2012 Trafficking In Persons Final Report.pdf - NCJTC Home

Lee, Maggy. Trafficking and Global Crime Control (Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Inc.,
2011).
Maggy Lee examines human trafficking as a global pattern and the various approaches
international actors have taken to address it as such. Specifically, she examines: the issue
of creating international consensus on basic definitions and its implications for trafficked
persons; ways of conceptualizing victimhood that assist or injure victims of trafficking;
patterns of trafficking worldwide as a result of globalized society that largely
discriminates based upon gender and minority status; the role of transnational organized
criminal networks in facilitating trafficking and migration; and the approaches
international and state institutions have taken in combating trafficking. Lee argues for a
better approach to human trafficking, one that uses a social rather than a criminal
framework. This approach would examine exploitation, migration, and economic factors.
Lee also suggests utilizing a human rights framework to counteract what she calls ―the
violent logic of global trafficking control,‖ creating more space to protect victims of
trafficking rather than to criminalize them for their oftentimes illegal presence in a given
state. The global reality of increasing transnational movement, Lee argues, should push
states to uphold their responsibilities to protect, rather than to punish.
Shelley, Louise. Human Trafficking: A Transnational Perspective.
Organized crime and human trafficking expert Louise Shelley examines the underlying
international conditions that allow human trafficking to flourish, the organized criminal
networks that capitalize on the globalized world‘s drive for migration from developing to
developed nations, the risk factors that lead to trafficking, the business aspect of
trafficking, and the international and domestic attempts to thwart trafficking in human
beings. In her concluding pages, she recommends that nations recognize the prevalence
of preexisting economic, political, and social conditions that give rise to migration and
position certain social groups (such as women, children, and oppressed minorities). By
identifying the sociopolitical forces that create vulnerable populations, nation-states can
better target potential trafficking sites and improve upon practices to combat trafficking.
Smith, Charles Anthony and Brandon Miller-de la Cuesta, ―Human Trafficking in Conflict
Zones: The Role of Peacekeepers in the Formation of Networks‖ in Human Rights Review 2011,
12:287-299.
This article highlights the fraught relationship between peacekeepers and the demand for
commercial sex, which in turn increases the incidence of human trafficking in conflict
and post-conflict zones. Case studies on Kosovo, Haiti, and Sierra Leone demonstrate the
connection between the introduction of relatively wealthy consumers and the increase in
criminal activity. The case studies support the hypotheses that 1) the presence of troops
creates a rise in demand for commercial sex, and 2) that the greater the presence of
troops, the greater the demand for sex, and the greater the likelihood of trafficking.
Furthermore, the possibility that post-intervention networks initially set up to facilitate
trafficking will grow to traffic contraband such as arms and drugs after peacekeepers
depart is a very real threat. The authors recommend more aggressive monitoring and
research into post-conflict and post-intervention externalities that currently receive little
attention in comparison to the amount of reporting on directly conflict-related atrocities.
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