11. modalizacion
11. modalizacion
11. modalizacion
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Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria<br />
FICHA TEÓRICO-PRÁCTICA #11:<br />
VERBOS QUE EXPRESAN MODALIDAD<br />
Te propongo que reflexionemos sobre el concepto de “modalidad”. Para ello, te doy algunas pistas a manera de preguntas:<br />
Si tuvieras que ordenar a una persona que apague su cigarrillo, ¿qué palabra(s) o frase(s) o<br />
construcción/construcciones verbales darían cuenta de que estás dando una orden?<br />
Si tuvieras que aconsejar a un amigo/a que intentara estudiar en grupo, ¿qué palabra(s) o frase(s) o<br />
construcción/construcciones verbales darían cuenta de que estás dando un consejo?<br />
Si conversaras con un grupo de amigos sobre los diferentes posibles programas para el próximo fin de semana,<br />
¿qué palabra(s) o frase(s) o construcción/construcciones verbales darían cuenta de que estás ofreciendo diferentes<br />
posibilidades?<br />
Si te extraña a determinada hora que tu amigo/a no haya llegado puntualmente a la cita acordada, pero imaginas<br />
con casi un 100% de certeza su inconveniente, ¿qué palabra(s) o frase(s) o construcción / construcciones verbales<br />
darían cuenta de que estás expresando una certeza, una suposición sobre algo que en realidad no sabes?<br />
¿Cómo expresas en su casa que no permitís fumar?<br />
Las expresiones que se te ocurrieron para expresar las ideas anteriores, son expresiones de modalidad porque dar una<br />
orden es un modo de expresar una idea, al igual que dar un consejo, expresar una prohibición, una posibilidad, etc. Te<br />
invito a leer el material a continuación para que te familiarices con la manera en que se expresa la modalidad en inglés.<br />
Los verbos que expresan modalidad se utilizan para referirnos a los siguientes modos en que puede producirse una acción:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
la capacidad / habilidad de una persona o cosa para realizar o llevar a cabo una determinada acción,<br />
una acción que es necesaria, aconsejable, obligatoria, prohibida, o futura<br />
una situación que es posible, imaginada o hipotética,<br />
una certeza<br />
una promesa<br />
un reproche o una crítica sobre lo que no se hizo, o se hizo pero estuvo mal.<br />
Presentan las siguientes características comunes:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
no se auxilian, es decir que se utilizan en interrogativo y negativo de la misma manera que el verbo TO BE.<br />
van seguidos de un verbo principal, indicador de la acción, en infinitivo sin to.<br />
seguidos de auxiliar HAVE + VERBO PRINCIPAL (éste último en pasado participio) indican una acción en pasado, y<br />
su significado puede ser diferente de su estructura MODAL + VERBO PRINCIPAL (infinitivo).<br />
presentan una sola forma para todos los pronombres.<br />
En lenguaje académico, los verbos modales could, may, might, (expresando posibilidad) y should, (expresando acción<br />
aconsejable), se utilizan mucho en el género artículo de divulgación científica (paper), y la idea es expresar ideas con cierta<br />
precaución, evitando ser categórico, para no cometer errores respecto de la certeza de ciertos conocimientos que se<br />
expresan, y de ese modo evitar la crítica de los colegas científicos. El siguiente cuadro resume los verbos que expresan<br />
modalidad más usuales y sus usos:
Verbos que Expresan Modalidad<br />
MODAL<br />
REFERENCIA<br />
can (puede)<br />
HABILIDAD<br />
CAPACIDAD<br />
<br />
= be able to<br />
PROBABILIDAD<br />
POSIBILIDAD<br />
OBLIGACIÓN<br />
CONSEJO<br />
could<br />
(pude/podía -podría)<br />
<br />
CONDICIONAL<br />
FUTURO<br />
PROMESA<br />
PROHIBICIÓN<br />
REPROCHE<br />
RETO<br />
NECESIDAD<br />
CERTEZA<br />
SUPOSICIÓN<br />
(not (not)<br />
<br />
(have+verbo pas. part)<br />
may (puede) (not <br />
might (podría) <br />
should (debería) <br />
ought to (debería) <br />
