br />
middle, ring, little fingers, followed by the right<br />
fingers of little, ring, middle, index, and thumb.<br />
These fingertipsû images are stored into a data<br />
base as a portable digital format (PDF) file<br />
before printing. Subjects also answered the MI<br />
questionnaire by themselves.<br />
Data analyses: Types of fingerprint<br />
patterns were identified by the first author according<br />
to the standard method set by Cummins and Midlo<br />
(1943). Four main types of fingerprint patterns were<br />
classified as whorl, ulnar loop, radial loop, and arch.<br />
Reliability of the MI questionnaire was analyzed<br />
using the alpha Cronbach. Sex difference of each<br />
mean MI score was analyzed using an independent<br />
sample t-test. Relationships between types of<br />
fingerprint pattern and means of each MI score were<br />
analyzed using an analysis of variances (ANOVA)<br />
and the independent sample t-test. The SPSS for<br />
Windows version 17.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA.)<br />
was used for statistical analyses at 95% level of<br />
confidence.<br />
Results<br />
Demographic characteristics<br />
Seventy two subjects were 43 males and<br />
29 females who identified themselves for training<br />
in Computers (20 persons = 27.8%), Physics (20<br />
persons = 27.8%), Mathematics (18 persons = 25.0%),<br />
and Biology (14 persons = 19.4%).<br />
Reliability<br />
Cronbachûs alpha of the 80 questions was<br />
equal to 0.917<br />
Multiple intelligence<br />
Descriptive analysis of mean scores of each<br />
MI by sex found that the intrapersonal intelligence<br />
of male subjects was higher than other MI (29.1+4.7;<br />
mean + standard deviation). The second and the<br />
third highest mean scores were logical-mathematical<br />
intelligence and musical intelligence (28.7+4.2,<br />
26.8+6.9, respectively). Female subjects also had<br />
the highest score of intrapersonal intelligence<br />
(27.5+3.5) followed by spatial intelligence (25.4+4.8),<br />
logical-mathematical intelligence (25.4+4.2), and<br />
interpersonal intelligence (25.3+4.3). Sex differences<br />
of MI mean scores analyzed by the independent<br />
sample t-test showed that male subjects had<br />
significantly higher mean MI scores than those of<br />
females [t (71)<br />
=3.22, p
108 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
found at 63.9%. Arch pattern was found on the<br />
right index (12.5%), the left index and middle<br />
fingers (11.1%), radial loop pattern appeared only<br />
on the index fingers (8.3% on the left index; 5.6%<br />
on the right index) as shown in Table 1. Diversity<br />
of types of fingerprint patterns of ten-finger was<br />
found mostly in two types of patterns i.e. whorl<br />
plus ulnar loop (41 subjects or 56.9%) as shown in<br />
Fig. 1.<br />
Figure 1. Image of ten-fingerprint obtained from the Automated Inkless Fingerprint Imaging Software.<br />
There are 8 ulnar loops [left thumb (L1), middle (L3), ring (L4), little (L5), and the right thumb<br />
(R1), index (R2), Middle (R3), and little fingers (R5)] and 2 whorls on the left index (L2) and<br />
right ring fingers (R4).<br />
Table 1. Percentages of types of fingerprint pattern by left and right fingers<br />
Pattern L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5<br />
W 56.9 50.0 30.6 61.1 25.0 63.9 47.2 38.9 69.4 34.7<br />
UL 41.7 30.6 58.3 33.3 70.8 36.1 34.7 59.7 29.2 61.1<br />
RL 0 8.3 0 0 0 0 5.6 0 0 0<br />
A 1.4 11.1 11.1 5.6 4.2 0 12.5 1.4 1.4 4.2<br />
Total<br />
(n)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
100.0<br />
(72)<br />
L1 = left thumb L2 = left index finger L3 = left middle finger<br />
L4 = left ring finger L5 = left little finger<br />
R1 = right thumb R2 = right index finger R3 = right middle finger<br />
R4 = right ring finger R5 = right little finger<br />
W = whorls (double loop whorl is included) UL = ulnar loop RL = radial loop A = arch
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 109<br />
Relationship between fingerprint pattern<br />
and multiple intelligence<br />
The ANOVA showed that only the mean<br />
score of the logical-mathematical MI had a<br />
statistical significant difference between three types<br />
of fingerprint patterns on the right middle finger i.e.<br />
whorl, ulnar loop, and arch [F (2,70)<br />
=4.42, p=0.02). In<br />
other words, pattern type on the right middle finger<br />
is able to indicate a subject who has a high mean<br />
score of the logical-mathematical MI. The other MI<br />
mean scores show no significant difference between<br />
groups of fingerprint pattern types. The next step<br />
of the analysis was to identify which type of<br />
fingerprint pattern on the right middle finger is<br />
able to indicate high mean scores of the logicalmathematical<br />
MI. Considering frequencies of each<br />
pattern type on the right middle finger, it was found<br />
that the ulnar loop was the most prevalent (59.7%),<br />
38.9% showed the whorl and only 1 subject (1.4%)<br />
had the arch. Thus the least frequency was deleted<br />
resulting in 71 subjects for the next analysis using<br />
the independent sample t-test. Results showed that<br />
the group of the whorl type had a significantly<br />
higher logical-mathematical MI mean score (29.21)<br />
than that of the ulnar loop type (26.12) [t (69)<br />
=-3.03,<br />
p=0.002]. This indicates that the whorl type<br />
pattern on the right middle finger is related to the<br />
logical-mathematical MI.<br />
Regarding analyses of an individualûs<br />
fingerprint pattern type and MI score as shown in<br />
Fig. 2, it helps each subject to know both of his<br />
or her eight multiple intelligences in ranking and<br />
the types of fingerprint patterns.<br />
Discussion<br />
The reliability of the MI checklist of<br />
this study was quite high and similar to that of a<br />
previous study (alpha Cronbach=0.911) by Sintuwong<br />
(2002) probably caused by similarity of subjectsû<br />
characteristics and words using in questions which<br />
had been adapted for students.<br />
The logical-mathematical MI mean score<br />
ranks the highest among the present studyûs subjects<br />
and the previous one by Sintuwong (2002) because<br />
both were students from the Science and Technology<br />
field. Remarkably, students who study in the<br />
Science and Technology field have highly intelligence<br />
in logical-mathematics.<br />
Authentic assessment of MI, documentation<br />
of individual profiles and problem-solving, can be<br />
performed by using several kinds of tools for data<br />
collection (Armstrong, 1994) for example; anecdotal<br />
records, work samples, audio cassettes, video tapes,<br />
photography, sociograms, informal tests, checklists<br />
etc.<br />
Types of fingerprint pattern by fingers<br />
particularly on the left and right thumbs seem to be<br />
comparable to the previous study which had a larger<br />
sample size of 684 subjects (Nanakorn et al.,<br />
2007). The previous study revealed significant sex<br />
differences of fingerprint pattern types on the left<br />
and right thumbs, while the present study had too<br />
small sample size to determine this statistically.<br />
The sample size of this pilot study<br />
encourages researchers to calculate the appropriate<br />
sample size for future study of 1893 subjects<br />
(Lemeshow et al., 1990; Nanakorn et al., 2009) for<br />
investigation of 8 MI and fingerprint pattern<br />
typesû relationships.
110 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
Figure 2. Individual report form of 8 MI scores and fingerprint pattern types
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 111<br />
Conclusions<br />
72 male and female high school students<br />
answered the MI questionnaire of 80 items and<br />
their ten-fingers were scanned using the fingerprint<br />
sensor and the Automated Inkless Fingerprint<br />
Imaging Software to investigated relationships<br />
between types of fingerprint patterns and each of<br />
the 8 multiple intelligences derived from Gardner.<br />
Analyses revealed that the whorl pattern on the<br />
right middle finger had a statistically significant<br />
relationship to the logical-mathematical MI score.<br />
This is the first report of an integrated analytical<br />
study of fingerprint research and educational<br />
knowledge on multiple intelligences. Further studies<br />
of appropriate sample sizes need to be undertaken<br />
to further develop this research.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
The authors would like to thank all<br />
those who participated in the study, and Professor<br />
Brian Sheehan for checking the English. The<br />
research was supported by Khon Kaen University.<br />
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class room. Virginir: ASCD.<br />
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Birth Defects Original Article Series. 27:<br />
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palms, and soles. New York: Blakinson.<br />
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multiple intelligences. New York: Basic<br />
Books.<br />
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intelligences for the 21 st century. New York:<br />
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Switzerland: John Wiley & Sons.<br />
Nanakorn, S., Poosankam, P. and Mongconthawornchai,<br />
P. (2006). Imaging software for automated<br />
inkless fingerprinting. Proceedings of the First<br />
International Conference on Science and<br />
Technology for Sustainable Development of<br />
the Great Mekong Subregion, Khon Kaen<br />
Thailand, Khon Kaen. 15-16 August. p.128.<br />
Nanakorn, S., Poosankam, P. and Nanakorn, A.<br />
(2007). An application of automated inkless<br />
fingerprint imaging software for fingerprint<br />
research. Second International Conference<br />
on Innovative Computing, Information and<br />
Control, ICICIC, Art No. 4427698.<br />
Nanakorn, S. Poosankam, P. and Mongconthawornchai,<br />
P. (2008). Perspective automated inkless<br />
fingerprint imaging software in fingerprint<br />
collection and pattern analysis. Journal of<br />
Medical Association Thailand. 91: 82-85.
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Nanakorn, S. Honark, N., Ungpansattawong, S.,<br />
Chaisiwamongkol, W., Maneesriwongul, A.<br />
and Suwanwerakamtorn, R. (2009).<br />
Relationship between fingerprint pattern and<br />
multiple intelligence: phase 1. Research<br />
report. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University.<br />
(in Thai)<br />
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genetics: principles and practice. 3 rd edition.<br />
Philadelphia: Lea Febiger.<br />
Okajima, M. (1975). Development of dermal ridge<br />
in the fetus. Journal of Medical Genetics.<br />
12: 243-250.<br />
Penrose, L. S. (1969). Effects of additive genes at<br />
many loci compared with those of a set of<br />
alleles at one locus in parent-children and<br />
sib correlations. Annals of Human Genetics.<br />
33: 15-21.<br />
Penrose, L. S. and Ohara, P. T. (1973). The<br />
development of the epidermal ridges.<br />
Journal of Medical Genetics. 10: 201-208.<br />
Rajangam, S. Thomas, L. M. and Janakiram, S.<br />
(1995). Dermatoglyphics in Downûs syndrome.<br />
Journal of Indian Medical Association. 93:<br />
10-30.<br />
Rosa, A., Gutierrez, B., Guerra, A., Arias, B. and<br />
Fananas, L. (2001). Dermatoglyphics and<br />
abnormal palmar flexion creases as markers<br />
of early prenatal stress in children with<br />
idiopathic intellectual disability. Journal of<br />
Intellectual Disability Research. 45: 416-423.<br />
Schaumann, B. A. and Alter, M. (1976).<br />
Dermatoglyphics in medical disorders.<br />
New York: NY Springer-Verlag.<br />
Sintuwong, K., Klomjit, C., Bunterm, T., Chaijareon,<br />
S. and Mungsing, W. (2002). Multiple<br />
intelligence of Khon Kaen University<br />
students. Research report. Khon Kaen:<br />
Klungnanavitaya. (in Thai)<br />
Smith, M. K. (2008). Howard Gardner and multiple<br />
intelligences: the encyclopedia of informal<br />
education. (Cited 2 November, 2008).<br />
Available from: http://www.infed.org/<br />
thinkers/gardner.htm<br />
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Chicago: SPSS Inc. USA.<br />
❏❏❏❏❏
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 113-119 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 113-119 (2011)<br />
Effect of Chitosan on Growth and Development of<br />
Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb.f.<br />
Somporn Prasertsongskun 1* Witool Chaipakdee 1<br />
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ<br />
‡µ√’¬¡‰§‚µ´“π®“°·°πÀ¡÷° ‚¥¬¥—¥·ª≈ß®“°«‘∏’¢Õß Alimunair ·≈– Zainuddin (1992) ‰¥âª√‘¡“≥<br />
‰§‚µ´“π√âÕ¬≈– 20 (w/w) ‡¡◊ËÕπ”‚æ√‚∑§Õ√å¡¢Õß°≈⫬‰¡â‡Õ◊ÈÕ߇¢“°«“ßÕàÕπ ¡“‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭ߄πÕ“À“√‡À≈« Ÿµ√<br />
VW (Vacin and Went, 1949) ∑’ˇµ‘¡‰§‚µ´“π∑’ˉ¥â®“°·°πÀ¡÷° §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 5 10 15 20 ·≈– 25 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/<br />
≈‘µ√ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 4 —ª¥“Àå æ∫«à“‰§‚µ´“π∑ÿ°√–¥—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ°√–µÿâπ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß‚æ√‚∑§Õ√å¡ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫<br />
‡∑’¬∫°—∫ÿ¥§«∫§ÿ¡∑’ˉ¡à‡µ‘¡‰§‚µ´“π ‡¡◊ËÕπ”‚æ√‚∑§Õ√å¡¡“‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭ߄πÕ“À“√·¢Áß æ∫«à“‰§‚µ´“π°√–µÿâπ°“√<br />
‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õß‚æ√‚∑§Õ√塉¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‰§‚µ´“𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 15 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√ „Àâ®”π«π<br />
„∫ (4.3 „∫/µâπ) ®”π«π√“° (2.5 √“°/µâπ) ·≈–®”π«πÀπàÕ (1.5 ÀπàÕ/µâπ) ‡©≈’ˬ Ÿß∑’Ë ÿ¥ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡‡¡◊ËÕ„Àâ<br />
‰§‚µ´“𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ®–¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õß‚æ√‚∑§Õ√å¡ µâπ°≈â“∑’ˇ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‡¡◊ËÕπ”¬â“¬ÕÕ°ª≈Ÿ°„π<br />
«— ¥ÿª≈Ÿ°∑’ˇªìπ∂à“π·≈–√¥¥â«¬‰§‚µ´“𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπµà“ßÊ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 4 —ª¥“Àå æ∫«à“µâπ°≈â“¡’’«‘µ√Õ¥¡“°°«à“<br />
√âÕ¬≈– 50<br />
Abstract<br />
The chitosan was prepared from cuttlebone by the modified method of Alimunair and Zainuddin<br />
(1992) with the yield of 20% (w/w). Protocorms of Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb.f. were<br />
cultured in VW (Vacin and Went, 1949) liquid medium added with chitosan from cuttlebone at five various<br />
concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/l for 4 weeks. All chitosan concentrations could enhance<br />
protocorm production when compared to the control without chitosan. Additionally, protocorms were also<br />
cultured on VW semi-solid medium. The results showed the highest number of leaves (4.3 leaves), roots (2.5<br />
roots) and shoots (1.5 shoots) could obtain when 15 mg/l of chitosan was added to the VW semi-solid<br />
medium. However, chitosan at higher concentration showed the inhibitory effect on the growth of protocorm.<br />
After the regenerated plantlets were potted in charcoal and watered with various concentrations of chitosan<br />
for 4 weeks, more than 50% were of them survived.<br />
Keywords : Chitosan, Phalaenopsis, Protocorm<br />
1<br />
Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, Thailand 94000<br />
* Corresponding Author, E-mail : psomporn@bunga.pn.psu.ac.th
114 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
Introduction<br />
Chitosan is an N-deacetylated product of<br />
chitin which is a natural carbohydrate polymer found<br />
in crab and shrimp shells, which are waste products<br />
from food-processing. Chitin is also found in wings<br />
of some insects such as butterflies and ladybugs,<br />
as well as in cell walls of yeast, mushroom and<br />
other fungi (Devlieghere et al., 2004). Chitosan<br />
production involves three steps: deproteination,<br />
demineralization and deacetylation. Chitosan has been<br />
applied in waste water treatment, biotechnology.<br />
In agriculture, chitosan has been primarily use to<br />
enhance plant growth and to boost the ability of<br />
plant in defending against fungal infections (Hadwiger<br />
et al., 2002; Barka et al., 2004). Phalaenopsis is a<br />
dominantly epiphytic genus and most intensively<br />
hybridized and propagated orchids. Phalaenopsis has<br />
been known worldwide as the most valuable potted<br />
plant. In Thailand, multiplication by tissue culture is<br />
mostly done for mass-propagation (Young et al.,<br />
2000). There have been many reports that chitosan<br />
has ability to stimulate the differentiation of orchid<br />
plant tissue (Limpanavech et al., 2003; Nge et al.,<br />
2006; Pornpienpakdee et al., 2010; Kananont et al.,<br />
2010). The objectives of the present study was to<br />
determine the effect of chitosan, prepared from<br />
cuttlebone, on micropropagation of P. cornucervi<br />
(Breda) Blume & Rchb.f. This is the first attempt<br />
to prepared chitosan from cuttlebone and use it to<br />
enhance the growth of P. cornucervi (Breda) Blume<br />
& Rchb.f.<br />
Materials and Methods<br />
Preparation of chitosan<br />
Chitosan was prepared from cuttlebones<br />
using the modified process of Alimunair and<br />
Zainuddin (1992). Cuttlebones were obtained from<br />
Teppitak Seafood Co.Ltd., Pattani, Thailand. They<br />
(100 g) were cleaned with water and deproteinized<br />
by treating with 4% sodium hydroxide for 4 h<br />
and washed with distilled water to neutralize pH.<br />
After this step, they were demineralized at room<br />
temperature with 4% hydrochloric acid for 24 h,<br />
washed with distilled water and then dried. The<br />
obtained chitin was deacetylated using 50% sodium<br />
hydroxide solution for 3 h. Samples were washed<br />
with distilled water and dried in an oven at 80 ÌC.<br />
Degree of Deacetylation (DD)<br />
Chitosan was dissolved and stirred in 0.1<br />
M acetic acid. After 24 h 10% sodium hydroxide<br />
was added and stirred for 4 h. The mixture was<br />
washed with distislled water to neutralize pH and<br />
then wash with ethanol. The film of chitosan was<br />
incubated in dessicator for 24 h and evaluated the<br />
degree of deacetylation using Fourier Transform<br />
Infrared Spectrometry, employing the method of<br />
Baxter et al. (1992).<br />
Plant materials<br />
The mature pods of P. cornucervi (Breda)<br />
Blume & Rchb.f. were surface sterilized with water<br />
and then dipped in 95% ethanol and flamed in a<br />
short period for 3 times. Seeds were scapen from<br />
the placentae and put on Vacin and Went (VW)<br />
(1949) medium and incubated at 25+2 ÌC in the<br />
darkness, all germinated seeds were moved to light<br />
condition for further development.<br />
Effect of chitosan on protocorm growth<br />
and development in liquid and semi-solid medium<br />
The 12 week-old protocorms were used as<br />
explant in VW liquid and solid medium. Protocorms<br />
(0.6 g fresh weight/flask) were cultured in VW<br />
liquid medium, supplemented with chitosan 5, 10,
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 115<br />
15, 20 and 25 mg/l. Suspension of protocorms<br />
were maintained at 25+2 ÌC, shaked at 110 rpm.<br />
Protocorms were cultured on VW semi-solid<br />
medium supplemented with chitosan 5, 10, 15, 20<br />
and 25 mg/l (30 explants were used for each<br />
treatments). Semi-solid culture medium were kept at<br />
25+2 ÌC and provided photoperiods of 16 h per day<br />
using cool white fluorescent. After 12 weeks, the<br />
number of the leaves, roots, shoots and the fresh<br />
weight (FW) of plant in semi-solid medium were<br />
measured. Only the fresh weight of plant in liquid<br />
medium was measured after 4 weeks of culturing.<br />
Transplantation of plantlets<br />
Plantlets of P. cornucervi (Breda) Blume<br />
& Rchb.f. were dipped into fungicide solution for<br />
15 min. They were then transferred to plastic basket<br />
(size 27.5x13.2x12.3 cm) containing of charcoal<br />
as planting material and watered with various<br />
concentrations of chitosan solution at 5, 10, 15, 20<br />
and 25 mg/l and kept under the plastic cover. The<br />
cover were occasionally removed after the second<br />
week to allow air circulation and to decrease the<br />
internal humidity. After 4 weeks, the percentage<br />
of survival was calculated using the formula as<br />
followed:<br />
% survival = number of plants survival x<br />
100/total number of plants<br />
Experimental design and data analysis<br />
Each experiment contained 30 explants was<br />
performed in a complete randomize design (CRD)<br />
and repeated twice. All data were analyzed by<br />
ANOVA and mean values were compared using<br />
Duncanûs Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%<br />
significant level.<br />
Results and discussion<br />
Chitosan preparation<br />
The chitosan was yielded from cuttlebone<br />
in 20% (w/w) with 56% degree of deacetylation<br />
(DD). The results showed that cuttlebone chitosan<br />
had a lower degree of acetylation than brine shrimp<br />
chitosan (67-74%) (Tajik et al., 2008). The DD<br />
is an important parameter affecting solubility,<br />
chemical reactivity and biodegradability. It may range<br />
from 30-95% depending on the source and<br />
preparation procedure (Martino et al., 2005).<br />
Effect of chitosan on the growth of<br />
protocorm in liquid and semi-solid medium<br />
The results of chitosan on the growth of<br />
protocorms in liquid were showed in Table 1 and<br />
Figure 1. The protocorm (original weight 0.6 g) in<br />
the medium supplemented with chitosan at various<br />
concentrations; 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/l, were<br />
produced more in higher weight than in the control<br />
medium without chitosan. The effect of chitosan on<br />
growth of protocorms cultured on the semi-solid<br />
medium for 12 weeks was presented in Table 2.<br />
The results showed that the highest number of leaves<br />
(4.3 leaves), roots (2.5 roots) and shoots (1.5 shoots)<br />
could obtain when cultured on the medium with 15<br />
mg/l of chitosan. The result also showed that<br />
concentration of chitosan higher than 15 mg/l<br />
caused decreasing of growth and development of<br />
protocorm. It was reported that chitosan stimulated<br />
the development of Vitis vinifera L. (Barka et al.,<br />
2004). Pornpienpakdee et al. (2010) also reported<br />
that chitosan was found to enhance the in vitro<br />
micropropagation of Dendrobium ùEiskulû.
