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284 Selected Studies on Software and Information Systems
Figure 10-9. Examples of navigation and orientation tools – the navigation bar (A), bread crumbs (B),
tabs (C) and link markers (D).
− Landmark nodes are prominent nodes within an information space or the respective
subspace the user is browsing. They are best identified by the high number of nodes
that can be reached within two links from the landmark node and which can reach it
within two links.
− Guided tours or trails aid users in navigation by suggesting whole trails (sequences of
links) to follow usually via local linear navigation. They are often used in educational
systems where teachers can author them based on the recommended order of learning
for individual concepts. More advanced trails would include automatically
created trails or collaborative trails.
10.5.3 Faceted Browsers
Faceted browsers provide advanced navigation and orientation means, which can be used
to provide access to information spaces via faceted navigation. While all of the aforementioned
navigation and orientation tools would work for an entirely static web site, faceted
browsers are dynamic by their very nature and thus may only be used in web-based applications.
For example, online shops often employ faceted browsers for navigation in the
products they offer.