must (debe)<br />
<br />
= have to<br />
will <br />
would <br />
not)<br />
<br />
(have+verbo pas. part)<br />
<br />
<br />
= need to<br />
<br />
(have+verbo pas.<br />
part.)<br />
PERMISO<br />
EJEMPLOS DE LA VIDA COTIDIANA:<br />
You can do it because you are good enough. (capacidad)<br />
Podés hacerlo porque sos lo suficientemente bueno.<br />
I can use a computer and speak English and French fluently.<br />
(habilidad)<br />
Se usar la computadora y hablar inglés y francés con fluidez.<br />
These people can cause trouble. (posibilidad)<br />
Esta gente puede causar/ quizás cause/posiblemente cause<br />
problemas.<br />
That cannot be Mary. She’s too old. (certeza, suposición)<br />
Esa no puede ser María. Es muy anciana.<br />
You cannot stay till ten. It’s open till 9:30. (prohibición)<br />
Usted no puede permanecer hasta las 10:00. Está abierto hasta<br />
las 09:30.<br />
You could have studied more. (reproche)<br />
Podrías haber estudiado más.<br />
I could stay in the sun for hours when I was younger.<br />
(capacidad)<br />
Podía permanecer / Era capaz de permanecer al sol por horas<br />
cuando era más joven.<br />
I could run the 42 km. marathon when I was in my 20s.<br />
(habilidad)<br />
Podía correr / Era capaz de correr 42 kms. cuando rondaba los<br />
30.<br />
You could come at five. (probabilidad, posibilidad)<br />
Podrías venir a las 5.<br />
This issue may bring about trouble. (probabilidad, posibilidad)<br />
Este tema puede traer / quizás-probablemente traiga<br />
problemas.<br />
She might arrive tomorrow night. (probabilidad)<br />
Ella podría llegar / quizás-probablemente llegue mañana a la<br />
noche.<br />
You might study for a couple of hours and then come home.<br />
(consejo)<br />
Podrías estudiar por un par de horas y luego venir a casa.<br />
You should exercise more. (consejo)<br />
Deberías hacer más ejercicio.<br />
You shouldn’t smoke so much. (consejo)<br />
No deberías fumar tanto.<br />
You should submit all the papers by January 15. (obligación)<br />
Usted debería/debe entregar toda la documentación para el<br />
15 enero.<br />
You shouldn’t have said that. (reproche, reto)<br />
No deberías haber dicho eso.<br />
If the bus is on time, she should be here by 6. (probabilidad,<br />
posibilidad)<br />
Si el colectivo llega en hora, ella debería estar aquí para las 6.<br />
You must get a 6 in order to pass the exam. (obligación)<br />
Usted debe obtener un 6 para aprobar el examen.<br />
He must be in trouble. He never arrives late. (certeza)<br />
El debe de estar/seguramente está en problemas. Nunca<br />
llega tarde.<br />
He must have overslept, otherwise he would be already here.<br />
(certeza)<br />
El debe de haberse dormido, de otro modo ya estaría aquí.<br />
You mustn’t enter there. (prohibición)<br />
Usted no debe entrar allí.<br />
I will finish this paper tomorrow. (futuro - promesa)<br />
Terminaré este “paper” mañana.<br />
He would travel if he had the money to do so. (condicional) El<br />
viajaría si tuviera el dinero para hacerlo.
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria<br />
PRÁCTICA:<br />
1. Uní los verbos que expresan modalidad con la expresión que corresponda a su significado; uno de ellos no<br />
tiene par, algunos tienen más de un par:<br />
1. must<br />
2. mustn’t<br />
3. must have<br />
4. should<br />
5. should have<br />
6. can<br />
7. cannot<br />
8. could<br />
9. may<br />
10. might<br />
a. posiblemente, quizás<br />
b. con la condición de que<br />
c. está prohibido<br />
d. tiene la obligación de<br />
e. tiene la capacidad de<br />
f. sabe<br />
g. es aconsejable que<br />
h. seguramente<br />
i. te reprocho que<br />
<strong>11.</strong> will<br />
12. would<br />
2. Leé el material de lectura a continuación y resolvé:<br />
a. ¿A qué género pertenece el texto?<br />
b. ¿Qué ofrece el texto? ¿Un producto<br />
o un servicio? ¿Qué tiene de particular<br />
o especial ese producto o servicio?