116 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
Table 1. Effect of the chitosan concentration on increasing weight of protocorm after 4 weeks of culturing.<br />
Concentration of chitosan Fresh weight<br />
(mg/l)<br />
(g)/flask<br />
Physical characteristic of protocorm<br />
0 0.61 green color and globular shape<br />
5 0.63 green color and globular shape<br />
10 0.65 green color and sharp-tip shape<br />
15 0.67 green color and one leaf emerge from top of protocorm<br />
20 0.65 green color and sharp-tip shape<br />
25 0.65 green color change to yellow color<br />
Data are shown as the mean and are derived from three replications.<br />
Figure 1. Protocorms developed in liquid VW medium supplemented with different concentrations of<br />
chitosan; 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/l (from left to right) after 4 weeks of culture.<br />
Table 2. The effect of different concentrations of chitosan on protocorm growth developing on VW<br />
medium after culturing for 12 weeks.<br />
Concentration of Average number Average number Average number<br />
Fresh weight<br />
chitosan of leaves of roots of shoots<br />
(g)/plantlet<br />
(mg/l) (leaves/plantlet) (roots/plantlet) (shoots/plantlet)<br />
0 3.3+0.87ab* 2.0+0.78b 1.1+0.28b 0.10+0.05a<br />
5 3.2+1.03b 2.3+0.90ab 1.1+0.26b 0.12+0.07a<br />
10 3.8+1.88ab 2.3+0.97ab 1.2+0.58ab 0.14+0.15a<br />
15 4.3+2.92a 2.5+1.21a 1.5+1.03a 0.11+0.05a<br />
20 3.1+0.86c 2.1+0.72b 1.1+0.26b 0.10+0.08a<br />
25 3.4+0.81ab 2.0+0.85b 1.0+0.18b 0.10+0.05a<br />
*Each value represented the mean +SD of replicated explants which were recorded after 12 weeks of culture.<br />
The different letters indicated significant different at p< 0.05 by DMRT.
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 117<br />
Transplantation of plantlets<br />
Plantlets transferred to charcoal (Table 3<br />
and Figure 2) had no statistical difference among<br />
given chitosan. However, about 77.78% of survival<br />
could receive on plants developed in charcoal<br />
and treated with 10 mg/l chitosan solution. The<br />
regenerated plants were characterized by growth and<br />
produced well of normal shoot. Our investigation<br />
was similar to the previous report that 10 mg/l<br />
chitosan stimulated shoot and root in Paphiopedium<br />
bellatum x PAPH. Angthong (Kleangkeo et al., 2003).<br />
Table 3. Effect of chitosan on the percentage of survival of P. cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb.f. after<br />
4 weeks of transplantation.<br />
Concentration of chitosan<br />
(mg/l)<br />
survival rate (%) characteristic of plantlets<br />
0 72.22 a leaves and roots were well developed<br />
5 61.11a plantlet were stunted<br />
10 77.78a multiplicated of shoot, leaves and roots<br />
were well developed<br />
15 70.00a leaves and roots were well developed<br />
20 71.60a leaves and roots were well developed<br />
25 60.00a leaves and roots were well developed<br />
Figure 2.<br />
Transplantation of plants on charcoal and watering with 10 mg/l chitosan after 4 weeks of<br />
transfer.
118 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
In conclusion, chitosan could be prepared<br />
from cuttlebone and was applied successively<br />
to stimulate the growth and development of<br />
P. cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb.f.<br />
Acknowledgement<br />
The authors are grateful to Asst. Prof.<br />
Dr. Vanida Chairgulprasert, Faculty of Science and<br />
Technology, Prince of Songkla University, for her<br />
kind proof-reading and comment of this manuscript<br />
and Mr. Jirasak Kongkoon for his help preparation<br />
of chitosan. This study was supported by grant from<br />
the Research Fund, Prince of Songkla University,<br />
Thailand.<br />
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Alimunair, A. and Zainuddin, R. (1992). An<br />
Economical Technique for Producing<br />
Chitosan Advances in Chitin and Chitosan.<br />
Brine, C. J., Sandford, P. A. Zikakis, J. P.<br />
(Ed). Elsevier Applied Science. Essex, UK.<br />
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Barka, E. A., Eullaffroy, P., Clement, C. and Vernet,<br />
G. (2004). Chitosan improve development,<br />
and protects Vitis vinifera L. against Botrytis<br />
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Baxter, A., Dillon, M., Taylor, K. D. A. and<br />
Roberts, G. A. F. (1992). Improved method<br />
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Devlieghere, F., Vermeulen, A. and Debevere, J.<br />
(2004). Chitosan : antimicrobial activity,<br />
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Hadwiger, L. A., Kloserman, S. J. and Choi, J. J.<br />
(2002). The Mode of Action of Chitosan<br />
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Kananont, N., Pichyangkura, R., Chanprame, S.,<br />
Chadchawan, S. and Limpanavech, P. (2010).<br />
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Kleangkeo, C., Chankrajang, S. and Sawetsila, P.<br />
(2003). A study on the influences of chitosan<br />
upon the transplanting on growth of<br />
Paphiopedilum bellatulum x PAPH. angthong<br />
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R., Chaidee, A. and Akaraeakpanya, T.<br />
(2003). The effects of polymer type,<br />
concentation and $DD of biocatalyte<br />
modified Chitosan on floral production<br />
of Dendrobium ? Eiskol ?. In the<br />
National-Chitin-chitosan Conference.<br />
Bangkok. Thailand. July 17-18, 2003. pp.<br />
60-64.<br />
Martino, A. D., Sittinger, M. and Risbud, M. V.<br />
(2005). Chitin: A versatile biopolymer for
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Pornpienpakdee, P., Singhasurasak, R., Chaiyasap,<br />
P., Pichyangkura, R., Bunjongrat, R.,<br />
Chadchawan, S. and Limpanavech, P. (2010).<br />
Improving the micropropagation efficiency<br />
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Scientia Horticulturae. 124: 490-499.<br />
Tajik, H, Moradi, M., Rohani, S. M. R., Erfani, A.<br />
M. and Jalali, F. S. S. (2008). Preparation<br />
of chitosan from brine shrimp (Artemia<br />
urmiana) cyst shells and effects of different<br />
chemical processing sequences on the<br />
physiochemical and functional properties of<br />
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Vacin, E. and Went, F. (1949). Some pH change in<br />
nutrient solution. Bot. Gaz. 110: 605-613.<br />
Young, P. S., Murthy, H. N. and Yoeup, P. K.<br />
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❏❏❏❏❏
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 120-129 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 120-129 (2011)<br />
°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥åÕ¬à“ßßà“¬<br />
„πµ—«Õ¬à“߬“¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’‚¥¬„â<br />
8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π‡ªìπ√’‡Õ‡®πµå„π°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡<br />
Simple Analytical Method for the Determination of<br />
Sulfonamides in Pharmaceutical Preparations by<br />
Spectrophotometry Using 8-Hydroxyquinoline<br />
as Coupling Reagent<br />
Õ√‘»√“ ®√“°√ 1 «‘¿“√—µπå ‡◊ÈÕ«¥ 1* ·≈– √—µπ“ π—Ëπ‡¡◊Õß 1<br />
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ<br />
„πß“π«‘®—¬π’ȉ¥âæ—≤π“«‘∏’°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’<br />
´÷Ëßßà“¬ √«¥‡√Á« ·≈–¡’§«“¡®”‡æ“–‡®“–®ß„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå Ÿß ´÷ËßÕ“»—¬À≈—°°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¢Õß “√Õπÿæ—π∏å°≈ÿà¡<br />
´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å°—∫ 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π ‚¥¬∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡°—∫ ´—≈ø“‡¡∑Õ°´“‚´≈ (SFMx) ´—≈ø“‰¥Õ–´’π<br />
(SFD) ·≈– ´—≈ø“‡¡∑“´’π (SFM) „π ¿“«–∑’ˇªìπ‡∫ À≈—ß®“°∑”„À⇰‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‰¥Õ–‚´‰∑´å‡´—π ‰¥â‡ªìπ<br />
“√ª√–°Õ∫ ’ â¡·¥ß´÷Ëß¡’§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß Ÿß ÿ¥∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ„πà«ß 500 π“‚π‡¡µ√ ¢’¥®”°—¥µË” ÿ¥„π<br />
°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢Õß SFMx, SFD ·≈– SFM ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 0.0283 0.0292 ·≈– 0.0298 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ≈‘µ√ µ“¡<br />
≈”¥—∫ §«“¡‡∑’ˬ߄π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÕ¬Ÿà„πà«ß√âÕ¬≈– 0.41 - 5.17 §«“¡·¡àπ„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå· ¥ß„π√Ÿª§à“√âÕ¬≈–<br />
°“√°≈—∫§◊πÕ¬Ÿà„πà«ß 92.2 - 123.4 ‰¥âπ”‡∑§π‘§∑’Ëæ—≤π“¢÷Èπ‰ªª√–¬ÿ°µå„â„π°“√À“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å<br />
∑’Ë¡’„πµ—«Õ¬à“߬“∑“߇¿ —°√√¡µà“ßÊ ‰¥âº≈‡ªìπ∑’Ëπà“æÕ„®<br />
Abstract<br />
A rapid, selective and simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of some sulfonamide<br />
preparations was developed in present work. The method was based on the diazotization reaction of<br />
sulfamethoxazole (SFMx), sulfadiazine (SFD) and sulfamethazine (SFM) with 8-hydroxyquinoline in alkaline<br />
1<br />
¿“§«‘“‡§¡’ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π‡√»«√ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ‘…≥ÿ‚≈° 65000<br />
* Corresponding Author, E-mail : wipharatc@nu.ac.th
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 121<br />
media. The absorbance of the resulting orange red azo products were measured at the maximum wavelength<br />
of 500 nm. The limit of detection for SFMx, SFD and SFM were 0.0283, 0.0292 and 0.0298 mg L -1 ,<br />
respectively. The precision (%RSD) in the range of 0.41 - 5.17 % and accuracy (%recovery) in the range of<br />
92.2 - 123.4 % were obtained. The method was successfully applied for the determination of sulfonamides<br />
in various pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.<br />
§” ”§—≠ : ´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å ‰¥Õ–‚´‰∑´å‡´—𠇪§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’ µ—«Õ¬à“߬“<br />
Keywords : Sulfonamides, Diazotization, Spectrophotometry, Pharmaceutical preparations<br />
∫∑π”<br />
¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å (sulfonamides) ‡ªìπ¬“<br />
Õ’°π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ëπ‘¬¡„â°—πÕ¬à“ß·æ√àÀ≈“¬‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï<br />
°«â“ß·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√µâ“π‡◊ÈÕ·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë¥’<br />
·≈–¡’√“§“∂Ÿ° ‚¥¬π”¡“„â„π°“√∫”∫—¥√—°…“‚√§∑’ˇ°‘¥<br />
®“°‡◊ÈÕ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ‡àπ ´—≈ø“‰¥Õ–´’π (SFD) π‘¬¡<br />
„â ”À√—∫°“√µ‘¥‡◊ÈÕ∑’˺‘«Àπ—ß ´—≈ø“‡¡∑Õ°´“‚´π<br />
(SFMx) „â„π°“√√—°…“‚√§µ‘¥‡◊ÈÕ„π∑“߇¥‘πªí “«–<br />
(‚Õ¿“ «—√–§ÿªµå, 2551) ·≈–´—≈ø“‡¡∑“´’π (SFM)<br />
„â√—°…“‚√§µ‘¥‡◊ÈÕ„π√à“ß°“¬ (°¡≈—¬ µ√ß«“π‘π“¡,<br />
2544) ´÷Ëß Ÿµ√‚§√ß √â“ߢÕ߬“∑—Èß “¡π‘¥ · ¥ß„π<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1<br />
H 2 N<br />
SO 2 NH<br />
N O CH 3<br />
H 2 N<br />
SO 2 NH<br />
N<br />
N<br />
Sulfamethoxazole (STMx)<br />
Sulfadiazine (SFD)<br />
H 2 N<br />
SO 2 NH<br />
N<br />
N<br />
CH 3<br />
CH 3<br />
Sulfamethazine (SFM)<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 Ÿµ√‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß´—≈ø“‡¡∑Õ°´“‚´≈ (SFMx) ´—≈ø“‰¥Õ–´’π (SFD) ·≈– ´—≈ø“‡¡∑“´’π (SFM)<br />
(∑’Ë¡“: °¡≈—¬ µ√ß«“π‘π“¡, 2544)<br />
„πªí®®ÿ∫—πºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§π‘¬¡´◊ÈÕ¬“¡“√—°…“‡Õß<br />
‚¥¬‰¡à¡’·æ∑¬åÀ√◊Õ‡¿ —°√·π–π”®÷ß¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥â√—∫<br />
¬“¥âÕ¬§ÿ≥¿“æÀ√◊Մ⬓º‘¥«‘∏’„π°“√„â∫”∫—¥√—°…“ Ÿß<br />
∑”„À⺟â„⬓‰¥â√—∫Õ—πµ√“¬®“°°“√„⬓լà“߉¡à∂Ÿ°«‘∏’<br />
·≈–‰¡à‰¥â¡“µ√∞“π‰¥â ∂â“À“°„â„π¢π“¥µË”Ê ‡ªìπ<br />
‡«≈“π“π®–∑”„Àâ·∫§∑’‡√’¬‡°‘¥°“√¥◊ÈÕ¬“ πÕ°®“°π’È<br />
¬—ßæ∫«à“¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·æ⬓‰¥â„π<br />
ºŸâªÉ«¬∫“ߧπ ´÷Ëßæ∫‰¥âª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 3-5 ¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬<br />
‡àπ ‡°‘¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥·¥ßÕ—°‡ ∫ (arteritis) „πÕ«—¬«–<br />
µà“ßÊ ‡à𠵓 ‰µ µ—∫Õ—°‡ ∫ ‡ªìπµâπ ‚¥¬ƒ∑∏‘Ï·∑√°·´ß<br />
¢Õ߬“´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥åÕ“®∑”„À⺟âªÉ«¬∫“ß√“¬‡ ’¬’«‘µ‰¥â<br />
„π°“√„⬓°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥åµâÕß·πà„®«à“‡◊ÈÕ‰«µàÕ<br />
¬“π’È ·≈–„â„πª√‘¡“≥∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ßµâÕß¡’°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å∑’Ë¡’„π
122 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“߬“∑“߇¿ —°√√¡«à“‰¥â¡“µ√∞“πµ“¡ª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë<br />
√–∫ÿ‰«âµ“¡¢â“ߺ≈‘µ¿—≥±åÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—πÕ—πµ√“¬<br />
µà“ßÊ À√◊ÕÕ“°“√‰¡àæ÷ߪ√– ߧå∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√<br />
„⬓·≈–¬—߇ªìπ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õ߬“°≈ÿà¡<br />
´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å∑’Ë¡’®”Àπà“¬∑—Ë«‰ªÕ’°¥â«¬<br />
®“°°“√§âπ§«â“√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬∑’˺à“π¡“°“√<br />
À“ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥åπ‘¬¡„â‡∑§π‘§<br />
‰π‰µ√∑å‰∑‡∑√—π (nitrite titration) (U.S. Pharmacopeia)<br />
´÷Ë߇ªìπ«‘∏’¡“µ√∞“π ”À√—∫„âÀ“ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡<br />
´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å (Antonio Hernandez - Cardoso, B.S.,<br />
Scientist, Latin American Specialist, 2553) ´÷Ëß¡’<br />
¢âÕ‡ ’¬ §◊Õ ‰¡à “¡“√∂∑”°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå„π√–¥—∫µË”‰¥â<br />
(µË”°«à“√–¥—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ ‚¡≈/≈‘µ√) πÕ°®“°π’È°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–Àå¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§‰π‰µ√∑å‰∑‡∑√—π¬—ßµâÕß„â<br />
√’‡Õ‡®πµå„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå„πª√‘¡“≥¡“° ´÷Ëß ‘Èπ‡ª≈◊Õß<br />
“√‡§¡’„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå µàÕ¡“¡’°“√æ—≤π“‡∑§π‘§°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‚¥¬Õ“»—¬À≈—°<br />
°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¢Õß “√Õπÿæ—π∏å¢Õß´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å<br />
°—∫√’‡Õ‡®πµå∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡À≈“¬π‘¥ ‡àπ 7,8,8,<br />
8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (Mohamed, 1989),<br />
p-aminohippurate (Preuss et al., 1988), Immodibenzyl<br />
(Nagaraja et al., 2002), 3-Aminophenol (Nagaraja<br />
et al., 2003) ·≈– 8 - hydroxyquinoline (Nagaraja<br />
et al., 2007) ·≈â«∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±å¢Õß “√<br />
ª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë¡’ ’ „π√Ÿª¢Õß Azo dye ·≈– “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
Õ◊ËπÊ ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂∑”°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡<br />
´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‰¥â‚¥¬‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’ „π<br />
ß“π«‘®—¬π’È®÷߉¥â∑”°“√À“ ¿“«–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡„π°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–Àå “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å 3 π‘¥ (SFMx, SFD,<br />
SFM) ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‰¥Õ–‚´‰∑´å‡´—π·≈â«<br />
∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡°—∫ 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°<br />
8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π „Àâ§à“ ε max<br />
Ÿß´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡®”‡æ“–<br />
‡®“–®ßµàÕ¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߇ªìπ«‘∏’<br />
∑’Ëßà“¬·≈–„⇫≈“„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåπâÕ¬‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫<br />
√’‡Õ‡®πµåπ‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ´÷Ëß®–‰¥âº≈‘µ¿—≥±å‡ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫<br />
∑’Ë¡’ â¡·¥ß ‚¥¬®–π” ¿“«–∑’Ëæ—≤π“¢÷Èπ¡“ª√–¬ÿ°µå<br />
„â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å∑’Ë¡’<br />
®”Àπà“¬¿“¬„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬∫“ßπ‘¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ°“√<br />
ª√–‡¡‘π§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õ߬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‚¥¬‡∑§π‘§<br />
‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’´÷Ë߇ªìπ‡∑§π‘§∑’Ëßà“¬ √«¥‡√Á« ·≈–<br />
¡’§«“¡®”‡æ“–‡®“–®ßµàÕ°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåµ√«®À“ª√‘¡“≥<br />
“√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å„πµ—«Õ¬à“߬“∑“߇¿ —°√√¡‰¥â<br />
Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß ‚¥¬‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫«‘∏’¡“µ√∞“π„π°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–Àå¥â«¬‡∑§π‘¥‰π‰µ√∑å‰∑‡∑√—π<br />
«‘∏’¥”‡π‘πß“π<br />
1. ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë„â„π°“√∑¥≈Õß<br />
°“√À“§à“§«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ„π°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π<br />
· ß Ÿß ÿ¥ (λ max<br />
) ¢Õß´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å·µà≈–𑥄â<br />
‡§√◊ËÕß ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ¡‘‡µÕ√åπ‘¥≈”· ߧŸà (Double<br />
beam spectrophotometer, Perkin-Elmer √ÿàπ Lambda<br />
20) à«π°“√À“ ¿“«–∑’Ë ¡„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“<br />
ª√‘¡“≥´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å·µà≈–𑥂¥¬°“√«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥<br />
°≈◊π· ß∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 500 π“‚π‡¡µ√ „⇧√◊ËÕß<br />
‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ¡‘‡µÕ√åπ‘¥≈”· ߇¥’ˬ« (Single beam<br />
UV-VIS spectrophotometer √ÿàπ UNICAM 862) ·≈–<br />
„π°“√À“ª√‘¡“≥´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å„πµ—«Õ¬à“߬“π‘¥µà“ßÊ<br />
¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§‰π‰µ√∑å‰∑‡∑√—π„⇧√◊ËÕß Potentiometer<br />
(HORIBA pH / ion Meter F - 23)<br />
2. √’‡Õ‡®πµå ”À√—∫°“√∑¥≈Õß<br />
‡µ√’¬¡ “√≈–≈“¬¡“µ√∞“π SFMx (Sigma<br />
- Aldrich, Switzerland), SFD (Sigma - Aldrich,<br />
Switzerland) ·≈– SFM (Sigma - Aldrich, Switzerland)<br />
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 506 500 ·≈– 556 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√<br />
µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ª√‘¡“µ√ 50 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ „π°√¥´—≈øŸ√‘°<br />
(Labscan , Thailand) §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1 ‚¡≈“√å ·≈–„â<br />
πÈ”ª√“»®“°‰ÕÕÕπ„π°“√ª√—∫ª√‘¡“µ√ “√≈–≈“¬<br />
‚´‡¥’¬¡‰π‰µ√∑å (Univar, Auckland, New Zealand)<br />
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1 % w/v ª√‘¡“µ√ 100 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ “√<br />
≈–≈“¬°√¥´—≈ø“¡‘§ (Riedel - de Haen AG -D -30926<br />
Seelze, Germany) §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 2 % w/v ª√‘¡“µ√<br />
100 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈– “√≈–≈“¬‚´‡¥’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 123<br />
(Pro analysis Merck, Germany) §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 5 ‚¡≈“√å<br />
ª√‘¡“µ√ 100 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ „π°“√‡µ√’¬¡ “√≈–≈“¬¥—ß<br />
°≈à“«„âπÈ”ª√“»®“°‰ÕÕÕπ‡ªìπµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬·≈–ª√—∫<br />
ª√‘¡“µ√ ”À√—∫ “√≈–≈“¬ 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π<br />
(Acros Organincs, New Jersey, USA) §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
0.5 % w/v ª√‘¡“µ√ 100 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‡µ√’¬¡‚¥¬„â<br />
‡¡∑“πÕ≈ (Labscan , Thailand) ‡ªìπµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬<br />
·≈–ª√—∫ª√‘¡“µ√<br />
3. «‘∏’°“√∑¥≈Õß<br />
ªî‡ªµ “√≈–≈“¬¡“µ√∞“𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√ „ ࢫ¥«—¥ª√‘¡“µ√¢π“¥ 25 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√<br />
·≈â«∑”„À⇬Áπ„πÕà“ßπÈ”·¢Áß ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 5 π“∑’ ·≈â«<br />
