elektronická verzia publikácie - FIIT STU - Slovenská technická ...
elektronická verzia publikácie - FIIT STU - Slovenská technická ...
elektronická verzia publikácie - FIIT STU - Slovenská technická ...
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Personalized Collaboration 265<br />
Trust aggregation method PathRank (Friedman, 2007) computes the reputation of<br />
entity v as the length of the shortest path (edges have length equal to inverse trust values)<br />
from some start node v0 V. This allows for personalized reputation functions where each<br />
node uses itself as the start node. PathRank algorithm is robust against both dishonest<br />
feedback and Sybil attacks since it is asymmetric and sybils cannot manipulate the length<br />
of a shortest path between legitimate entities.<br />
The list of above mentioned types of attack is by no means complete and reputation<br />
systems are under constant attack by previously unknown types of attack, requiring them<br />
to continuously tweak their ranking mechanisms.<br />
9.3 Human-Computer Relationships<br />
Interpersonal relationships were found to be useful in many contexts. Even in education,<br />
relationships between students are important in peer learning situations, and collaboration<br />
between friends was found to be more effective than collaboration between acquaintances<br />
(Hartup, 1998), as friends engage in more extensive discourses and are more supportive<br />
and critical at the same time.<br />
People react to computer agents in fundamentally social ways (Reeves, 2003). The<br />
provisions of human relationships such as emotional support, group belonging, and social<br />
network support, can be made available by the use of intelligent computer technology.<br />
Embodied in various physical forms (e.g. toys, jewelry), or even purely software agents,<br />
relational agents are computational artifacts designed to build long-term social-emotional<br />
relationships with human users (Bickmore, 2003). Language is the primary modality in<br />
constructing human relationships, and even though many relational strategies are nonverbal,<br />
relational agents need to implement at least simple text interfaces. Animated humanoid<br />
agents employing speech, gestures, intonation and other nonverbal modalities that<br />
emulate face-to-face interactions are currently being studied in human-computer interaction<br />
community.<br />
Typically, relationships span from the micro level of face-to-face relational conversation<br />
to the macro level of long-term maintenance, and thus relational agents must employ<br />
strategies for maintaining and developing relationships, just as people do.<br />
Several interesting relational effects in non-embodied text-only human-computer interfaces<br />
were demonstrated (Reeves, 2003), such as computers which praise rather than<br />
criticize their users are liked more, users prefer the computer to match them in personality,<br />
and users prefer computers that become more like them over time over those which maintain<br />
a consistent level of similarity.<br />
9.3.1 Relational Strategies<br />
In social psychology, the concept of relationship is referring to the interaction between two<br />
people whose behavior is mutually dependent in that a change in the state of one produces<br />
a change in the other (Kelley, 2002). Furthermore, relationship is not defined by generic<br />
patterns of stereotypical interactions (e.g. buyer–seller) but rather by the unique patterns<br />
for a particular pair (Berschied, 1998).<br />
In relationship, friends are expected to provide various provisions for each other<br />
(Duck, 2007) such as the sense of belonging, anchor points for opinions and beliefs, oppor-