Verbos que Expresan Modalidad<br />
RABIES ALERT<br />
RABIES<br />
Rabies is a virus which attacks the central nervous system of all wann-blooded animals, including<br />
humans.<br />
TRANSMISSION<br />
Rabies is primarily transmitted through a bite from a rabid animal. It can also result from infected<br />
saliva entering the body through an open wound or a mucous membrane (such as in the eyes and<br />
mouth)<br />
SYMPTOMS<br />
After the virus first appears in an animal's saliva (this can take anywhere from weeks to months after<br />
a bite occurs), the following symptoms of rabies will usually appear within 3 to 5 days.<br />
• Staggering, caused by paralysis of the hind legs.<br />
• Foaming around the mouth, caused by paralysis of the throat and an inability to close the<br />
jaws.<br />
• Attacking people, animals or objects.<br />
• Extreme behavioral changes, such as the appearance of a commonly nocturnal (active at<br />
night) animal during the day or a diurnal (active in daytime) animal during the night<br />
• Disorientation and a lack of inhibition.<br />
Affected animals may show any, all or none of these symptoms.<br />
MEDICAL TREATMENT<br />
The rabies incubation period can be, but is not always, lengthy. Therefore, ALL bites must be<br />
reported and treatment begun immediately.<br />
For humans:<br />
• First, wash the bite area well with soap and hot water.<br />
• Seek medical attention immediately at a hospital emergency room or with your private<br />
physician. The doctor will determine whether post-exposure treatment is necessary.<br />
• If not treated in time, the rabies virus virtually always results in death.<br />
-OVER-<br />
424 East 92nd Street New York,<br />
NY 10128<br />
(212) 876-7700
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria<br />
3. Encerrá con las frases verbales con verbos que expresan modalidad de los siguientes enunciados,<br />
traducílas teniendo en cuenta el actor, y luego indicá qué idea da el verbo que expresa modalidad.<br />
Ejemplo: The process of developing heifers as replacements must begin during the cow calf production phase.<br />
debe comenzar (obligación)<br />
Finalmente, interpretá los enunciados con tus propias palabras para cmprender las ideas expresadas con<br />
verbos que expresan modalidad.<br />
Ejemplo: El proceso de desarrollo de vaquillonas como vacas de reemplazo debe comenzar durante la fase de<br />
producción de cría.<br />
The veterinarian should have isolated the infected horse.<br />
Stall and barn management should assure cow comfort and cleanliness.<br />
You should have sterilized the hypodermic needles and surgical instruments.<br />
Fecal flotation for the diagnosis of sarcoptic mange may reveal mites or eggs.<br />
Anabolic growth implants can increase heifer rates of gain and increase pelvic size.<br />
Because of the severity of the disease, an oral administration of antibiotics may be helpful.<br />
Hormonal and genetic factors may also play a role in development of cutaneous neoplasms.<br />
By using one calving season, this dictates that heifers must calve initially at either 24 or 36 mo of age.<br />
Milkers should wear rubber gloves during the milking process as a prevention measure against mastitis.<br />
Inadequately nourished bitches may demonstrate poor maternal instinct and provide little or inadequate milk.