‡µ‘¡‚´‡¥’¬¡‰π‰µ√∑姫“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1 % w/v ª√‘¡“µ√<br />
0.5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‡¢¬à“„À⺠¡°—π ®“°π—Èπµ—Èß∑‘È߉«â 5 π“∑’<br />
·≈⫇µ‘¡ 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.5 %<br />
w/v ª√‘¡“µ√ 1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√·≈–‡µ‘¡‚´‡¥’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å<br />
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 5 ‚¡≈“√å ª√‘¡“µ√ 1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ª√—∫<br />
ª√‘¡“µ√¥â«¬πÈ”ª√“»®“°‰ÕÕÕπ®π§√∫ 25 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√<br />
‡¢¬à“„À⺠¡°—π·≈⫵—Èß∑‘È߉«â 5 π“∑’ 𔉪 ·°πÀ“<br />
§à“§«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ„π°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß Ÿß ÿ¥„πà«ß 300<br />
- 750 π“‚π‡¡µ√ ¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ¡‘‡µÕ√åπ‘¥<br />
≈”· ߧŸà‡æ◊ËÕÀ“§à“ λ max<br />
¢Õß “√¡“µ√∞“π SFMx, SFD<br />
·≈– SFM<br />
°“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—«Õ¬à“߬“‡¡Á¥ ∑”°“√ ÿà¡·≈–<br />
‡µ√’¬¡¬“µ“¡«‘∏’¡“µ√∞“π¢Õß USP ‚¥¬π”¬“‡¡Á¥<br />
®”π«π 20 ‡¡Á¥ ¡“∫¥„Àâ≈–‡Õ’¬¥·≈â«—Ëßµ—«Õ¬à“ß¡“<br />
0.0250 °√—¡‚¥¬„⇧√◊ËÕß—Ëß 4 µ”·Àπàß (Shimadzu<br />
AW220, Japan) 𔉪≈–≈“¬¥â«¬°√¥´—≈øŸ√‘°§«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ 1 ‚¡≈“√å ª√‘¡“µ√ 5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√·≈â«°√Õߥ⫬<br />
°√–¥“…°√Õß Whatman ‡∫Õ√å 1 ®“°π—Èπª√—∫ª√‘¡“µ√<br />
¥â«¬πÈ”ª√“»®“°‰ÕÕÕπ®π§√∫ 50 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ªî‡ªµ<br />
“√≈–≈“¬µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’ˇµ√’¬¡‰¥â„ ࢫ¥«—¥ª√‘¡“µ√¢π“¥<br />
25 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈â«∑”„À⇬Áπ„πÕà“ßπÈ”·¢Á߇ªìπ‡«≈“ 5 π“∑’<br />
‡µ‘¡‚´‡¥’¬¡‰π‰µ√∑姫“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1 % w/v ª√‘¡“µ√<br />
0.5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‡¢¬à“„À⺠¡°—π·≈â«∑‘È߉«â 5 π“∑’ ·≈â«<br />
‡µ‘¡ 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.5 % w/v<br />
ª√‘¡“µ√ 1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‚´‡¥’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
5 ‚¡≈“√å ª√‘¡“µ√ 1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈⫪√—∫ª√‘¡“µ√¥â«¬<br />
πÈ”ª√“»®“°‰ÕÕÕπ®π§√∫ 25 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‡¢¬à“„À⺠¡<br />
°—π·≈⫵—Èß∑‘È߉«â 5 π“∑’ 𔉪«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’Ë<br />
§«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 500 π“‚π‡¡µ√ ¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß ‡ª§‚µ√-<br />
‚ø‚µ¡‘‡µÕ√åπ‘¥≈”· ߇¥’ˬ«‚¥¬„â “√≈–≈“¬·∫≈ߧå<br />
ª√—∫§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ߇ªìπ»Ÿπ¬å°àÕπ°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
°“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—«Õ¬à“߬“πÈ” ∑”°“√ ÿà¡·≈–‡µ√’¬¡<br />
¬“µ“¡«‘∏’¡“µ√∞“π¢Õß USP ‚¥¬ªî‡ªµµ—«Õ¬à“߬“πÈ”<br />
·≈â«π”‰ª≈–≈“¬¥â«¬°√¥´—≈øŸ√‘°§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1 ‚¡≈“√å<br />
ª√‘¡“µ√ 5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√∑”°“√°√Õߥ⫬°√–¥“…°√Õß<br />
Whatman ‡∫Õ√å 1 ª√—∫ª√‘¡“µ√¥â«¬πÈ”ª√“»®“°‰ÕÕÕπ<br />
®π§√∫ 50 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ªî‡ªµ “√≈–≈“¬µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’ˇµ√’¬¡<br />
„ ࢫ¥«—¥ª√‘¡“µ√¢π“¥ 25 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈â«∑”„À⇬Áπ<br />
„πÕà“ßπÈ”·¢Á߇ªìπ‡«≈“ 5 π“∑’ ‡µ‘¡‚´‡¥’¬¡‰π‰µ√∑å<br />
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1 % w/v ª√‘¡“µ√ 0.5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‡¢¬à“<br />
„À⺠¡°—π·≈⫵—Èß∑‘È߉«â 5 π“∑’ ·≈⫇µ‘¡ 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’-<br />
§«‘‚π≈’𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.5 % w/v ª√‘¡“µ√ 1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√<br />
‚´‡¥’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 5 ‚¡≈“√å ª√‘¡“µ√<br />
1 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ·≈⫪√—∫ª√‘¡“µ√¥â«¬πÈ”ª√“»®“°‰ÕÕÕπ<br />
®π§√∫ 25 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‡¢¬à“„À⺠¡°—π·≈⫵—Èß∑‘È߉«â<br />
5 π“∑’ 𔉪«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 500<br />
π“‚π‡¡µ√ ¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ¡‘‡µÕ√åπ‘¥<br />
≈”· ߇¥’ˬ«‚¥¬„â “√≈–≈“¬·∫≈ߧåª√—∫§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π<br />
· ߇ªìπ»Ÿπ¬å°àÕπ°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
°“√»÷°…“¢’¥®”°—¥µË” ÿ¥„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
(Limit of detection, LOD) ¢’¥®”°—¥„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
À“ª√‘¡“≥ (Limit of quantitation, LOQ) §«“¡‡∑’ˬß<br />
(precision) ·≈–§«“¡·¡àπ (accuracy) „π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
∑”‰¥â‚¥¬°“√‡µ√’¬¡ “√¡“µ√∞“π´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å·µà≈–<br />
π‘¥∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1 3 5 7 ·≈– 9 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√<br />
”À√—∫ √â“ß°√“ø¡“µ√∞“π ·≈â««—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π<br />
· ߢÕß “√≈–≈“¬·∫≈ߧ宔π«π 10 §√—Èß ‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪<br />
À“§à“‡∫’ˬ߇∫π¡“µ√∞“π (SD) ®“°π—Èπ§”π«≥À“¢’¥<br />
®”°—¥µË” ÿ¥„π°“√«‘‡§√“–À宓° 3 SD blk<br />
/ slope §à“<br />
¢’¥®”°—¥„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥§”π«≥‰¥â®“°
124 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
10 SD blk<br />
/ slope °“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡∑’ˬ߄π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
∑”‚¥¬«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ߢÕß “√≈–≈“¬¡“µ√∞“π<br />
·µà≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ´È”®”π«π 3 §√—Èß ‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪À“§à“<br />
‡∫’ˬ߇∫π¡“µ√∞“π (SD) ·≈–§à“√âÕ¬≈–¢Õߧà“<br />
‡∫’ˬ߇∫π¡“µ√∞“π —¡æ—∑∏å (%RSD) ”À√—∫°“√À“<br />
§«“¡·¡àπ„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåπ—Èπ “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â‚¥¬°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å·µà≈–π‘¥∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“߬“π‘¥µà“ßÊ ·≈â«π”§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ∑’ˉ¥â‰ª<br />
‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ∑’Ë√–∫ÿ‰«â¢â“ß©≈“°º≈‘µ¿—≥±å<br />
°“√æ—≤π“‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’ ”À√—∫°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–Àåµ√«®À“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å„π<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“߬“∑“߇¿ —°√√¡π—ÈπÕ“»—¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ<br />
¥—ß· ¥ßµ“¡ √Ÿª∑’Ë 2<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‚¥¬„â 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’𠇪ìπ√’‡Õ‡®πµå<br />
„π°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡ (∑’Ë¡“: Nagaraja et al., 2007)<br />
º≈°“√«‘®—¬<br />
°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å<br />
‚¥¬Õ“»—¬À≈—°°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¢Õß “√Õπÿæ—π∏å¢Õß<br />
´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å°—∫ 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π „π ¿“«–∑’Ë<br />
‡ªìπ‡∫ À≈—ß∑”„À⇰‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‰¥Õ–‚´‰∑´å‡´—π ®–‰¥â<br />
‡ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫ ’ â¡·¥ß´÷Ëß¡’§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß<br />
Ÿß ÿ¥∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 500 π“‚π‡¡µ√ ¥—ß· ¥ß„π<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 ‡ª§µ√—¡°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ߢÕß “√¡“µ√∞“π´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å SFMx, SFD ·≈– SFM ∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 125<br />
®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“À“ ¿“«–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡„π<br />
°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‚¥¬<br />
‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ´÷Ë߉¥â<br />
∑”°“√»÷°…“∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 5 æ“√“¡‘‡µÕ√å ‰¥â·°à º≈¢Õß<br />
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß°√¥´—≈øŸ√‘° §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß<br />
‚´‡¥’¬¡‰π‰µ√∑å §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß°√¥´—≈ø“¡‘§ §«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π ·≈–º≈¢Õߧ«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß‚´‡¥’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å æ∫«à“„π°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‰¡à®”‡ªìπ<br />
µâÕß¡’°“√‡µ‘¡°√¥´—≈øŸ√‘°‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 º≈°“√À“ ¿“«–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å (SFMx, SFD ·≈– SFM<br />
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√) ‚¥¬‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’ (°) °√¥´—≈øŸ√‘°„πà«ß§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
0 - 0.1 ‚¡≈“√å (¢) ‚´‡¥’¬¡‰π‰µ√∑å„πà«ß§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0 - 0.05 %w/v (§) °√¥´—≈ø“¡‘§„π<br />
à«ß§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0 - 0.8 %w/v (ß) 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π„πà«ß§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0 - 0.020 %w/v<br />
(®) ‚´‡¥’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å„πà«ß§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0 - 0.2 M (n = 3)
126 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°„π°“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—«Õ¬à“߬“<br />
´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‰¥â„â°√¥´—≈øŸ√‘°„π°“√≈–≈“¬µ—«Õ¬à“ß<br />
¬“·≈â« ´÷Ëß¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“°æÕ„π°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“„π<br />
¿“«–∑’ˇªìπ°√¥ ®“°°“√»÷°…“º≈¢Õߧ«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬‚´‡¥’¬¡‰π‰µ√∑åæ∫«à“∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
0.02 % w/v π—Èπ„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß Ÿß ÿ¥·≈–¡’<br />
·π«‚π⡧ß∑’ˇ¡◊ËÕ§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß¢÷Èπ®÷߇≈◊Õ°∑’˧«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.02 %w/v ‡ªì𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡„π<br />
°“√»÷°…“¢—ÈπµàÕ‰ª πÕ°®“°π’È„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“<br />
ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‰¡à®”‡ªìπµâÕ߇µ‘¡<br />
°√¥´—≈ø“¡‘§„π°“√°”®—¥‚´‡¥’¬¡‰π‰µ√∑å∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ<br />
®“°°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°„â‚´‡¥’¬¡‰π‰µ√∑å„π<br />
ª√‘¡“≥‡≈Á°πâÕ¬‡∑à“π—Èπ ”À√—∫º≈¢Õߧ«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ<br />
¢Õß 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π æ∫«à“∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.02<br />
% w/v „Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß¡“° ÿ¥ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ§«“¡<br />
‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß 8 - ‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ®–„Àâ§à“<br />
°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ߧß∑’Ë ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷߇≈◊Õ°„⧫“¡‡¢â¡¢âππ’È<br />
„π°“√»÷°…“¢—ÈπµàÕ‰ª à«πº≈¢Õߧ«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß<br />
‚´‡¥’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥åæ∫«à“∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.2 ‚¡≈“√å<br />
‡ªìπ ¿“«–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡·µà‡¡◊ËÕ§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß‚´‡¥’¬¡<br />
‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ®–∑”„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß<br />
§ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß<br />
®“° ¿“«–‡À¡“– ¡∑’ˉ¥â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“<br />
ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‚¥¬‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√-<br />
‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’‰¥â∑”°“√»÷°…“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
(analytical performance) ‰¥âº≈°“√∑¥≈Õߥ—ß· ¥ß<br />
„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 æ∫«à“¢’¥®”°—¥µË” ÿ¥„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
(3 S blk<br />
/ slope) ¢Õß SFMx, SFD ·≈– SFM ¡’§à“<br />
‡∑à“°—∫ 0.0283 0.0292 ·≈– 0.0298 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√<br />
µ“¡≈”¥—∫ §à“¢’¥®”°—¥„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ (10<br />
SD blk<br />
/ slope) ¢Õß SFMx SFD ·≈– SFM ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫<br />
0.0944 0.0973 ·≈– 0.0992 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√ µ“¡≈”¥—∫<br />
§«“¡‡∑’ˬ߄π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå (%RSD) ‚¥¬∑”°“√»÷°…“<br />
∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1 3 5 7 ·≈– 9 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√ ®“°<br />
∑¥≈Õß«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß´È” 3 §√—Èß ¡’§à“Õ¬Ÿà„π<br />
à«ß√âÕ¬≈– 0.41 - 5.17 ·≈–„⇫≈“„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
µàÕÀπ÷Ëßµ—«Õ¬à“߇ªìπ‡«≈“ 25 π“∑’<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå (analytical performance) „π°“√À“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿ à¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å‚¥¬<br />
‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’<br />
<br />
Sulfonamides<br />
SFMx SFD SFM<br />
<br />
(y = ax + b)<br />
y = 0.1059X + 0.0563 y = 0.1029X + 0.0833 y = 0.1008X + 0.0435<br />
R 2 0.9990 0.9945 0.9976<br />
%RSD 0.77 - 5.17 0.41 - 1.58 1.03 - 1.96<br />
LOD (mg L -1 ) 0.0283 0.0292 0.0298<br />
LOQ (mg L -1 ) 0.0944 0.0973 0.0992<br />
max 505.0 500.8 501.7<br />
max 2.98 10 4 2.87 10 4 2.97 10 4<br />
slope 0.1059 0.1029 0.1008
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 127<br />
°“√»÷°…“§«“¡·¡àπ¢Õß«‘∏’„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
À“ª√‘¡“≥´—≈‚ø‰¡¥å·µà≈–𑥂¥¬„â‡∑§π‘§∑’Ëæ—≤π“<br />
¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª§à“√âÕ¬≈–°“√°≈—∫§◊π (% recovery)<br />
“¡“√∂· ¥ß‰¥â¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 ®“°º≈°“√∑¥≈Õßæ∫«à“<br />
§à“√âÕ¬≈–°“√°≈—∫§◊π¢Õß “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å„π<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“߬“∑“߇¿ —°√√¡®”π«π 9 π‘¥ ‚¥¬µ—«Õ¬à“߬“<br />
∑’ˇªì𬓇¡Á¥ §◊Õ µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë 1 (SFMx), 2 (SFMx)<br />
3 (SFMx) 4 (SFD) 5 (SFD) ·≈– 9 (SFMx) ”À√—∫<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“߬“∑’ˇªìπ¬“πÈ”§◊Õ 6 (SFMx) 7 (SFMx) ·≈–<br />
8 (SFM) ¡’§à“Õ¬Ÿà„πà«ß√âÕ¬≈– 92.2 - 123.4 ´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà„π<br />
à«ß∑’ˬա√—∫‰¥â ·≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å<br />
∑’Ë«‘‡§√“–À剥â„πµ—«Õ¬à“߬“π‘¥µà“ßÊ ‚¥¬„â‡∑§π‘§<br />
∑’Ëæ—≤π“¡’§à“„°≈⇧’¬ß°—∫§à“∑’Ë√–∫ÿ‰«â„π©≈“°º≈‘µ¿—≥±å<br />
¬“·≈–®“°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (Paired t-test) ‚¥¬<br />
‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫º≈°“√«‘‡§√“–À宓°‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ-<br />
‡¡µ√’∑’Ëæ—≤π“¢÷Èπ°—∫‡∑§π‘§‰π‰µ√∑å‰∑‡∑√—π´÷Ë߇ªìπ«‘∏’<br />
¡“µ√∞“π ”À√—∫°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å<br />
„πµ—«Õ¬à“߬“π‘¥µà“ßÊ æ∫«à“‰¡à·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’<br />
π—¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡‡◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ √âÕ¬≈– 95 (P=0.05)<br />
‚¥¬§à“ t stat<br />
¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 2.21 (t crit<br />
= 2.31)<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 º≈°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å·≈–√âÕ¬≈–°“√°≈—∫§◊π (% recovery) ‚¥¬‡∑§π‘§<br />
‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫«‘∏’‰π‰µ√∑å‰∑‡∑√—π<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
a ± SD (n=3)<br />
<br />
8 -<br />
<br />
<br />
Label claim a % Recovery Remark<br />
1 SFMx 920.82 ± 0.01 741.30 ±13.70 800 115.10 ± 0.01 Tablets<br />
2 SFMx 917.45 ± 0.03 751.41± 6.64 800 114.68± 0.00 Tablets<br />
3 SFMx 819.70 ± 0.01 374.44± 8.55 800 102.46± 0.01 Tablets<br />
4 SFD 553.01 ± 0.01 470.00± 6.98 500 110.60± 0.01 Tablets<br />
5 SFD 579.76 ± 0.01 460.00± 13.32 500 115.95± 0.01 Tablets<br />
6 SFMx 213.11 ± 0.02 147.50± 5.33 200 106.61± 0.02 Solution<br />
7 SFMx 246.91 ± 0.02 170.78± 12.79 200 123.45± 0.02 Solution<br />
8 SFM 11,530.30 ± 0.07 10,411.00± 1.72 12,500 92.24± 0.07 Solution<br />
9 SFMx 418.25 ± 0.05 379.50± 11.27 400 104.55± 0.05 Tablets<br />
À¡“¬‡Àµÿ a<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“߬“𑥇¡Á¥ 1 2 3 4 5 ·≈– 9 Àπ૬‡ªìπ ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/‡¡Á¥ µ—«Õ¬à“߬“π‘¥πÈ” 6 Àπ૬‡ªìπ<br />
¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ 5 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ µ—«Õ¬à“߬“π‘¥πÈ” 7 Àπ૬‡ªìπ ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ µ—«Õ¬à“߬“π‘¥πÈ”<br />
8 Àπ૬‡ªìπ ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/100 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√
128 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
√ÿª·≈–«‘®“√≥å<br />
®“°‡∑§π‘§ ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ‡¡µ√’∑’Ëæ—≤π“¢÷Èπ<br />
„π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å„πµ—«Õ¬à“ß<br />
¬“∑“߇¿ —°√√¡ ´÷ËßÕ“»—¬À≈—°°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¢Õß<br />
“√Õπÿæ—π∏å°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å°—∫ 8-‰Œ¥√Õ°´’§«‘‚π≈’π<br />
‚¥¬∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡°—∫´—≈ø“‡¡∑Õ°´“‚´≈ (SFMx)<br />
´—≈ø“‰¥Õ–´’π (SFD) ·≈–´—≈ø“‡¡∑“´’π (SFM)<br />
„π ¿“«–∑’ˇªìπ‡∫ À≈—ß®“°∑”„À⇰‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‰¥Õ–‚´-<br />
‰∑´å‡´—𠉥âº≈‘µ¿—≥±å‡ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫ ’ â¡·¥ß´÷Ëß<br />
¡’§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß Ÿß ÿ¥∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 500 π“‚π<br />
‡¡µ√ æ∫«à“§à“¢’¥®”°—¥µË” ÿ¥„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢Õß SFMx<br />
SFD ·≈– SFM ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 0.0283 0.0292 ·≈–<br />
0.0298 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√ µ“¡≈”¥—∫ §à“¢’¥®”°—¥„π°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß SFMx SFD ·≈– SFM §◊Õ<br />
0.0944 0.0973 ·≈– 0.0992 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√ µ“¡≈”¥—∫<br />
§«“¡‡∑’ˬ߄π°“√«‘‡§√“–ÀåÕ¬Ÿà„πà«ß√âÕ¬≈– 0.41 - 5.17<br />
§«“¡·¡àπ„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå· ¥ß„π√Ÿª√âÕ¬≈–°“√°≈—∫<br />
§◊πÕ¬Ÿà„πà«ß√âÕ¬≈– 92.24 - 123.45 «‘∏’°“√∑’Ëæ—≤π“<br />
¢÷Èππ’È„â√’‡Õ‡®πµå„π°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“πâÕ¬‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫<br />
‡∑’¬∫°—∫ß“π«‘®—¬∑’˺à“π¡“ (Nagaraja et al., 2007) ·≈–¬—ß<br />
“¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â„π°“√À“ª√‘¡“≥ “√°≈ÿà¡<br />
´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å∑’Ë¡’„πµ—«Õ¬à“߬“∑“߇¿ —°√√¡π‘¥µà“ßÊ<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õ߬“∑’Ë¡’®”Àπà“¬¿“¬„π<br />
ª√–‡∑» ‚¥¬¡’§«“¡·¡àπ·≈–§«“¡‡∑’ˬߥ’°«à“«‘∏’<br />
‰π‰µ√∑å‰∑‡∑√—π ´÷Ë߇ªìπ«‘∏’¡“µ√∞“π„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
¬“°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß “¡“√∂π”‡∑§π‘§<br />
∑’Ëæ—≤π“¢÷Èπ‰ªª√–¬ÿ°µå„â‡æ◊ËÕÀ“ª√‘¡“≥¬“°≈ÿà¡<br />
´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å∑’˵°§â“ßÕ¬Ÿà„πµ—«Õ¬à“ßπ‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ‡àπ<br />
πÈ”º÷Èß ‡π◊ÈÕ —µ«å ª≈“ ‰¢à ‡ªìπµâπ ´÷Ë߇ªìπß“π«‘®—¬µàÕ<br />
¬Õ¥„πÕ𓧵 ‚¥¬‡∑§π‘§∑’Ëæ—≤π“¢÷Èππ’È¡’¢âÕ¥’ §◊Õ<br />
‡ªìπ‡∑§π‘§∑’Ë¡’§«“¡√«¥‡√Á«·≈–¡’¢—ÈπµÕπ„π°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–À剡ഗ∫´âÕπ Õ’°∑—È߬—ß¡’§«“¡®”‡æ“–‡®“–®ß Ÿß<br />
µàÕ “√°≈ÿà¡´—≈‚øπ“‰¡¥å·≈–‰¡à®”‡ªìπµâÕß„âÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘<br />
Ÿß¡“°„π¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡°àÕπ°“√<br />
«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
°‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“»<br />
¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ ¥√.¬ÿ∑∏æß…å Õÿ¥·πàπ ∑’Ë„À⧔<br />
ª√÷°…“µ≈Õ¥°“√«‘®—¬ ¿“§«‘“‡§¡’ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å<br />
¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π‡√»«√∑’Ë„À⧫“¡Õπÿ‡§√“–Àå∑“ߥâ“π<br />
‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ·≈–Õÿª°√≥å„π°“√«‘®—¬ ∂“∫—π à߇ √‘¡°“√<br />
Õπ«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ (‚§√ß°“√ à߇ √‘¡<br />
°“√º≈‘µ§√Ÿ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂摇»…∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å<br />
·≈–§≥‘µ»“ µ√å) ∑’Ë„Àâ‡ß‘π∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ„π°“√»÷°…“<br />
µàÕ√–¥—∫∫—≥±‘µ»÷°…“<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
°¡≈—¬ µ√ß«“π‘π“¡. (2544). °“√„⬓µâ“π®ÿ≈’æ<br />
„π —µ«å. (æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 3). ¿“§«‘“‡¿ —«‘∑¬“<br />
§≥– —µ«·æ∑¬å»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√-<br />
»“ µ√å: ”π—°æ‘¡æå¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å.<br />
33 - 54.<br />
‚Õ¿“ «—√–§ÿªµå. (2551). ‡§¡’¢Õ߬“ ©∫—∫ 1. ππ∑∫ÿ√’<br />
: ”π—°æ‘¡æå æ’.‡Õ .æ√‘Èπ∑å. 218-232.<br />
Antonio Hernandez - Cardoso, B. S., Scientist, Latin<br />
American Specialist. (2553). Nitrite titration.<br />
◊∫§âπ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 7 ¡’π“§¡ 2553 ®“° http://<br />
www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf<br />
24s0_c451.html<br />
Mohamed, A. M. (1989). Spectrophotometric<br />
Determination of some benzene sulfonamides<br />
with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane.<br />
Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 72(6): 885 - 889.<br />
Nagaraja, P., Naik, S. D., Shrestha, A. K.<br />
and Shivakumar, A. (2007). A sensitive<br />
spectrophotometric method for the<br />
determination of sulfonamides in<br />
pharmaceutical preparations. Acta. Pharm.<br />
57: 333 - 342.<br />
Nagaraja, P., Sunitha, K., Vasantha, R. A. and<br />
Yathirajan, H. S. (2002). Iminodibenzyl<br />
as a novel coupling agent for the
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 129<br />
spectrophotometric determination of<br />
sulfonamide derivatives. Eur. J. Pharm.<br />
Biopharm. 53(2): 187 - 192.<br />
Nagaraja, P., Yathirajan, H. S. Raju, C. R. Vasantha,<br />
R. A. Nagendra, P. and Hemantha Kumar,<br />
M. S. (2003). 3-Aminophenol as a novel<br />
coupling agent for the spectrophotometric<br />
determination of sulfonamide derivatives. Il<br />
Farmaco. 58(12): 1295 - 1300.<br />
Preuss, H. G., Razavi, M. H., Slemmer, D.<br />
and Zein, M. (1988). Colorimetry of<br />
p-aminohippurate in the presence of<br />
sulfomethoxazole. Clin. Chem. 34: 422 -<br />
423.<br />
❏❏❏❏❏
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 130-136 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 130-136 (2011)<br />
°“√§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â„π∫√√¬“°“»<br />
¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬<br />
Calculation of Precipitable Water Vapor<br />
in the Atmosphere of Thailand<br />
“¬—πµå ‚æ∏‘χ°µÿ 1<br />
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ<br />
„πß“π«‘®—¬π’È¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå‡æ◊ËÕ§”π«≥À“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â„π∫√√¬“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ª√‘¡“≥<br />
‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â§”π«≥‰¥â®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å ·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π´÷Ëß¡’<br />
°“√µ√«®«—¥∑’Ë ∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“®—ßÀ«—¥‡’¬ß„À¡à ∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ∫≈√“∏“π’ ∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“<br />
®—ßÀ«—¥ ߢ≈“ ·≈–°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‚¥¬„â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’˵√«®«—¥µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—π„πà«ßªï æ.». 2535<br />
∂÷ß æ.». 2550 ‡¡◊ËÕπ”ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”∑’ˉ¥â®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π∑—Èß 4 ∂“π’¥—ß°≈à“«¡“À“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫<br />
§«“¡◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÕ“°“»´÷Ë߇ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿“§æ◊Èπ¥‘π∑’Ë ∂“𒇥’¬«°—π„π√Ÿª·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ߧ≥‘µ»“ µ√å<br />
º≈∑’ˉ¥âæ∫«à“ ‡¡◊ËÕ»÷°…“°“√·ª√§à“µ“¡‡«≈“„π√Õ∫ªïæ∫«à“∑’Ë ∂“π’‡’¬ß„À¡à Õÿ∫≈√“∏“π’ ·≈–°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√<br />
¡’≈—°…≥–°“√·ª√§à“§≈⓬§≈÷ß°—π °≈à“«§◊Õ ®–¡’§à“¡“°„πà«ßƒ¥ŸΩπ ·≈–®–¡’§à“πâÕ¬„πà«ßƒ¥Ÿ·≈âß ”À√—∫<br />
∂“π’ ߢ≈“¡’§à“‡°◊Õ∫§ß∑’˵≈Õ¥∑—Èßªï §à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”∑’ˉ¥â®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π®–¡’§à“„°≈⇧’¬ß°—∫<br />
§à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”∑’ˉ¥â®“°·∫∫®”≈Õß‚¥¬¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß„π√Ÿª¢Õß Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ‡∑à“°—∫<br />
0.354 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ®“°π—ÈπºŸâ«‘®—¬π”·∫∫®”≈Õß∑’ˉ¥â‰ª§”π«≥§à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿“§æ◊Èπ¥‘π∑’Ë<br />
∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ 85 ·Ààß∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» º≈∑’ˉ¥âæ∫«à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â¡’§à“‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬Ÿà„πà«ß 2.431<br />
‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ - 6.146 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ‚¥¬¡’§à“πâÕ¬„πà«ßƒ¥Ÿ·≈âß (惻®‘°“¬π - ¡’π“§¡) ·≈–¡’§à“¡“°„πà«ßƒ¥ŸΩπ<br />
(‡¡…“¬π - µÿ≈“§¡) ‚¥¬¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬµàÕªï‡∑à“°—∫ 4.571±0.107 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√<br />
1<br />
“¢“«‘“øî ‘° åª√–¬ÿ°µå §≥–«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’√“¡ß§≈Õ’ “π «‘∑¬“‡¢µ¢Õπ·°àπ Õ.‡¡◊Õß ®.¢Õπ·°àπ<br />
40000<br />
E-mail: syphokate@hotmail.com
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 131<br />
Abstract<br />
This research aims to calculate the amount of precipitable water vapor in the atmosphere of<br />
Thailand. From upper air checking data, relative humidity and temperature. The data were collected<br />
continuously from four meteorological monitoring stations, Chiang Mai, Ubon Ratchathani, Bangkok and<br />
Songkhla station during 1992-2007. The data from this investigation were used to predict a mathematical<br />
model to make correlations to the precipitable water with surface climatological data, relative humidity and<br />
temperature. Results show that precipitable water vapor at Chiang Mai, Ubon Ratchathani and Bangkok<br />
station were higher in the rainy season and lower in the dry season. The precipitable water vapor in<br />
Songkhla station was quite constant throughout the year. The precipitable water vapor obtained from upper<br />
air corrended to value of the model. Difference in the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was 0.354 cm.<br />
After calculation the amount of precipitable water vapor from surface data at 85 meteorological stations<br />
nationwide, it varied from 2.431 cm to 6.146 cm. The result showed that the precipitable water vapor were<br />
relative low in the dry (November to March) and relative high in the rainy season (April to October) with<br />
an average was 4.571±0.107 cm per year.<br />
∫∑π”<br />
‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª‰ÕπÈ”‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß<br />
∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ∑√“∫∂÷ß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß<br />
≈¡øÑ“Õ“°“» °“√°àÕµ—«¢Õ߇¡ ·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥Ωπ<br />
À¡Õ° À‘¡– ≈Ÿ°‡ÀÁ∫ œ πÕ°®“°π’È ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”„π<br />
∫√√¬“°“»¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑’Ë ”§—≠µàÕ°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß√—ß ’¥«ß<br />
Õ“∑‘µ¬å∑’ˇ§≈◊ËÕπ∑’˺à“π∫√√¬“°“»¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°<br />
(Iqbal, 1983; Christian, 1994) °≈à“«§◊Õ ‰ÕπÈ”„π<br />
∫√√¬“°“»®–¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å„πà«ß§«“¡¬“«<br />
§≈◊Ëπ°«â“ß (0.25-4.0 ‰¡‚§√‡¡µ√)‰¥â∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 15<br />
(Nunez, 1993) °“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π®–¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫<br />
ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”„π∫√√¬“°“» (Gautier et al., 1980; Iqbal,<br />
1983; Nunez, 1993) ‚¥¬ª°µ‘‡√“®–· ¥ßª√‘¡“≥<br />
‰ÕπÈ”„π∫√√¬“°“»„π√Ÿª¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â<br />
(Precipitable Water Vapor) ´÷Ëß®–∫Õ°‰¥â„π√Ÿª¢Õß<br />
§«“¡ Ÿß¢ÕßπÈ”„π§Õ≈—¡πå¢Õß∫√√¬“°“» ‚¥¬ ¡¡µ‘«à“<br />
‰ÕπÈ”∑’Ë·∑√°µ—«Õ¬Ÿà„π§Õ≈—¡πå¢Õß∫√√¬“°“»π—Èπ°≈—Ëπµ—«<br />
°≈“¬‡ªìππÈ” (Iqbal, 1983)<br />
ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”„πÕ“°“»‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡—°À“‰¥â¬“°<br />
·≈–„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¬—߉¡à¡’°“√µ√«®«—¥ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”<br />
„πÕ“°“» „πß“π«‘®—¬π’ȺŸâ«‘®—¬®–§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”<br />
®“°§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߧ«“¡◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å ·≈–<br />
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÕ“°“»∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π<br />
(Upper Air Data) ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’Àπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë<br />
µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π§◊Õ°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“´÷Ëß∑”°“√<br />
µ√«®Õ“°“»‚¥¬ª≈àÕ¬∫Õ≈≈Ÿπµ√«®Õ“°“» (Weather<br />
Balloon) ∑ÿ°«—π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õÿª°√≥å∑’Ë„â„π¿“√°‘®π’È¡’<br />
√“§“§àÕπ¢â“ß·æß „π°“√µ√«®«—¥·µà≈–§√—ÈßµâÕ߇ ’¬<br />
§à“„â®à“¬‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“° ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ<br />
∫π®÷ß¡’°“√µ√«®‡©æ“– ∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ ‡æ’¬ß<br />
4 ∂“π’‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¥â·°à ∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“®—ßÀ«—¥<br />
‡’¬ß„À¡à ∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ∫≈√“∏“π’<br />
∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“®—ßÀ«—¥ ߢ≈“ ·≈–°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡-<br />
«‘∑¬“°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ß“π«‘®—¬π’È„â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë¡’°“√<br />
µ√«®«—¥µ‘¥µàÕ°—π„πà«ßªï æ.». 2535 ∂÷ß æ.». 2550<br />
‚¥¬¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå‡æ◊ËÕÀ“·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ߧ≥‘µ»“ µ√å<br />
”À√—∫§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â„π∫√√¬“°“»<br />
¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ º≈°“√«‘®—¬∑’ˉ¥â®– “¡“√∂≈¥§à“„â<br />
®à“¬·≈–ª√–¡“≥§à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â ”À√—∫<br />
∂“π’∑’ˉ¡à¡’°“√µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π´÷Ëß„π°“√»÷°…“
132 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
‡°’ˬ«°—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡√—ß ’¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’ˇ¢â“¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπ‚≈°<br />
®”‡ªìπµâÕß∑√“∫§à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â √«¡∑—Èß<br />
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘„π°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥<br />
‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â (Brine and Iqbal, 1983; Nunez, 1993)<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ„â„π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑“ߥâ“πæ≈—ßß“π<br />
· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ‡àπ °“√À“°“√°√–®“¬¢Õߧ«“¡‡¢â¡√—ß ’<br />
¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’Ëæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° (solar radiation mapping)<br />
®“°¿“æ∂à“¬¥“«‡∑’¬¡ ß“πÕÕ°·∫∫Õÿª°√≥å∑“ߥâ“π<br />
æ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å °“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π„πÕ“§“√<br />
À√◊Õ„â„πß“πÕÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ ‡àπ °“√ √â“ß·∫∫<br />
®”≈Õ߇æ◊ËÕ∑”𓬠¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
«‘∏’°“√«‘®—¬<br />
„πß“π«‘®—¬π’ȺŸâ«‘®—¬§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπ<br />
µ—«‰¥â®“°§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߧ«“¡◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å ·≈–<br />
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÕ“°“»∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π<br />
´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√§”π«≥µ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’ ‚¥¬¡’°“√µ√«®«—¥<br />
4 ∂“π’ ‰¥â·°à ∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“®—ßÀ«—¥‡’¬ß„À¡à<br />
∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ∫≈√“∏“π’ ∂“π’<br />
Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“®—ßÀ«—¥ ߢ≈“ ·≈– ∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“<br />
°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ´÷Ëß„â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë∑”°“√«—¥µ‘¥µàÕ°—π<br />
„πà«ßªï æ.». 2535 ∂÷ß æ.». 2550 ‚¥¬„â ¡°“√<br />
(Garrison, 1992)<br />
(1)<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ w ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â (Precipitable<br />
Water Vapor) „πÀπ૬ ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√<br />
M p<br />
‡ªìπ Mixing Ratio ∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡¥—π p „¥Ê<br />
g ‡ªì𧫓¡‡√à߇π◊ËÕß®“°·√ß‚πâ¡∂à«ß¢Õß‚≈°<br />
(986.665 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√/«‘π“∑’2 )<br />
p o<br />
‡ªì𧫓¡¥—π∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ëæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°<br />
(¡‘≈≈‘∫“√å)<br />
ρ ‡ªì𧫓¡Àπ“·πàπ¢ÕßπÈ” (°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å<br />
‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√)<br />
π”§à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â∑’˧”π«≥®“°<br />
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π¡“«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å<br />
°—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·≈–§«“¡◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å¢ÕßÕ“°“»´÷Ë߇ªìπ<br />
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈º‘«æ◊Èπ (surface data) ∑’Ë ∂“𒇥’¬«°—π º≈∑’ˉ¥â<br />
π”¡“ √â“ß·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ߧ≥‘µ»“ µ√å ”À√—∫𔉪<br />
„⧔π«≥ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥âµ“¡ ∂“π∑’˵à“ß Ê<br />
ºŸâ«‘®—¬‰¥â∑¥ Õ∫·∫∫®”≈Õß‚¥¬„â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õߪï æ.».<br />
2551 ´÷Ë߇ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰¡à‰¥â„â„π°“√ √â“ß·∫∫<br />
®”≈Õ߇æ◊ËÕ¬◊π¬—𧫓¡∂Ÿ°µâÕߢÕß·∫∫®”≈Õß∑’Ë √â“ß<br />
¢÷Èπ ·≈–π”·∫∫®”≈Õß∑’ˉ¥â‰ª§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”<br />
°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈º‘«æ◊Èπ∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√µ√«®«—¥∑’Ë<br />
∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ 85 ·Ààß∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» ®“°π—ÈπÀ“§à“<br />
ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπ∑’Ë√–À«à“ß ∂“π’«—¥<br />
¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√§“¥§–‡π·π«‚πâ¡ (interpolation) ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥â<br />
§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»π”¡“®—¥· ¥ß„π√Ÿª·ºπ∑’Ë<br />
ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â<br />
º≈°“√«‘®—¬<br />
ºŸâ«‘®—¬ √â“ß·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ߧ≥‘µ»“ µ√å‡æ◊ËÕ<br />
§”π«≥§à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â¢Õß ∂“π’∑’ˉ¡à¡’<br />
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π ‚¥¬°“√π”§à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”<br />
°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â (w) ∑’ˉ¥â®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π¡“<br />
À“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ (T) §«“¡◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å (RH)<br />
¢ÕßÕ“°“»∑’Ë ∂“𒇥’¬«°—π º≈∑’ˉ¥â· ¥ß‰«â¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 133<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â (w) °—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÕ“°“» (T) §«“¡◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å¢Õß<br />
Õ“°“» (RH) ·≈–§«“¡¥—π‰ÕÕ‘Ë¡µ—«¢Õ߉ÕπÈ”„πÕ“°“» (p s<br />
)<br />
®“°√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ‡√“ “¡“√∂ √â“ß ¡°“√‡Õ¡æ‘√‘§—≈<br />
(Empirical) ·∑𧫓¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”<br />
°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â°—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·≈–§«“¡◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å ´÷Ë߇ªìπ<br />
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈º‘«æ◊Èπ‰¥â ¥—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë (2)<br />
(2)<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ w ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â (‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√)<br />
RH ‡ªì𧫓¡◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å¢ÕßÕ“°“» (decimal)<br />
T ‡ªìπÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÕ“°“» (‡§≈«‘π)<br />
p s<br />
‡ªì𧫓¡¥—π‰ÕÕ‘Ë¡µ—«¢Õ߉ÕπÈ”„πÕ“°“»<br />
(¡‘≈≈‘∫“√å)<br />
§à“§«“¡¥—π‰ÕÕ‘Ë¡µ—«¢Õ߉ÕπÈ”„πÕ“°“» À“‰¥â<br />
®“° ¡°“√ (Iqbal, 1983)<br />
(3)<br />
„π°“√µ√«® Õ∫§«“¡∂Ÿ°µâÕߢÕß ¡°“√ (2)<br />
π’ȺŸâ«‘®—¬‰¥â‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«‰¥â®“°<br />
·∫∫®”≈Õß ¡°“√∑’Ë (2) ·≈–§à“ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”°≈—Ëπµ—«<br />
‰¥â®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µ√«®Õ“°“»—Èπ∫π ¡°“√∑’Ë (1) ‚¥¬„â<br />
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° 4 ∂“π’ ¥—ß°≈à“«¢â“ßµâπ ¢Õߪï æ.». 2551<br />
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134 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
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¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß„π√Ÿª¢Õß Root Mean Square Error<br />
(RMSE) ‡∑à“°—∫ 0.354 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ·≈–§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï<br />
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¢Õߧ«“¡‡¢â¡√—ß ’¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ´÷Ëß®–∑”„Àâº≈∑’ˉ¥â¡’§«“¡<br />
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∑”𓬠¿“æÕ“°“»·≈–°“√»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈√–¬–‰°≈‚¥¬„â<br />
¥“«‡∑’¬¡·≈–ß“πÕ◊ËπÊ ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕßµàÕ‰ª<br />
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«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 137-148 (2554) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 137-148 (2011)<br />
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E-mail: Kunchitpirapake@hotmail.com
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138 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
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Abstract<br />
The objectives of the study were 1) to study government developing process caused ownership<br />
change in bordering areas under he changes of economy, social politics. 2) to apply the Geoinformation<br />
Technology involved ownership and the use of the areas.<br />
The three concepts had been employed in the study namely; territorailization by state legislation to<br />
claim resource right, complexity and conflict involved the right in resources under the development and the<br />
application in the use of Geography Information Systems.
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 139<br />
The data analysis: the data analysis of the land used between 2004 - 2009 was from the<br />
interpretation of aerial photography and satellite photograph; Landsat 5 TM. The provided photographs were<br />
presented in map indicating the use of the land and overlap of the data in and the use of the land 4-01 (SPK<br />
4-01) in border areas under the changes of economy, social and politics. 2) to apply the use Geoinformation<br />
Technology involved land ownership and the use of the land 4-01, the survey the trespassed areas from<br />
global positioning systems including analysis on land trespass and conflict involved the areas in order to<br />
manage the land administration in the future.<br />
The results of the study; firstly, the change of ownership (properties right) and documentary right<br />
in NonDinDeang Sub-district Administrative Organization Amphoe NonDinDeang, Buriram Province. That<br />
was one of the areas encountered the problem due to the change of national and local economy. Because of<br />
the areas were the borders connecting to Sakaew Province. The extension of the city community caused the<br />
stores, resorts and other constructions arisen. That affected the way of life of the people in those areas to<br />
acclimatize themselves to survive in the community in such a social and economical changes all the time.<br />
The governmentsû development involved the ownership in NonDinDeang Sub-district Administrative<br />
Organization, Amphoe NonDinDeang, Buriram Province was like the change affected from the national<br />
policy concentrated on providing people in the areas an ownership with official permission to take the use<br />
of the land and provided the use of the land 4-01 for those unavailable.<br />
That was a right concept but the procedure has not been assured and considerate. Moreover, that<br />
also caused the national forest and public lands were increased. SPK 4-01 lands had not been surveyed<br />
considerately, only marked on the map, therefore, the mistaken was existed leading to the conflict in<br />
management of land possession in those areas as in the present.<br />
The tendency of land ownership in NonDinDeang Sub-district Administrative Organization nearby<br />
areas in the future; nowadays the use of the land 4-01 have been contributed to the villagers. The government<br />
under the prime minister; Apisit Vetchachewa, arose the ideas of providing title deeds that may lead the<br />
government the way to deal with the land problems in many areas in the future.<br />
Secondly, the utility of Geoinformation Technology to deal with land ownership was another<br />
application providing many organizations to handle with land management including Department of Local<br />
Administration, Department of lands, and Department of wildlife sanctuary and national parks.<br />
Those organizations realized the utility of the data base managements such as system of tax map<br />
and property record, the contribution data base on land ownership including contribution of area data base<br />
as for national park, .<br />
The providing data base in land ownership and land utility including detail data based on Geoinformation<br />
Technology in NonDinDeang Sub-district Administrative Organization was one invention of effective land<br />
management in local areas and related organization as well. Moreover, the organizations may be able to<br />
modernize the data effectively for further use in the future.<br />
§” ”§—≠ : °“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑» °“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’Ë“¬·¥π ‚©π¥ÿ¡π<br />
Keywords : Apply of Geoinformation Technology, Land ownership, Community properties right
140 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
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(©≈“¥“¬ √¡‘µ“ππ∑å, 2548)<br />
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‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë¥‘π¡—°„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠‡©æ“– ‘∑∏‘<br />
„π∑’Ë¥‘π¢Õß√—∞ (state property) ·≈–∑’Ë¥‘π¢Õ߇հπ<br />
(private property) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ·π«§‘¥„π°“√®—¥°“√∑’Ë¥‘πÀ√◊Õ<br />
∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑’Ë¡’√“°∞“π¡“®“°·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫√–∫∫<br />
°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï·∫∫ªí®‡®°∫ÿ§§≈·≈–°“√¡’·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫<br />
§«“¡‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß (ownership system) ®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡Õß<br />
∑√—æ¬å ‘π„π≈—°…≥–∑’ˇªìπÀπ૬ (unit) À√◊Õ‡ªìπ ‘ËߢÕß<br />
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∑’ˇªìπ·∫∫‡∫Á¥‡ √Á®‡¥Á¥¢“¥ (exclusiveness) „π°“√<br />
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Ÿà«‘°ƒµ‘‡»√…∞°‘®„πªï æ.». 2540 (¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ∂“∫—π∑’Ë¥‘π,<br />
2545)<br />
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∑ÿπ®—∫¡◊Õ°—π¡ÿàß Ÿà√–∫∫∑ÿππ‘¬¡‡ √’‡πâπ√–∫∫µ≈“¥‡°‘¥<br />
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ª√–°“»„Àâ¡’π‚¬∫“¬∑”ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬„À⇪ìπ§√—«¢Õß<br />
‚≈° §√—«¢Õß‚≈° §◊Õ ·À≈àߺ≈‘µÕ“À“√ °“√®–º≈‘µ<br />
Õ“À“√π—ÈπµâÕß¡’∑’Ë¥‘π·µà«à“Àÿâπ à«π„À≠à¢Õß√—∞∫“≈ §◊Õ<br />
∫√‘…—∑∏ÿ√°‘®°“√‡°…µ√¢π“¥¬—°…å∑’Ë¡’∑ÿπ‰ª≈ß„π<br />
ª√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ °≈ÿà¡∑ÿπæ«°π’ȇªìπºŸâº≈—°¥—π„Àâ„âπ‚¬∫“¬<br />
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π‚¬∫“¬∑’ˇÕ◊ÈÕ„Àâ·°à‡°…µ√§π®π∑’Ë¥‘π∑’Ë¡’Õ¬ŸàÕ¬à“ß®”°—¥<br />
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‡ªìπ∑ÿπ ´÷Ëß°Á‰¡à “¡“√∂·°âªí≠À“∑’Ë¥‘π∑’Ë·∑â®√‘߉¥â ¬‘Ëß<br />
∑”„Àâÿ¡π¢“¥ ‘∑∏‘‚Õ°“ „π°“√‡¢â“∂÷ß°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π‰ª¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê ¡’º≈„π∑“ß≈∫µàÕ§π®π ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ<br />
°“√૬§π√«¬ §◊Õ∏𓧓√ ·µà§π®π®–¬‘Ëß®π≈ß<br />
πÕ°®“°π’ȧπ®π¬—ߪ√– ∫ªí≠À“‡√◊ËÕß√“§“ æ◊º≈<br />
∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√∑’˵°µË” ‡æ√“–°“√‡ªî¥‡ √’°“√§â“Õ’°¥â«¬<br />
¥—ßπ—Èπ ∂“π°“√≥å¢Õߧπ®π„ππ∫∑¬‘Ë߬˔·¬à<br />
°“√º≈—°¥—π‡√◊ËÕßπ‚¬∫“¬°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª∑’Ë¥‘π µâÕß<br />
„Àâ§π®π‡¢â“∂÷ß∑√—欓°√ ‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß∑√—欓°√·≈–<br />
„â∑√—欓°√ ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’ȇÕ߇°…µ√°√®”π«πÀπ÷Ëß®÷ß<br />
§‘¥«à“√Õ√—∞µàÕ‰ª§ß‰¡à‰À« ¡’∑’Ë¥‘π√°√â“ß«à“߇ª≈à“ À√◊Õ<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π¡’‡®â“¢Õß·µà‰¥â°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï¡“‚¥¬¡‘Õ∫®”π«π¡“°<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π¥—ß°≈à“«∂Ÿ°ª≈àÕ¬‰«â‡©¬Ê „π¢≥–∑’˧π 30-40<br />
≈â“π§π¡’ªí≠À“‰¡à¡’∑’Ë¥‘π∑”°‘π ª√–‡¥Áπªí≠À“Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë<br />
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200 ‰√à ´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à·≈â«®–‡ªìπ∑’Ë¥‘π∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ”À√—∫<br />
°“√‡°…µ√ ∑”„À⇰…µ√°√µâÕß≈ÿ°¢÷Èπ¡“¬÷¥§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π<br />
®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å‡ªìπÕ’°Àπ÷Ëß®—ßÀ«—¥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈<br />
°√–∑∫‡√◊ËÕߢÕß°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï∑’Ë¥‘π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–¿“§<br />
‡°…µ√°√√¡∑’ˇ°…µ√°√µâÕßÕ“»—¬∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–§«“¡Õÿ¥¡<br />
¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢Õß∏√√¡“µ‘ À“°·µà∑’Ë¥‘π∑’ˇ°…µ√°√¡’Õ¬Ÿà<br />
‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ°—∫°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õßæ◊‡»√…∞°‘®µ“¡°≈‰°<br />
µ≈“¥ °àÕ‡°‘¥ªí≠À“°“√∫ÿ°√ÿ°∑’Ë¥‘π∑”°‘π·≈–°“√Õâ“ß<br />
‘∑∏‘‡Àπ◊Õ∑’Ë¥‘π¢ÕߺŸâ¡’Õ”π“® ‡àπ °√≥’¢à“«°“√ÕÕ°<br />
π. .3 °. ‡π◊ÈÕ∑’ËÀ≈“¬√âÕ¬‰√à∑—∫∑’Ë “∏“√≥–„π∫√‘‡«≥<br />
Õÿ∑¬“π‡¢“°√–‚¥ß®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å¢Õßπ—°°“√‡¡◊Õß<br />
∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ (Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ凥≈‘π‘« å, 2551) §¥’∫ÿ°√ÿ°∑’Ë¥‘π<br />
„π‡¢µªÉ“ ß«π∫√‘‡«≥‡¢“æπ¡√ÿâߢÕßπ—°°“√‡¡◊Õß<br />
∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠇪ìπµâπ<br />
„π¬ÿ§ªí®®ÿ∫—π√—∞∫“≈¡’π‚¬∫“¬∑’Ë—¥‡®π„π°“√<br />
à߇ √‘¡·≈– π—∫ πÿπ„ÀâÀπà«¬ß“π¿“§√—∞ ∂“∫—π<br />
°“√»÷°…“·≈–¿“§‡Õ°π∑—ÈßÀπ૬ߓπ à«π°≈“ß à«π<br />
¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§·≈– à«π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ„â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑»„π<br />
°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√∑√—欓°√∏√√¡“µ‘ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡<br />
·≈–¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë¡’§«“¡∂Ÿ°µâÕß<br />
“¡“√∂ª√—∫ª√ÿß„À⇪ìπªí®®ÿ∫—π∑—πµàÕ‡Àµÿ°“√≥剥â<br />
Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß<br />
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑»‡ªìπ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’„À¡à<br />
∑’Ë “¡“√∂π”¡“ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â„π°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√·≈–<br />
«“ß·ºπ°“√„â∑√—欓°√„π∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß ´÷Ëß<br />
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¥—ß°≈à“«ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ √–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»<br />
∑“ß¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å (geographic information systems)<br />
√’‚¡∑‡´π´‘Ëß/°“√√—∫√Ÿâ√–¬–‰°≈ (remote sensing)<br />
·≈–√–∫∫°”Àπ¥µ”·Àπàßæ‘°—¥∫π‚≈° (global<br />
positioning system) °“√π”‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑»<br />
¡“„âπ—Èπ “¡“√∂µÕ∫§”∂“¡µà“ßÊ „π‡‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑—Èß∑“ß<br />
µ√ß·≈–∑“ßÕâÕ¡ Õ“∑‘‡àπ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß°“√„â<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π·≈– ‘Ëߪ°§≈ÿ¡¥‘π °“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ-<br />
·ª≈ߢÕß∑√—欓°√°“¬¿“æ °“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ë¿“…’<br />
°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õßÿ¡π·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ‡ªìπµâπ<br />
Õ”‡¿Õ‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß ®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë<br />
“¬·¥π∑’Ë¡’Õ“≥“‡¢µµ‘¥µàÕ°—∫®—ßÀ«—¥ √–·°â«·≈–<br />
ª√–‡∑»°—¡æŸ“ ªí≠À“°“√∫ÿ°√ÿ°·≈–°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß<br />
°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï„π∑’Ë¥‘π∑”°‘π¢Õß“«∫â“π‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¡“Õ¬à“ß<br />
¬“«π“π ¬ÿ§·√°¢Õß°“√‡¢â“¡“Õ“»—¬„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë“«∫â“π<br />
“¡“√∂·ºâ«∂“ß·≈–®—∫®Õßæ◊Èπ∑’˵“¡∑’Ë√—∞Õπÿ≠“µ À“°<br />
·µà‡¡◊ËÕ√—∞ª√–°“»„Àâ¡’√–∫∫°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π‚¥¬¡’<br />
°“√ÕÕ°‡Õ° “√ ‘∑∏‘Ï„π√Ÿª¢Õß ª°.4-01 ªí≠À“<br />
§«“¡¢—¥·¬âß·≈–ªí≠À“„π°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π®÷߇°‘¥¢÷Èπ<br />
„π√Ÿª·∫∫∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“¬ ‡àπ °√≥’°≈ÿà¡“«∫â“π∫ÿ°√ÿ°<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“¥ß„À≠à ‚¥¬°àÕπ‰¥â√—∫
å<br />
142 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
Õπÿ≠“µ (Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ废⮗¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå , 2552) °àÕ<br />
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À≈“¬Àπà«¬ß“π ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß“µ‘µ“æ√–¬“<br />
°√¡Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß“µ‘ —µ«åªÉ“·≈–æ—π∏ÿåæ◊ ∑√—欓°√<br />
∏√√¡“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ·≈– ”π—°<br />
®—¥°“√∑√—欓°√ªÉ“‰¡â∑’Ë 8<br />
®“°º≈°√–∑∫¢â“ßµâπ ºŸâ«‘®—¬®÷ß∑”°“√»÷°…“<br />
√à«¡°—∫“«∫â“π ‚¥¬¡’§”∂“¡«‘®—¬«à“ „πÕ¥’µ“«∫â“π<br />
¡’°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï„π°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π °“√„âª√–‚¬πå„π<br />
∑’Ë¥‘πÕ¬à“߉√ ‘∑∏‘„π°“√°“√®—¥°“√°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π<br />
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„â¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å„π°“√§—¥§â“π·≈–µàÕ√ÕßÕ¬à“߉√ ‡¡◊ËÕ<br />
°“√§—¥§â“π·≈–µàÕ√Õß„πÕ¥’µ‰¡à‡ªìπº≈ “«∫â“π<br />
欓¬“¡À—π¡“„âªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√Õ¬à“߉√‡æ◊ËÕ„â°“√µàÕ√Õß<br />
·≈–· «ßÀ“∑“߇≈◊Õ°„À¡à„π°“√®—¥°“√°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π„À⇰‘¥°“√„â∑√—欓°√Õ¬à“߬—Ë߬◊π·≈–‡ªìπ∏√√¡<br />
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«‘∏’°“√‡‘ߧÿ≥¿“æ ‡æ◊ËÕ૬„À⇢Ⓞ®·ßà¡ÿ¡µà“ßÊ ¢Õß<br />
°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π<br />
«‘∏’°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ«‘∏’°“√«‘®—¬∑’ËÕ“»—¬ °“√«‘®—¬‡‘ß<br />
ª√‘¡“≥·≈–°“√«‘®—¬‡‘ߧÿ≥¿“æ §◊Õ à«π·√°‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈<br />
∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë (spatial data) ‰¥â·°à ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡‘ß<br />
æ◊Èπ∑’Ë (spatial data) ‰¥â·°à ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·ª≈ß∑’Ë¥‘π ®“°<br />
”π—°ß“π°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª∑’Ë¥‘π‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡®—ßÀ«—¥<br />
∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√„âª√–‚¬πå∑’Ë¥‘πªï æ.». 2547 ®“°<br />
°“√·ª≈¿“æ∂à“¬∑“ßÕ“°“» ªï æ.». 2547 ¡“µ√“ à«π<br />
1: 4,000 ·≈–¿“楓«‡∑’¬¡ Landsat 5 TM √“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥<br />
®ÿ¥¿“æ 30 ‡¡µ√ ªï æ.». 2552 ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑—ÈßÀ¡¥<br />
π”¡“´âÕπ∑—∫°—π (overlay) ‡æ◊ËÕ¥Ÿ°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π<br />
√«¡∑—Èß°“√µ√«® Õ∫§«“¡∂Ÿ°µâÕ߇‘ßµ”·ÀπàߢÕß<br />
æ◊Èπ∑’˥⫬‡§√◊ËÕß°”Àπ¥µ”·Àπàßæ‘°—¥∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°<br />
(GPS)<br />
ª√–“°√‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑’Ë„â„π°“√»÷°…“ ‰¥â·°à<br />
“«∫â“π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ®”π«π 300 √“¬ (‚¥¬„â Ÿµ√ Yamane<br />
∑’Ë√–¥—∫ §«“¡‡◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ 95 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå ·≈–¢π“¥µ—«Õ¬à“ß<br />
§«“¡§«“¡§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë + 5 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå) ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë
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«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 143<br />
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√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 °√Õ∫·π«§‘¥„π°“√«‘®—¬<br />
¢ÕßÀπ૬ߓπ√—∞∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ®”π«π 30 √“¬<br />
(„â°“√°”Àπ¥¢π“¥µ—«Õ¬à“ß·∫∫®”‡æ“–‡®“–®ß)<br />
°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√<br />
„âª√–‚¬πå∑’Ë¥‘πªï æ.». 2547-2548 ∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√<br />
·ª≈¿“æ∂à“¬∑“ßÕ“°“» π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’ˉ¥â¡“𔇠πÕ<br />
„π√Ÿª¢Õß·ºπ∑’Ë°“√„âª√–‚¬πå∑’Ë¥‘π ·≈–°“√<br />
”√«®µ”·Àπàßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫ÿ°√ÿ°®“°‡§√◊ËÕß°”Àπ¥µ”·Àπàß<br />
æ‘°—¥∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈°<br />
°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å °“√„âª√–‚¬πå<br />
·≈–°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ‡»√…∞°‘®·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß<br />
‚¥¬°“√æ‘®“√≥“∂÷߇Àµÿ·Ààß∑’Ë¡“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÿ¡π<br />
√–À«à“ßÿ¡π ‚¥¬«‘‡§√“–À宓°°“√ —¡¿“…≥å“«∫â“π<br />
ºŸâπ”ÿ¡π ·≈–‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë√—∞√«¡∑—Èß¿“§‡Õ°π<br />
∂‘µ‘∑’Ë„â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå®–„â°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå<br />
‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√æ√√≥π“ (content analysis)<br />
ª√–°Õ∫°—∫°“√· ¥ß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â«¬·ºπ∑’Ë·≈–µ“√“ß<br />
√«¡∑—Èß°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°“√´âÕπ∑—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë °“√<br />
À“§à“§«“¡∂’Ë °“√°√–®“¬√âÕ¬≈– §à“‡©≈’ˬ<br />
º≈°“√«‘®—¬<br />
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«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå„π°“√»÷°…“ ÕߢâÕ ‰¥â·°à 1) »÷°…“<br />
°√–∫«π°“√æ—≤π“¢Õß√—∞∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß<br />
°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë“¬¢Õ∫ ¿“¬„µâ°√–∫«π°“√<br />
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡ ·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß<br />
2) ‡æ◊ËÕª√–¬ÿ°µå„â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑»‡°’ˬ«°—∫
144 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–°“√„âª√–‚¬πå„π∑’Ë¥‘π ¥—ß<br />
√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µàÕ‰ªπ’È<br />
1. °√–∫«π°“√æ—≤π“¢Õß√—∞∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√<br />
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë“¬¢Õ∫ ¿“¬<br />
„µâ°√–∫«π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡ ·≈–<br />
°“√‡¡◊Õß æ∫«à“°“√„âª√–‚¬πå¢Õß“«∫â“π„π¬ÿ§<br />
·√°Ê ¡—°µ—Èß∫â“π‡√◊Õπ·≈–∑”°“√‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°„π∑’Ë√“∫<br />
√‘¡πÈ” ·≈–¡’√Ÿª·∫∫°“√„â∑’Ë¥‘π∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—πµ“¡<br />
≈—°…≥–¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë≈—°…≥–æ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß°“√„â ·≈–°“√<br />
∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡—°®–·¬°‡ªìπ 4 ª√–‡¿∑À≈—°µ“¡<br />
≈—°…≥–°“√„â §◊Õ ∑’Ë∫â“π ∑’Ëπ“ ∑’Ë «π ∑’ˉ√à<br />
°Æ‡°≥±å·≈–®“√’µ„π°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π„π<br />
·µà≈–ª√–‡¿∑π—Èπ‡ªìπ°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π‚¥¬°≈ÿà¡<br />
µ√–°Ÿ≈·≈– “¡“√∂ ◊∫µàÕ‡ªìπ¡√¥° Ÿà≈Ÿ°À≈“π ‚¥¬<br />
à«π„À≠à ◊∫ “¬®“°µ√–°Ÿ≈¢ÕßΩÉ“¬·¡à (ºŸâÀ≠‘ß) ´÷Ëß<br />
≈—°…≥–°“√„â∑’Ë¥‘π√Ÿª·∫∫¥—ß°≈à“«„π¢≥–π—Èπ‡ªìπ<br />
‰ª„π≈—°…≥–∑’ˉ¡à∂“«√·≈–‰¡à¡’°“√„âª√–‚¬πå<br />
Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ¥—ßπ—Èπ„π¬ÿ§π’È®÷߬—߉¡à¡’°“√π”°ÆÀ¡“¬<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π‡¢â“¡“∫—ߧ—∫„â„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë<br />
·π«§‘¥°“√æ—≤π“ª√–‡∑»‚¥¬‡©æ“–µ—Èß·µà<br />
·ºπæ—≤𓇻√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡·Ààß“µ‘ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1<br />
ªï æ.». 2504 ∑’ˉ¥â„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√«“ß·ºπ∑’Ë®–<br />
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß·≈–¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘µ„π¿“§‡°…µ√®“°<br />
‡°…µ√‡æ◊ËÕ¬—ߒ扪 Ÿà°“√º≈‘µ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√§â“·≈–°“√ àßÕÕ°<br />
‡æ◊ËÕπ”‡ß‘πµ√“®“°°“√§â“ °“√º≈‘µ∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√¡“<br />
‡ªìπ∑ÿπ ”À√—∫°“√æ—≤π“¿“§Õÿµ “À°√√¡<br />
√—∞∫“≈®—¥µ—Èß°√¡∑’Ë¥‘π‡æ◊ËÕÕÕ°‡Õ° “√ ‘∑∏‘Ï<br />
„π∑’Ë¥‘π∑”°‘π¿“¬„µâª√–¡«≈°ØÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¥‘π æ.». 2497<br />
„π¬ÿ§π’ȇհ “√ ‘∑∏‘Ï∑’Ë“«∫â“π·®âß°—∫∑“߇®â“Àπâ“∑’Ëπ—Èπ<br />
à«π„À≠à·®â߇©æ“–∑’Ë∫â“π·≈–∑’Ëπ“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ<br />
æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë„âª√–‚¬πåÕ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß·≈–¡’§«“¡—¥‡®π<br />
„π‡√◊ËÕßÕ“≥“‡¢µ à«πæ◊Èπ∑’ˉ√à ·≈– «π∑’Ë à«π„À≠à<br />
‡°‘¥®“°°“√·ºâ«∂“ßæ◊Èπ∑’ˇæ◊ËÕ¢¬“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√‡°…µ√<br />
“«∫â“π®÷߉¡à‰¥â·®â߇æ◊ËÕ¢ÕÕÕ°‡Õ° “√ ‘∑∏‘Ï<br />
‚§√ß°“√æ—≤π“¢Õß√—∞‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π∑’ˇ¢â“¡“„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë π—Ëπ§◊Õ ‚§√ß°“√‡√àß√—¥ÕÕ°‚©π¥<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π À≈—ß®“°∑’˧≥–√—∞¡πµ√’¡’¡µ‘ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 3 ‡¡…“¬π<br />
æ.». 2527 Õπÿ¡—µ‘„Àâ°√¡∑’Ë¥‘𥔇π‘π‚§√ß°“√æ—≤π“<br />
°√¡∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–‡√àß√—¥ÕÕ°‚©π¥∑’Ë¥‘π∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» ‚¥¬<br />
°”Àπ¥„Àâ·≈⫇ √Á®¿“¬„π 20 ªï (æ.». 2528 - 2547)<br />
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß√–∫Õ∫°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï·≈–‡Õ° “√ ‘∑∏‘Ï<br />
„πæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ à«πµ”∫≈‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß Õ”‡¿Õ<br />
‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß ®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡ªìπÕ’°æ◊Èπ∑’ËÀπ÷Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥<br />
¢÷Èπµ“¡°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕ߇»√…∞°‘®√–¥—∫ª√–‡∑»<br />
·≈–√–¥—∫∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°æ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π‡¢µ‡◊ËÕ¡µàÕ<br />
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Õ–‰√®“° °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°π‚¬∫“¬√–¥—∫<br />
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∑’Ë¥‘π∑’Ë¡—Ëπ§ß ‚¥¬¡’°“√ÕÕ°Àπ—ß ◊ÕÕπÿ≠“µ„À⇢â“∑”<br />
ª√–‚¬πå„π‡¢µªØ‘√Ÿª∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–„π·®°∑’Ë¥‘π∑”°‘π<br />
„π√Ÿª¢Õß ª°.4-01 „Àâ“«∫â“π∑’ˇªìπ‡°…µ√°√·≈–<br />
‰¡à¡’∑’Ë∑”°‘π ´÷Ë߇ªìπ·π«§‘¥∑’Ë¥’ ·µà°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘„π<br />
∑ÿ°¢—ÈπµÕπ¬—߉¡à√Õ∫§Õ∫—¥‡®π ∑”„ÀâªÉ“‰¡âÀ√◊Õ∑’Ë<br />
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∑‘»∑“ß°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π„πæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ<br />
‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß„πÕ𓧵π—Èπ ªí®®ÿ∫—π¬—ߧߡ’°“√ÕÕ°<br />
ª°.4-01 „Àâ°—∫“«∫â“π∑’Ë√âÕߢյ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õß<br />
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√—∞∫“≈„π¬ÿ§ ¡—¬¢Õß𓬰√—∞¡πµ√’ π“¬Õ¿‘ ‘∑∏‘Ï<br />
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«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 145<br />
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(µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1) °“√„âª√–‚¬π宓°‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√π‡∑»√à«¡°—∫°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π<br />
∂◊Õ‡ªìπÕ’°Àπ÷Ëß°“√<br />
ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“¬Àπ૬ߓππ”¡“„â„π°“√<br />
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¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ °“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π °“√ √â“ß∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë<br />
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‡ªìπµâπ<br />
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 æ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√„âª√–‚¬πå∑’Ë¥‘π„π‡¢µÕߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ à«πµ”∫≈‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß ªï æ.». 2549<br />
°“√„âª√–‚¬πå∑’Ë¥‘π æ◊Èπ∑’Ë (‰√à) °“√„âª√–‚¬πå∑’Ë¥‘π æ◊Èπ∑’Ë (‰√à)<br />
1) ¬Ÿ§“≈‘ªµ— 10,026.44 13) ∂“π∑’Ë√“°“√ 346.47<br />
2) ¡—𠔪–À≈—ß 9,031.02 14) Õà“߇°Á∫πÈ” 316.52<br />
3) π“ 7,779.94 15) æ◊‰√ຠ¡ 274.80<br />
4) ‡¢◊ËÕπ≈”π“ß√Õß 7,258.79 16) —° 271.74<br />
5) ªÉ“‡∫≠®æ√√≥ 5,464.91 17) ‰¡âº≈º ¡ 170.31<br />
6) ÕâÕ¬ 3,582.76 18) ∂ππ 100.48<br />
7) ¬“ßæ“√“ 2,237.04 19) °√–∂‘π 83.09<br />
8) À¡Ÿà∫â“π∫πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√“∫/‰¡âº≈º ¡ 1,376.18 20) ‡À¡◊Õß·√à ∫àÕ¢ÿ¥ 60.45<br />
9) ªÉ“º≈—¥„∫‡ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡ 726.54 21) À¡Ÿà∫â“π∫πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√“∫ 37.23<br />
10) æ◊Èπ∑’Ë≈ÿà¡ 649.20 22) ≈”‰¬ 15.44<br />
11) ∑ÿàßÀ≠â“·≈–ªÉ“≈–‡¡“– 454.39 23) ‰¡â¬◊πµâπº ¡ 19.01<br />
12) ·¡àπÈ”≈”§≈Õß 359.29 24) ∫àÕπÈ”„π‰√àπ“ 10.29<br />
√«¡ 50,652.33<br />
°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑»<br />
°≈“¬‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë ”§—≠„π°“√«“ß·ºπ·≈–∫√‘À“√<br />
®—¥°“√∑√—欓°√„π√–¥—∫∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ °“√∑’Ë∑âÕß∂‘ËπÀ√◊Õ<br />
Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß„π°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¡’<br />
∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ à«πÕ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë<br />
®”‡ªìπ¢Õߪ√–“°√„π‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’ˇªìπ¢Õßµπ‡Õß·≈–<br />
‡◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—π ∑”„Àâßà“¬µàÕ°“√„âß“π·≈–°“√ ◊∫§âπ<br />
‡¡◊ËÕµâÕß°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√ß“π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë<br />
°“√®—¥∑”∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–<br />
°“√„âª√–‚¬πå∑’Ë¥‘π √«¡∂÷ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈‡‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë„π√–¥—∫<br />
·ª≈ß ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑»„π‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’Ë<br />
Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ à«πµ”∫≈‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß (√Ÿª∑’Ë 2) ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ<br />
Àπ÷Ëß„π°“√ √â“߇§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë<br />
‡ªïò¬¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√‡‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õß<br />
∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ·≈–Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕ߇ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ·≈–<br />
Àπ૬ߓπ¬—ß “¡“√∂ª√—∫ª√ÿߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈„Àâ∑—π ¡—¬·≈–<br />
„âß“πµàÕ‡π◊ËÕßÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„πÕ𓧵‰¥â<br />
°“√Õ¿‘ª√“¬¢âÕ∂°‡∂’¬ß‡‘ß∑ƒ…Ø’ ºŸâ»÷°…“‰¥â<br />
·∫àßµ“¡·π«§«“¡§‘¥ ∑ƒ…Æ’ ·≈–¢âÕ∂°‡∂’¬ß∑“ß<br />
«‘“°“√∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕߥ—ß∑’ˉ¥â°≈à“«‰«â·≈â«„π∫∑∑’ËÀπ÷Ëß
146 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
‰¥â·°à ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√¢¬“¬Õ”π“®·≈–°“√<br />
§«∫§ÿ¡ ‘∑∏‘ ‚¥¬„â°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õß√—∞„π°“√Õâ“ß ‘∑∏‘<br />
‡Àπ◊Õ∑√—欓°√ ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫§«“¡´—∫´âÕπ·≈–<br />
§«“¡¢—¥·¬â߇°’ˬ«°—∫ ‘∑∏‘„π°“√‡¢â“∂÷ß∑√—欓°√¿“¬<br />
„µâ∫√‘∫∑¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“ ·≈–·π«§‘¥°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â<br />
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑» ‚¥¬¡’√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ¥—ßπ’È<br />
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·ª≈ß∑’Ë¥‘π ª°. 4-01 ªï æ.». 2552 ‡¢µÕߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ à«πµ”∫≈‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß Õ.‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß<br />
®.∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å<br />
·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√¢¬“¬Õ”π“®·≈–°“√<br />
§«∫§ÿ¡ ‘∑∏‘ ‚¥¬„â°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õß√—∞„π°“√Õâ“ß ‘∑∏‘<br />
‡Àπ◊Õ∑√—欓°√ µ“¡·π«§‘¥π’È´÷Ëß¡’æ◊Èπ∞“π·π«§‘¥<br />
∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫°“√ ∂“ªπ“Õ”π“®‡Àπ◊Õæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ‚¥¬„À⧫“¡<br />
”§—≠°—∫°“√ √â“ßÀπ૬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë¡’°“√°”Àπ¥Õ“≥“‡¢µ<br />
‡æ◊ËÕ°“√§√Õ∫§√Õß·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡§π·≈–∑√—欓°√„π<br />
æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ‚¥¬·∫àßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë„À⇪ìπ à«πÊ À√◊Õ‚´π·≈–°“√<br />
√â“ß°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫¢÷Èπ∫—ߧ—∫µ“¡·π«§‘¥¢Õß Vandergeest<br />
·≈– Peluso (1995) π—Èπ ®“°°“√»÷°…“¢ÕߺŸâ»÷°…“<br />
æ∫«à“ ¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π„π∫√‘∫∑¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë °≈à“«§◊Õ<br />
°“√¢¬“¬Õ”π“®·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡ ‘∑∏‘¢Õß√—∞„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë»÷°…“<br />
√—∞„âÕ”π“®∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬„π°“√Õâ“ß ‘∑∏‘‡æ◊ËÕ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡<br />
‘∑∏‘„π∑√—欓°√¢Õß“«∫â“πºà“π¢âÕ°≈à“«Õâ“ß∑’Ë«à“<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π∑”°‘π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë“«∫â“π„âª√–‚¬πå ◊∫∑Õ¥<br />
®“°∫√√æ∫ÿ√ÿ…¡“À≈“¬—Ë«Õ“¬ÿ§π‰¡à¡’‡Õ° “√ ‘∑∏‘Ï∑’Ë<br />
∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ ¥—ßπ—Èπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¥—ß°≈à“«®÷ßµâÕßµ°<br />
‡ªìπ¢Õß√—∞·≈–“«∫â“πµâÕ߇ ’¬ ≈–‡æ◊ËÕª√–“°√<br />
à«π„À≠à¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ∑”„Àâ√—∞ “¡“√∂„âæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¥—ß<br />
°≈à“«‰¥âÕ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß·≈–Õ∫∏√√¡ ´÷Ëß®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â—¥‡®π<br />
®“°°“√»÷°…“ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫°“√<br />
∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π ´÷Ëßæ∫«à“„πÕ¥’µæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ‚ππ¥‘π·¥ß<br />
Õ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈¢Õß°√¡ªÉ“‰¡â ‰¡à¡’ºŸâ§πÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà
ß“π«‘®—¬<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 147<br />
‡¡◊ËÕ‡Àµÿ°“√≥废â°àÕ°“√√⓬§Õ¡¡‘«π‘ µå ß∫≈ß √—∞∫“≈<br />
®÷ß¡’π‚¬∫“¬„Àâ“«∫â“π‡¢â“¡“·ºâ«∂“ß∑’Ë¥‘π‡æ◊ËÕ∑”¡“<br />
À“°‘π ·µà°≈—∫‰¡à¡’‡Õ° “√ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß<br />
„π°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π ·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“µ“¡“<br />
¡“°¡“¬„πªí®®ÿ∫—π<br />
°“√∫—ߧ—∫„â°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¥‘π¢Õß√—∞‰¡à‰¥â‡ªìπ‰ª<br />
µ“¡‡®µπ“√¡≥å‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß„π°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß<br />
∑’Ë¥‘π ·µà‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß„π°“√∫—≠≠—µ‘°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õß√—∞<br />
‡ªìπ°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ¢¬“¬Õ”π“®√—∞„À⇰‘¥§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß<br />
¢Õß√—∞“µ‘µ“¡·π«§‘¥¢Õß Peluso (1992) °“√»÷°…“<br />
¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—πµ“¡∫√‘∫∑ °≈à“«§◊Õ ·π«∑“ß°“√<br />
®—¥°“√¢Õß√—∞∑’ˇπâπ°“√„âÀ≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬π—Èπ “«∫â“π<br />
„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˬ÷¥À≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬ √«¡∂÷ß°“√„âÀ≈—° ‘∑∏‘°“√<br />
„â∑’Ë ◊∫∑Õ¥®“°∫√√æ∫ÿ√ÿ…·≈–°“√¬Õ¡√—∫¢Õߧπ<br />
„πÿ¡π‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ “¡“√∂ªØ‘∫—µ‘‰ªµ“¡§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß<br />
∑“ß —ߧ¡·≈– ∂“π°“√≥å∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª‰¥â ‡àπ<br />
“«∫â“π à«π„À≠à¡’∑’Ë¥‘π∑”°‘π∑’Ë¡’‡Õ° “√ ‘∑∏‘ ª°.<br />
4-01 “«∫â“π∫“ß à«π¡’∑’Ë¥‘π∑”°‘π¡“µ—Èß·µà¬ÿ§∫ÿ°‡∫‘°<br />
·µà‰¡à‰¥â¡’‡Õ° “√ ‘∑∏‘„¥Ê ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ“¡°ØÀ¡“¬<br />
¢Õß√—∞ ·≈–“«∫â“πÀ≈“¬√“¬¬—ߧß∑”¡“À“°‘π„π∑’Ë¥‘π<br />
∑’Ë ◊∫∑Õ¥®“°∫√√æ∫ÿ√ÿ…‚¥¬‰¡à π„®‡Õ° “√ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë<br />
√—∞∫“≈欓¬“¡§√Õ∫ß”‡‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬<br />
°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π∑’Ë√—∞∫“≈‡πâπ„À⇪ìπ·∫∫<br />
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ª°.4-01 ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬π—Èπ “«∫â“π‡◊ËÕ«à“<br />
“¡“√∂π”À≈—°∞“π°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¥—ß°≈à“«‰ª‡ªìπ<br />
‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√· ¥ß ‘∑∏‘‡Àπ◊Õ∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–´◊ÈÕ¢“¬‰¥âÕ¬à“ß<br />
∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ“¡°ØÀ¡“¬ À“°·µà∑’Ë¥‘π ª°.4-01 µ“¡<br />
°ÆÀ¡“¬‰¡à “¡“√∂´◊ÈÕ¢“¬‰¥â “«∫â“π®”π«πÀ≈“¬<br />
√“¬°≈—∫Õ“»—¬àÕß«à“ß∑“ß°ØÀ¡“¬´◊ÈÕ¢“¬∑’Ë¥‘π„Àâ°—∫<br />
π“¬∑ÿπ‚¥¬°“√¢“¬ ‘∑∏‘ ´÷Ëß“«∫â“π„π∑’Ë¥‘π„°≈⇧’¬ß<br />
®–√—∫√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫‡®â“¢Õß°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï∑’Ë¥‘π·Ààßπ—Èπ‚¥¬ª√‘¬“¬<br />
¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–<br />
¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–¡’ ÕßÕ¬à“ß §◊Õ ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–<br />
∑“ß«‘“°“√·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–µàÕ —ߧ¡<br />
1. Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕ߇°’ˬ«°—∫°√√¡ ‘∑∏å<br />
°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–√Ÿª·∫∫°“√„â∑’Ë¥‘π„πæ◊Èπ∑’˧«√<br />
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π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å„π à«π∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡ªî¥‡º¬‰¥â„Àâ·°à<br />
Àπ૬ߓπÕ◊ËπÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈„Àâ¡’§«“¡<br />
∑—π ¡—¬¡“°¢÷Èπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ°≈‰°<br />
”§—≠„π°“√æ—≤π“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„πÕ𓧵<br />
2. °“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’ȵâÕß°“√„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ √‘¡-<br />
√â“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®·°àª√–“π·≈–Àπ૬ߓπ√—∞<br />
‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π °√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï √Ÿª·∫∫ ·≈–<br />
°“√∫ÿ°√ÿ°∑’Ë¥‘π∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°ªí®®—¬·«¥≈âÕ¡ ∑—Èߥâ“π<br />
‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡ ·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë √«¡<br />
∑—Èß°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑»¡“„â<br />
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„π‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕߧ尓√ª°§√Õß à«π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ·≈–π”<br />
‡ πÕ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ◊ËÕª√–°Õ∫°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®‡‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬<br />
µàÕ‰ª<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
§¡°ƒ…≥å ®—π°≈‘Ëπ. (2549). °“√‡¡◊ÕߢÕß°“√Õâ“ß ‘∑∏‘„π<br />
°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π√–¥—∫∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥<br />
≈”æŸπ. «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏廑≈ª»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ<br />
“¢“«‘“°“√æ—≤π“ —ß§¡ §≥– —ߧ¡»“ µ√å<br />
¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡’¬ß„À¡à.<br />
©≈“¥“¬ √¡‘µ“ππ∑å. (2548). ¡À°√√¡ªØ‘√Ÿª∑’Ë¥‘π<br />
‚¥¬ÿ¡π √–À«à“ß«—π∑’Ë 17-19 惻®‘°“¬π<br />
2548 (√–∫∫ÕÕπ‰≈πå) ·À≈àß∑’Ë¡“: http://<br />
www.google.co.th/interstitial?url=http://<br />
www.ftawatch.org/news/view.php%3<br />
Fid%3D10399 (惻®‘°“¬π 2552).<br />
æ√„® ‡µ‘¡«“√’. (2534). °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧ«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß<br />
„π°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∑’Ë¥‘π„πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å¢Õß<br />
—ߧ¡π∫∑¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ °√≥’»÷°…“À¡Ÿà∫â“π„π<br />
®—ßÀ«—¥‡’¬ß„À¡à. «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å¡“πÿ…¬«‘∑¬“<br />
¡À“∫—≥±‘µ §≥– —ߧ¡«‘∑¬“·≈–¡“πÿ…¬«‘∑¬“<br />
¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∏√√¡»“ µ√å.
148 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Research<br />
¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ∂“∫—π∑’Ë¥‘π. (2545). °“√∂◊Õ§√Õß·≈–„â<br />
ª√–‚¬πå∑’Ë¥‘π. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ<br />
π—∫ πÿπß“π«‘®—¬.<br />
Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ废⮗¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. (2552, 情¿“§¡).<br />
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ªÉ“¥ß„À≠àé (√–∫∫ÕÕπ‰≈πå) ·À≈àß∑’Ë¡“:<br />
(http://www.manager.co.th/Local/ViewNews.<br />
aspx?NewsID=9520000058498.<br />
Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ凥≈‘π‘« å. (2551, ∏—𫓧¡). çª.ª.ª. æ∫<br />
∫ÿ°√ÿ°∑’Ë¥‘π “∏“√≥–∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å Õ“®¡’¡Ÿ≈é (√–∫∫<br />
ÕÕπ‰≈πå) ·À≈àß∑’Ë¡“: (http://www.giggog.<br />
com/politic/cat3/news6131/.<br />
Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich Forest, Poor People:<br />
Resource Control and Resistance in Java.<br />
Berkeley: University of California Press.<br />
Vandergeest, P. and Nancy, L. P. (1995).<br />
çTerritorialization and State Power in<br />
Thailandé. Theory and Society. 24: 385-<br />
426.<br />
❏❏❏❏❏
«.«‘∑¬. ¡¢. 39(1) 149-158 (2553) KKU Sci. J.39(1) 149-158 (2010)<br />
µ—«ª√–¡“≥Õ—µ√“ à«πµ—«„À¡à¢Õß§à“‡©≈’ˬª√–“°√<br />
„π°“√ ÿࡵ—«Õ¬à“ß·∫∫Õ¬à“ßßà“¬<br />
A new Ratio Estimator of a Population<br />
in Random Sampling<br />
®—π∑√“ ª√–‡ √‘∞ °ÿ≈ 1* ·≈– π‘¿“¥“ æ“¿—°¥’ 1<br />
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ<br />
°“√«‘®—¬§√—Èßπ’È ¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå‡æ◊ËÕ𔇠πÕµ—«ª√–¡“≥Õ—µ√“ à«πµ—«„À¡à ”À√—∫ª√–¡“≥§à“‡©≈’ˬ<br />
ª√–“°√ ´÷Ëßæ—≤π“¡“®“°µ—«ª√–¡“≥¢Õß Mohanty and Sahoo (1995); Bedi (1996) ·≈– Kadilar and Cingi<br />
(2006) æ√âÕ¡∑—ÈßÀ“§«“¡§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ°”≈—ß Õ߇©≈’ˬ (Mean Square Error: MSE) ¢Õßµ—«ª√–¡“≥‚¥¬„â<br />
Õπÿ°√¡‡∑¬å‡≈Õ√å ·≈–∑”°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫ MSE ¢Õßµ—«ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë𔇠πÕ°—∫µ—«ª√–¡“≥Õ—µ√“ à«π¢Õß§à“‡©≈’ˬ<br />
ª√–“°√·∫∫¥—È߇¥‘¡·≈–µ—«ª√–¡“≥¢Õß Mohanty and Sahoo µ—«ª√–¡“≥¢Õß Bedi ·≈–µ—«ª√–¡“≥¢Õß<br />
Kadilar and Cingi º≈°“√«‘®—¬æ∫«à“ µ—«ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë𔇠πÕ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“楒°«à“µ—«ª√–¡“≥¢Õß§à“‡©≈’ˬª√–“°√<br />
·∫∫¥—È߇¥‘¡ µ—«ª√–¡“≥¢Õß Mohanty and Sahoo µ—«ª√–¡“≥¢Õß Bedi ·≈– Kadilar and Cingi „π∫“߇ß◊ËÕπ‰¢<br />
´÷Ëߺ≈°“√«‘®—¬§√—Èßπ’È¡’§«“¡ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√§”π«≥‡‘ßµ—«‡≈¢<br />
Abstract<br />
The objective of this research is to propose a new ratio estimator for the population mean which<br />
is developed from the study by Mohanty and Sahoo (1995) Bedi (1996) and Kadilar and Cingi (2006) The<br />
mean square error (MSE) was obtained by utilizing Taylor series method and was compared with the MSE<br />
of the traditional ratio estimator Mohanty and Sahooûs estimator Bediûs estimator and Kadilar and Cingiûs<br />
estimator in some conditions. This result is satisfied with the numerical study.<br />
§” ”§—≠ : µ—«ª√–¡“≥Õ—µ√“ à«π §à“‡©≈’ˬª√–“°√ °“√ ÿ ࡵ—«Õ¬à“ß·∫∫Õ¬à“ßßà“¬ µ—«·ª√૬<br />
Keywords : Rastioestimator, Population, Sampling random sampling, Auxiliary Variable<br />
1<br />
“¢“ ∂‘µ‘ª√–¬ÿ°µå ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’√“¡ß§≈Õ’ “π«‘∑¬“‡¢µ¢Õπ·°àπ Õ.‡¡◊Õß ®.¢Õπ·°àπ 40000
150 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(Sampling Techniques) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(Estimator) <br />
<br />
Y (Population Mean) <br />
y (Sample Mean) (Ratio Estimator) y R<br />
(Regression<br />
Estimator) y<br />
lr<br />
S 2 (Population<br />
Variance) S 2 (Sample Variance) <br />
P (Population Proportion) <br />
p (Sample Proportion) <br />
n N<br />
<br />
n<br />
y<br />
i<br />
i=1<br />
y= <br />
n<br />
<br />
<br />
(auxiliary variable: x) <br />
Y <br />
<br />
(Traditional Ratio Estimator ) <br />
y <br />
x <br />
X <br />
y<br />
y=<br />
R X<br />
(1)<br />
x
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 151<br />
(Mean Square Error : MSE) <br />
1<br />
f<br />
MSE(y<br />
R<br />
) (R2S22RS S S2<br />
n<br />
x x y y<br />
)<br />
(2)<br />
S 2 x x<br />
S 2 y y<br />
y<br />
y x R <br />
x<br />
Ochran (1977) y<br />
R<br />
( consistent) <br />
<br />
Y X <br />
1<br />
y<br />
R<br />
y <br />
Cx y<br />
2 Cy<br />
X<br />
X <br />
<br />
y<br />
lr<br />
=y+b(X-x) (3)<br />
<br />
1<br />
f<br />
MSE(y<br />
lr<br />
) S 2(1 2<br />
y ) (4)<br />
n<br />
Y X y<br />
lr<br />
y <br />
y<br />
lr<br />
y<br />
R<br />
<br />
R S y / S x<br />
<br />
x (Coefficient of Variation: C x ) <br />
(Coefficient of Kurtosis: 2 (x))<br />
(Coefficient of Correlation : xy ) <br />
(Population Total : X ) (Min: X min ) (Max: X max ) <br />
Mohanty and Sahoo (1995) <br />
X
152 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
<br />
t<br />
y<br />
MS1<br />
V<br />
(5)<br />
<br />
t<br />
y<br />
MS2<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
MSE(t<br />
MS1<br />
)<br />
1<br />
f<br />
<br />
R 2 2 2R S S2 <br />
<br />
1 S x 1<br />
<br />
n<br />
ySx y (7)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
t<br />
MS1<br />
<br />
1 f<br />
MSE(t <br />
2 2 S S 2<br />
<br />
<br />
MS2<br />
)<br />
R S 2R<br />
2 x 2<br />
y S<br />
n<br />
x y (8)<br />
<br />
t<br />
MS2<br />
y <br />
l<br />
K <br />
2m 1<br />
K <br />
l<br />
2m 2<br />
<br />
Y<br />
R 1 ,<br />
Y<br />
R 2 , <br />
x Xmin , V <br />
X X<br />
X <br />
min<br />
Xmax<br />
X<br />
max<br />
X<br />
min<br />
x X<br />
max<br />
X X<br />
<br />
, max<br />
X<br />
max<br />
X<br />
min<br />
X<br />
max<br />
X min<br />
l n<br />
K (0, ), l <br />
2m 2 N n<br />
X X<br />
m min , m 1 max<br />
1 1<br />
X 2 <br />
X<br />
X X<br />
min<br />
X<br />
max<br />
X<br />
min<br />
Bedi (1996) <br />
( X ) <br />
Z<br />
X+X<br />
<br />
ˆT =y =y<br />
R z <br />
x+X <br />
<br />
(9)<br />
<br />
2 2<br />
<br />
1<br />
f R<br />
<br />
T S x 2R<br />
T<br />
S ySx<br />
MSE(T S2 R )<br />
<br />
n <br />
N 1 y<br />
(N 1) 2<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ˆ (10)
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 153<br />
<br />
R =<br />
T<br />
y<br />
X+X<br />
Tˆ R y 1<br />
<br />
Cy<br />
<br />
Cx 2(N 1)<br />
Kadilar and Cingi (2006) <br />
Singh Tailor <br />
(11)<br />
y<br />
y<br />
prl=<br />
(XC x +)<br />
xC x +<br />
y<br />
y<br />
pr2= (X+C x )<br />
(12)<br />
x+C x<br />
y<br />
y<br />
pr3= (X (x)+)<br />
x (x)+ 2<br />
2<br />
y<br />
y<br />
pr4= (X+ (x))<br />
x+ (x) 2<br />
2<br />
(13)<br />
(14)<br />
<br />
MSE( y ) <br />
1<br />
f 2 2<br />
R S 2R SS S2<br />
prl n pr1 x pr1 x y y<br />
1<br />
f<br />
MSE(y<br />
pr2<br />
) R2 S22R S S S2<br />
n pr2 x pr2 x y y<br />
1<br />
f<br />
MSE(y<br />
pr3<br />
) R2 S22R S S S2<br />
n pr3 x pr3 x y y<br />
1<br />
f<br />
MSE(y<br />
pr4<br />
) 2 2<br />
R S 2R SS S2<br />
n pr4 x pr4 x y y<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(15)<br />
(16)<br />
(17)<br />
(18)<br />
<br />
R <br />
yCx<br />
pr1 XCx<br />
<br />
, y<br />
R , y<br />
pr2 R 2 (x) , y<br />
X pr3<br />
R <br />
Cx x2<br />
(x) <br />
pr4 x 2(x)<br />
<br />
y<br />
prj<br />
y<br />
R<br />
<br />
2 <br />
0 , j 1, 2, 3, 4 (19)<br />
(R 2 R 2 prj )Sx 2(R prj R)SxS y <br />
x <br />
<br />
Mohanty and<br />
Sahoo (1995) Bedi (1996) Kadilar and Cingi (2006)
154 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. <br />
<br />
y1<br />
<br />
y2<br />
<br />
y<br />
(X X )<br />
(x X min ) min<br />
y<br />
(XX X)<br />
(x XminX)<br />
min<br />
(20)<br />
(21)<br />
2. <br />
3. <br />
Mohanty and Sahoo (1995) Bedi (1996) Kadilar and Cingi (2006)<br />
<br />
1<br />
<br />
2<br />
<br />
MSE( ˆ 1 ) MSE(ˆ<br />
2 )<br />
4. <br />
<br />
<br />
1. <br />
<br />
y1<br />
<br />
y2<br />
<br />
y<br />
(X X )<br />
(x X min ) min<br />
y<br />
(XX X)<br />
(xXminX)<br />
min<br />
c,d <br />
h(x, y) <br />
y1<br />
h(x, y) , Y h(X, Y) <br />
h(c, d) <br />
h(X, Y) <br />
(x X)<br />
<br />
<br />
c<br />
X,Y <br />
h(c, d)<br />
<br />
<br />
(yY)<br />
<br />
<br />
d<br />
X,Y<br />
<br />
(22)
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 155<br />
h( x, y)<br />
<br />
<br />
(x X )<br />
<br />
<br />
y-Y <br />
x X,Y <br />
1<br />
h( x, y)<br />
<br />
<br />
(y Y ) <br />
<br />
y<br />
X,Y <br />
(22), (23) c,d<br />
Y <br />
<br />
x-Xy+Y<br />
<br />
<br />
x X min <br />
<br />
(Y ) 2 <br />
<br />
<br />
(x X)<br />
2<br />
<br />
(y<br />
1<br />
Y)<br />
2 <br />
<br />
(X X min ) 2 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Y <br />
<br />
2 (x X)(y-Y)+(y-Y<br />
) 2<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(X X min ) <br />
<br />
(23)<br />
E( y-Y) 2 <br />
1<br />
<br />
(Y ) 2 <br />
<br />
<br />
V(x) <br />
<br />
<br />
(X X min) 2 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Y <br />
<br />
2 <br />
Cov(x,y) V(y)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(X X min ) <br />
<br />
<br />
R Y<br />
1 <br />
X X , Syx<br />
s xS y <br />
min<br />
1 f<br />
MSE(y<br />
1<br />
) R 2 S 2<br />
x 2R xSy S 2 1 1 S y <br />
n<br />
(24)<br />
1 f<br />
MSE(y<br />
i<br />
) R 2 2 2R SxSy S 2 i S x i y ;<br />
i 1,2<br />
n<br />
(25)<br />
<br />
YX R min<br />
2<br />
XXmin<br />
X<br />
2. <br />
MSE <br />
2.1 y<br />
i<br />
y<br />
R<br />
MSE(y<br />
i) MSE(y<br />
R)<br />
(R 2 2<br />
i R 2 )Sx 2(R i R) SxSy 0 , i 1, 2 (26)<br />
(24) yi<br />
y<br />
R
156 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
2.2 y<br />
i<br />
t<br />
MS1<br />
t MS2<br />
MSE(y<br />
i<br />
) MSE(t MS1 ) (R 2 2 2<br />
i R MS1 )Sx 2(R i R MS1 ) SxSy 0 , i 1,2 (27)<br />
MSE(y<br />
i<br />
) MSE(t MS2 ) (R 2 2 2<br />
i R MS2 )Sx 2(R i R MS2 ) SxSy 0 , i 1,2 (28)<br />
(25) (26) yi<br />
t MS1 <br />
2.3 y<br />
i<br />
<br />
MSE(y ) MSE(T ˆ )<br />
i<br />
Tˆ R<br />
t<br />
MS2<br />
S<br />
2<br />
R ((N 1)<br />
2<br />
R<br />
2 2 x<br />
i R T ) 2 2(N 1)((N 1)R i R T ) S x S y 0 , <br />
(N 1)<br />
(27) yi<br />
<br />
Tˆ R<br />
i 1, 2 (29)<br />
2.4 y<br />
i<br />
y<br />
prj<br />
MSE(y<br />
i) MSE(y<br />
prj) (R 2 2 2<br />
i R prj )Sx 2(R i R prj ) SxSy 0 , i 1, 2, ; j 1,2,3, 4 (30)<br />
(28) yi<br />
y prj<br />
3. <br />
y <br />
x 84 tehsil ( :<br />
Daroga Singh (1986, p. 176)) <br />
N = 84 Y = 816.45 C x = 0.83<br />
n = 20 X = 641.05 C y = 5.22<br />
= 0.89 2 (x) = 4.29 S yx = 273,378.50<br />
S y = 576.82 S x = 530.54<br />
X max = 2,242 X min = 111
∫∑§«“¡<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 157<br />
1 MSE <br />
MSE<br />
y<br />
R<br />
3,540.52<br />
Tˆ R<br />
12,664.39<br />
t MS1<br />
2,704.42<br />
t MS2<br />
12,631.28<br />
y<br />
pr1<br />
3,526.69<br />
y<br />
pr2<br />
3,528.64<br />
y<br />
pr3<br />
3,537.84<br />
y<br />
pr4<br />
3,480.07<br />
y<br />
1<br />
2,791.50<br />
y<br />
2<br />
2,819.78<br />
_<br />
1 MSE y1 2,791.50 <br />
_<br />
y R Tˆ _ _ _ _<br />
R t MS2 y pr1 y pr2 y pr3 y pr4 <br />
2 MSE t<br />
MS1<br />
_<br />
_<br />
MSE y 2<br />
2,819.78 y R Tˆ R<br />
_ _ _ _<br />
t MS2 y pr1 y pr2 y pr3 y pr4 <br />
2 MSE t MS1<br />
<br />
_<br />
y<br />
i<br />
<br />
_<br />
y R Tˆ<br />
_<br />
R t MS1 t MS2 y pri <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. <br />
2. 2
158 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 <strong>Review</strong><br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß<br />
ÿ“¥“ °’√–π—π∑πå. (2538). ∑ƒ…Æ’·≈–«‘∏’°“√ ”√«®<br />
µ—«Õ¬à“ß. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: ‚√ßæ‘¡æå·Ààß®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å<br />
¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬.<br />
ÿ√‘π∑√å π‘¬¡“ß°Ÿ√. (2546). ‡∑§π‘§°“√ ÿࡵ—«Õ¬à“ß. æ‘¡æå<br />
§√—Èß∑’Ë 5. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å.<br />
Cochran, W.G. (1977). Sampling Techniques.<br />
New York: John Wiley and Sons.<br />
Daroga Singh, M. A. (1986). Theory and Analysis<br />
of Sample Survey Designs. New Delhi,<br />
India.<br />
Mohanty, S. and Sahoo, J. (1995). A note on<br />
improving the ratio method of estimators<br />
through linear transformatiom using certain<br />
known population parameters. Sankhya B.<br />
57(1): 93-102.<br />
Bedi, P. K. (1996). Efficient Utilization of Auxiliary<br />
Information at Estimation Stage.Biometrical.<br />
Journal. 38(8): 973-976.<br />
Kadilar, C. and Cingi, H. (2006). An improvement<br />
in estimating the population mean by using<br />
the correlation coefficient. Hacettepe<br />
Journal of Mathematics and Statistics. 35(1):<br />
103-109.<br />
❏❏❏❏❏
¢âÕ·π–π”„π°“√‡¢’¬π∫∑§«“¡≈ß«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.<br />
ª√–‡¿∑¢Õ߇√◊ËÕß∑’Ë®–µ’æ‘¡æå<br />
1. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√«‘®—¬·≈–§âπ§«â“À√◊Õ°“√ ”√«®∑’ˬ—߉¡à‡§¬µ’æ‘¡æå„π«“√ “√À√◊ÕÀπ—ß ◊ÕÕ◊Ëπ¡“°àÕπ<br />
2. ∫∑§«“¡ª√‘∑—»πå ‰¥â·°à ß“π‡¢’¬π∑’Ë√«∫√«¡À√◊Õ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß®“°‡Õ° “√À√◊ÕÀπ—ß ◊Õµà“ß Ê ‡æ◊ËÕ<br />
‡º¬·æ√à·≈–øóôπøŸß“π¥â“π«‘“°“√√–¥—∫µà“ß Ê<br />
3. ∫∑§«“¡· ¥ß¢âÕ§‘¥‡ÀÁπÀ√◊Õ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–∑’ˇªìπª√–‚¬πå„π¥â“π«‘“°“√ ‡√◊ËÕß·ª≈ ¢à“««‘“°“√<br />
¬àÕ§«“¡®“°ß“π«‘®—¬À√◊ÕÀπ—ß ◊Õ„À¡à∑’Ëπà“ π„®<br />
√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß°“√‡¢’¬π·≈–‡µ√’¬¡µâπ©∫—∫<br />
1. µâπ©∫—∫ µâÕ߇ªìπµ—«æ‘¡æå Angsana New<br />
1.1 ◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕß ¢π“¥µ—«Õ—°…√ 20 µ—«‡¢â¡ µ”·Àπàßµ√ß°≈“ß ¡’∑—Èß◊ËÕ¿“…“‰∑¬·≈–¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…<br />
1.2 ◊ËÕºŸâ‡¢’¬π ¢π“¥µ—«Õ—°…√ 16 ‡Õπ µ”·Àπàߢ«“ ÿ¥ ·≈–„ àÀ¡“¬‡≈¢‰«â∑â“¬π“¡ °ÿ≈ ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√<br />
√–∫ÿ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¥â“π≈à“ß<br />
1.3 À—«¢âÕ„À≠à„π·µà≈– à«π ¢π“¥µ—«Õ—°…√ 16 µ—«‡¢â¡ µ”·Àπàߴ⓬ ÿ¥ ¬°‡«âπ ∫∑§—¥¬àÕ ·≈–<br />
Abstract Õ¬Ÿàµ√ß°≈“ß À—«¢âÕ¬àÕ¬µ“¡§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡<br />
1.4 ‡π◊ÈÕ§«“¡ ¢π“¥µ—«Õ—°…√ 14<br />
1.5 §”«à“ √Ÿª∑’Ë x ·≈–µ“√“ß∑’Ë x ¢π“¥µ—«Õ—°…√ 14 µ—«‡¢â¡ à«π¢âÕ§«“¡∫√√¬“¬µàÕ∑⓬µ—«ª°µ‘<br />
1.6 ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà ¢π“¥Õ—°…√ 12<br />
1.7 àÕßÀà“ß√–À«à“ß∫√√∑—¥µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π<br />
1.8 æ‘¡æå≈ß„π°√–¥“…¢“« A4 (‚√‡π’¬« —Èπ) ‚¥¬„â°√–¥“…ÀπⓇ¥’¬« §«“¡¬“«‰¡à‡°‘π<br />
10 Àπâ“ àßµâπ©∫—∫ 2 ÿ¥ (‰¡àµâÕß àß·ºà𥑠°å À√◊Õ·ºàπ´’¥’„π¢—ÈπµÕππ’È ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫·®âß«à“‰¥â≈ßæ‘¡æå·≈â«<br />
ºŸâ‡¢’¬π àß©∫—∫·°â‰¢ 1 ÿ¥ æ√âÕ¡·ºà𥑠°å À√◊Õ·ºàπ´’¥’)<br />
2. µâπ©∫—∫ ®–∂Ÿ°æ‘®“√≥“‚¥¬°Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ ·≈–®–µÕ∫√—∫°“√‰¥â√—∫∫∑§«“¡‚¥¬‰¡à àßµâπ©∫—∫<br />
§◊π ºŸâ‡¢’¬π§«√®–Õ—¥ ”‡π“‡°Á∫‰«â‡ªìπÀ≈—°∞“π¢Õßµ—«‡Õß 1 ©∫—∫<br />
3. µâπ©∫—∫ ®–µâÕß¡’§«“¡∂Ÿ°µâÕß∑—Èß„π¥â“π‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ ·≈–°“√„â¿“…“ √«¡∑—Èß¡’§«“¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å„π<br />
√Ÿª·∫∫æ√âÕ¡∑’Ë®–π”≈ßµ’æ‘¡æ剥â<br />
4. ◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕß „Àâ„â¿“…“‰∑¬À√◊Õ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… ‰¡à¬“«‡°‘π‰ª ·≈–À≈’°‡≈’ˬ߰“√„⧔¬àÕ‚¥¬‰¡à®”‡ªìπ<br />
5. ◊ËÕºŸâ‡¢’¬π ‡¢’¬π◊ËÕ¿“…“‰∑¬À√◊Õ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…æ√âÕ¡∑—Èß∫Õ° ∂“π∑’Ë∑”ß“π„Àâ—¥‡®π<br />
6. ‡π◊ÈÕ‡√◊ËÕß „≥â∑—Èß¿“…“‰∑¬≈â«π·≈–¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…≈â«π ∂â“„â¿“…“‰∑¬ ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…∑’Ë„âªπ°—∫¿“…“<br />
‰∑¬π—Èπ„Àâ欓¬“¡·ª≈‡ªìπ‰∑¬‡∑à“∑’Ë®–∑”‰¥â ·≈–„À⇢’¬π§”‡¥‘¡°”°—∫„π«ß‡≈Á∫ °“√∑—∫»—æ∑å¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…<br />
µ≈Õ¥∑—Èß°“√‡¢’¬πµ—« –°¥ °“√—πµå „π¿“…“‰∑¬„Àâ„ⵓ¡·∫∫√“∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
¢âÕ·π–π”„π°“√‡¢’¬π∫∑§«“¡≈ß«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.<br />
7. „π°√≥’¢Õß∫∑§«“¡«‘®—¬ µâÕß¡’∫∑§—¥¬àÕ∑—Èß¿“…“‰∑¬·≈–¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… ·≈–·∫à߇π◊ÈÕÀ“¢Õß<br />
∫∑§«“¡‡ªìπ∫∑π” «‘∏’¥”‡π‘πß“π º≈°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ∫∑ √ÿª·≈–«‘®“√≥å<br />
8. ‡‘ßÕ√√∂ (footnote) „⇩擖∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ‡æ◊ËÕ¢¬“¬À√◊Õ„Àâ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡·°à„®§«“¡‡©æ“–µÕπ„π<br />
∫∑§«“¡<br />
9. µ“√“ß·≈–¿“æª√–°Õ∫ §”∫√√¬“¬ª√–°Õ∫µ“√“ßÀ√◊Õ¿“æª√–°Õ∫§«√®– —Èπ·≈–—¥‡®π ∂Ⓡªìπ<br />
¿“æ∂à“¬„Àâ„⿓梓«-¥” ¢π“¥‚ª °“√å¥ ¿“懢’¬π≈“¬‡ âπ§«√‡¢’¬π¥â«¬À¡÷°¥” ¿“æ∑’ˇ¢’¬πµâÕß—¥‡®π<br />
·≈–¡’¢π“¥∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡<br />
10. ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß À√◊Õ∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ ·π–π”„À⇢’¬πµ“¡·∫∫∑’Ë∑“ß«“√ “√°”Àπ¥<br />
11. À“°‰¡àªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¢âÕ·π–π”„π°“√‡¢’¬π∫∑§«“¡ ∫∑§«“¡¢Õß∑à“πÕ“®‰¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√µ’æ‘¡æå<br />
À√◊Õµ’æ‘¡æå≈à“â“<br />
àßµâπ©∫—∫¡“∑’Ë<br />
°Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.<br />
§≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ ®.¢Õπ·°àπ 40002<br />
E-mail: kku_scijournal@kku.ac.th<br />
Õ¿‘π—π∑π“°“√ ”À√—∫ºŸâ‡¢’¬π<br />
‡√◊ËÕß∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√µ’æ‘¡æå ºŸâ‡¢’¬π®–‰¥â√—∫«“√ “√©∫—∫π—Èπ 1 ‡≈à¡
µ—«Õ¬à“ß<br />
°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåª√‘¡“≥πÈ”¡—π·≈–°√¥‰¢¡—π¢Õß®‘ÈßÀ√’¥∑Õß≈“¬ (Gryllus sp.)<br />
∑’ˇ≈’Ȭ߇æ◊ËÕ°“√§â“<br />
∫√√®ß ‡◊ÈÕ‡¡◊Õßæ“π 1 «‘√— «àÕßæ—≤π“°ÿ≈ 2 ·≈– ª«’≥“ æß…å¥πµ√’ 1*<br />
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ<br />
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1<br />
¿“§«‘“’«‡§¡’ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ ®.¢Õπ·°àπ 40002<br />
2<br />
¿“§«‘“‡§¡’ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ ®.¢Õπ·°àπ 40002<br />
*<br />
Corresponding Author, E-mail:
°“√‡¢’¬π‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß„π«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.<br />
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß (Reference) À¡“¬∂÷ß ‡Õ° “√À√◊Õ à«πÀπ÷ËߢÕ߇հ “√∑’ËÕâ“ßÕ‘ß∂÷ßÀ√◊Õ·ª≈¡“<br />
‚¥¬µ√ß °“√‡¢’¬π‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß„π‡π◊ÈÕÀ“π—Èπ „Àâ„â√–∫∫◊ËÕ·≈–ªï ‡àπ Williams (2001) √“¬ß“π«à“...<br />
À√◊Õ... (Williams, 2001) °“√‡¢’¬π‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß„πµÕπ∑⓬∫∑§«“¡π—Èπ „Àâ„ à‡©æ“–‡≈à¡∑’Ë¡’°“√Õâ“߉«â·≈â«<br />
„π‡π◊ÈÕÀ“‡∑à“π—Èπ À“°Õâ“ß®“°‡≈à¡¿“…“‰∑¬ µâÕ߇¢’¬π∑—Èß◊ËÕ·≈–π“¡ °ÿ≈<br />
∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ (Bibliography) À¡“¬∂÷ß ‡Õ° “√∑’Ë„âÕâ“ß∂÷ß„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë √ÿª‡ªìπÀ≈—°°“√À√◊Õ<br />
∑ƒ…Æ’‚¥¬¡‘‰¥âÕâ“ßÕ‘ßÀ√◊Õ·ª≈¡“‚¥¬µ√ß<br />
°“√‡¢’¬π‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß À√◊Õ∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡ ¡’·π«∑“ß°“√‡¢’¬π¥—ßπ’È<br />
1. Àπ—ß ◊Õ<br />
°. ¿“…“‰∑¬<br />
◊ËÕµ—« π“¡ °ÿ≈¢Õߺ⟷µàß. (‡≈¢ªï æ.».) ◊ËÕÀπ—ß ◊Õ. (‡≈à¡∑’Ë). (æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë). ‡¡◊Õß∑’Ëæ‘¡æå: ‚√ßæ‘¡æå À√◊Õ<br />
”π—°æ‘¡æå. ‡≈¢ÀπⓇ√‘Ë¡µâπ-‡≈¢Àπâ“ ÿ¥∑⓬∑’ËÕâ“ß∂÷ß.<br />
¢. ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…<br />
◊ËÕ °ÿ≈, Õ—°…√¬àÕ◊ËÕµâπ. Õ—°…√¬àÕ◊ËÕ√Õß. (‡≈¢ªï §.».). ◊ËÕÀπ—ß ◊Õ. (‡≈à¡∑’Ë). (æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë). ‡¡◊Õß∑’Ëæ‘¡æå:<br />
‚√ßæ‘¡æåÀ√◊Õ ”π—°æ‘¡æå. ‡≈¢ÀπⓇ√‘Ë¡µâπ-‡≈¢Àπâ“ ÿ¥∑⓬∑’ËÕâ“ßÕ‘ß.<br />
2. ‡Õ° “√√“°“√<br />
◊ËÕÀπ૬√“°“√. (‡≈¢ªï æ.». À√◊Õ §.».). ◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕß. ◊ËÕÀπ—ß ◊Õ. ‡¡◊Õß∑’Ëæ‘¡æå: ‚√ßæ‘¡æå À√◊Õ ”π—°æ‘¡æå.<br />
3. «“√ “√<br />
°. ¿“…“‰∑¬<br />
◊ËÕµ—« π“¡ °ÿ≈¢Õߺ⟷µàß. (‡≈¢ªï æ.».). ◊ËÕ∫∑§«“¡. ◊ËÕ«“√ “√. ‡≈à¡∑’Ë (©∫—∫∑’Ë): ‡≈¢ÀπⓇ√‘Ë¡µâπ-<br />
‡≈¢Àπâ“ ÿ¥∑⓬.<br />
¢. ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…<br />
◊ËÕ °ÿ≈, Õ—°…√¬àÕ◊ËÕµâπ. Õ—°…√¬àÕ◊ËÕ√Õß. (‡≈¢ªï §.».). ◊ËÕ∫∑§«“¡. ◊ËÕ«“√ “√. ‡≈à¡∑’Ë (©∫—∫∑’Ë):<br />
‡≈¢ÀπⓇ√‘Ë¡µâπ-‡≈¢Àπâ“ ÿ¥∑⓬.<br />
À¡“¬‡Àµÿ<br />
1. °√≥’∑’ˇªìπ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß®“°·À≈àßÕ◊Ëπ Ê πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°∑’Ë°”Àπ¥¢â“ßµâπ ‡àπ ®ÿ≈ “√ Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå œ≈œ<br />
„Àâ¬÷¥À≈—°°“√‡¢’¬πµ“¡·∫∫¢â“ßµâπ‚¥¬Õπÿ‚≈¡<br />
2. °√≥’∑’Ë¡’ºâŸ‡¢’¬π 2 §π „À⇢’¬πµ“¡·∫∫¢Õߺ⟇¢’¬π§π·√° ·µà„À⇵‘¡§”«à“ ç·≈–é À√◊Õ çandé<br />
Àπâ“◊ËÕ ÿ¥∑⓬„π°√≥’¢Õß¿“…“‰∑¬ À√◊Õ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…µ“¡≈”¥—∫<br />
3. °√≥’∑’Ë¡’ºâŸ‡¢’¬π¡“°°«à“ 2 §π¢÷Èπ‰ª „Àâ„ à‡©æ“–ºâŸ·µàß◊ËÕ·√°·≈–„ ৔«à“ ç·≈–§≥–é À√◊Õ çet al.é<br />
„π°√≥’¢Õß¿“…“‰∑¬ À√◊Õ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…µ“¡≈”¥—∫ (‡©æ“–„π‡π◊ÈÕÀ“‡∑à“π—Èπ)<br />
4. ∂Ⓡհ “√∑’Ë∂Ÿ°Õâ“ßÕ‘ßÕ¬àŸ„π√–À«à“ßµ’æ‘¡æå „Àâ∫Õ°√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥·≈–„⧔«à“ ç√–À«à“ßµ’æ‘¡æåé<br />
À√◊Õ çin pressé „π°√≥’¢Õß¿“…“‰∑¬ À√◊Õ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ‚¥¬«ß‡≈Á∫µàÕ∑⓬‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ßπ—Èπ
„∫ —Ëß≈ß‚…≥“<br />
„π«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.<br />
‡√’¬π ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.<br />
‡¢’¬π∑’Ë......................................................<br />
«—π∑’Ë......................................................<br />
¢â“懮â“.......................................................................µ”·Àπàß.......................................................<br />
‡ªìπµ—«·∑π¢Õß (∫√‘…—∑/Àâ“ß√â“π/Õߧ尓√)...................................................................................................<br />
∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà........................................................................................................‚∑√»—æ∑å..........................................<br />
‚∑√ “√........................................... ¡’§«“¡ª√– ߧ宖≈ß‚…≥“„π«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.<br />
¥—ß√“¬°“√µàÕ‰ªπ’È<br />
„π©∫—∫ ( ’)<br />
° ‡µÁ¡Àπâ“<br />
° §√÷ËßÀπâ“<br />
‚¥¬¢â“懮ⓢՄÀâ≈ß‚…≥“ ®”π«π...............©∫—∫ π—∫µ—Èß·µà©∫—∫·√° ∑’Ë®–æ‘¡æå„π§√—ÈßµàÕ‰ª<br />
À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë∑à“π‰¥â√—∫Àπ—ß ◊Õ©∫—∫π’È·≈â«<br />
æ√âÕ¡°—ππ’È ¢â“懮Ⓣ¥â àßµâπ©∫—∫‡æ◊ËÕ≈ß‚…≥“ (·ºàπ CD ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈) ·≈–‡ß‘π§à“‚…≥“‡ªìπ∏π“≥—µ‘<br />
„ππ“¡ §ÿ≥ ÿ¿“æ√ æ‘¡æå«“ªï —Ëß®à“¬ ª∑. ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ ®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õπ·°àπ 40002 ‡ªìπ<br />
®”π«π‡ß‘π.............................∫“∑ (...............................................................................)<br />
≈ßπ“¡....................................................<br />
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Õ—µ√“§à“‚…≥“„π«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¡¢.<br />
≈ß 1 ©∫—∫ (∫“∑) ≈ß 4 ©∫—∫ (∫“∑)<br />
„π©∫—∫ ( ’) ‡µÁ¡Àπâ“ 1,000 3,600<br />
§√÷ËßÀπâ“ 500 1,800
„∫ ¡—§√‡ªìπ ¡“‘°<br />
«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.<br />
‡¢’¬π∑’Ë...........................................................................................<br />
«—π∑’Ë...........................................................................................<br />
‡√’¬π ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.<br />
¢â“懮â“.................................................................................................................................................................<br />
∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà.............................................................................................................................√À— ‰ª√…≥’¬å...............................<br />
‚∑√»—æ∑å..................................................‚∑√ “√................................................... ¡’§«“¡ª√– ߧ宖 ¡—§√<br />
¡“‘° ç«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢.é µ—Èß·µà©∫—∫∑’Ë......................ªï∑’Ë....................∂÷ß©∫—∫∑’Ë.....................<br />
ªï∑’Ë......................... √«¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ..........................©∫—∫<br />
æ√âÕ¡°—ππ’È ¢â“懮Ⓣ¥â à߇ߑπ§à“ ¡—§√ ¡“‘° ‡ªìπ∏π“≥—µ‘ „ππ“¡ §ÿ≥ ÿ¿“æ√<br />
æ‘¡æå«“ªï —Ëß®à“¬ ª∑. ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ ®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õπ·°àπ 40002 ‡ªìπ®”π«π‡ß‘π<br />
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°”Àπ¥ÕÕ°¢Õß«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ·≈–Õ—µ√“§à“ ¡—§√ ¡“‘°<br />
ªï≈– 4 ©∫—∫ ‡ªìπ®”π«π‡ß‘π 200 ∫“∑<br />
❖ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡ - ¡’π“§¡<br />
❖ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2 ‡¡…“¬π - ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π<br />
❖ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 3 °√°Æ“§¡ - °—𬓬π<br />
❖ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 µÿ≈“§¡ - ∏—𫓧¡<br />
#
- Àπâ“«à“ߪî¥∑⓬‡≈à¡ -
KKP<br />
æ‘¡æå∑’Ë À®°. ¢Õπ·°àπ°“√æ‘¡æå ‚∑√. (043) 221938, 220128<br />
64 - 66 ∂ππ√◊Ëπ√¡¬å Õ”‡¿Õ‡¡◊Õß ®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õπ·°àπ 2553<br />
E-mail : kk_p902@hotmail.com<br />
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