Verbos que Expresan Modalidad<br />
You should administer the drug immediately after birth when outbreaks of the disease occur in newborn animals.<br />
Look at the abdomen of this dog; the mange must have started there before passing on to its chest, ears, elbows and<br />
legs.<br />
Mares may infect their foals of Equine Infectious Anemia in utero, the incubation period is 1-3 wk but may be as long<br />
as 3 mo.<br />
Excessive adipose tissue in heifers during the pre weaning phase may result in reduced subsequent performance of<br />
these animals.<br />
A bitch preparation for breeding must include consideration of nutrient balance, protein content and quality, and<br />
caloric density.<br />
Vaginal smears should be used with bitches with low fertility not only to determine optimum breeding time but also to<br />
determine whether conception has occurred.<br />
The ideal crossbred cow ought to produce a calf that has no dystocia, gains rapidly from birth to weaning in terms of<br />
muscle and bone growth, and has adequate, but not excessive, fat deposition.<br />
Any cow-calf production system should have as one of their goals to wean calves that approach their genetic potential<br />
whether they sell calves at weaning or develop these heifers to go into the cow herd.<br />
Developmental practices for replacement heifers must continue after puberty and the subsequent breeding season<br />
until calving so they are capable of maintaining a 12-mo calving interval after entering the cow herd.
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria<br />
An alternative management system for heifers could be restrict calves before weaning to reduce body fat and growth,<br />
thereby allowing compensatory gain to take effect after weaning and allow heifers to reach target weights by the<br />
appropriate age at puberty.<br />
Nota: wk significa week y mo significa month<br />
4. Lee con atención los textos y sus fuentes a continuación y resolvé los ejercicios propuestos:<br />
Texto 1.<br />
1. ¿De qué trata el texto? ¿Cuál es el tema general? Pensá en un título para el texto como respuesta a las<br />
dos preguntas anteriores.<br />
Tema General:<br />
2. ¿Qué expresa el texto sobre el tema general? En otras palabras, cuál es la idea principal? Expresála en<br />
un solo enunciado:<br />
Idea Principal:<br />
3. Identificá 4 verbos que expresan modalidad y<br />
transcribí las frases verbales que<br />
los contienen (no el enunciado<br />
completo)<br />
Ejemplo: may not have survived<br />
1.<br />
expresá esas frases en español<br />
puede no haber sobrevivido<br />
quizás no haya sobrevivido<br />
posiblemente no haya sobrevivido<br />
explicá el uso del verbo<br />
que expresa modalidad<br />
posibilidad<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.
Verbos que Expresan Modalidad<br />
Texto 1:<br />
1 Cells are the smallest functional units of the body. They are so small that they cannot be studied without the aid of a<br />
microscope. In fact, many of the intracellular organelles are so small that an electron microscope must be used to<br />
visualize them. There are a plethora of cell types within the body of any animal, each uniquely different from<br />
anatomically (structurally) and physiologically. For the purpose of this discussion, an average, basic cell, is presented.<br />
5 The reader should recognize that the intracellular organelles and details of cellular physiology may appear in varying<br />
degrees in other cells of the body.<br />
Fuente: Christenson, D. E., Veterinary Medical Terminology, W. B. Saunders (1997), p.18.<br />
Texto 2:<br />
1. Realizá una lectura rápida del texto a<br />
continuación para determinar el Tema General del<br />
mismo (¿de qué trata el texto?). Escribílo en pocas<br />
palabras en español, en forma clara y precisa.<br />
2. Re leé el texto y determiná en no más de tres<br />
enunciados en español, la Idea Principal (¿Qué<br />
expresa el autor sobre el tema general?) del<br />
mismo.<br />
Texto 2:<br />
1<br />
5<br />
10<br />
15<br />
20<br />
25<br />
Drug action is often explained with a lock and key analogy, whereby the drug is the key and the lock is the<br />
ultimate site of action, known as the receptor. Receptors are reactive chemical groupings situated on the surface of<br />
the cell or within the cell itself. When a drug reacts with a receptor, it does so through the formation of weak chemical<br />
bonds, which are usually reversible. These are forces that bind the compound onto the receptor site. The union of<br />
drug and receptor yields the drug-receptor complex, which is then responsible for the initiation of pharmacologic<br />
activity.<br />
The effects of a drug in the body can be viewed as the ultimate consequences of interaction between the drug<br />
and its receptor, once the drug has diffused across the various biological membranes in the body and reached the<br />
vicinity of the receptor at its site of action. When one administers a drug, therefore, the objective is to achieve an<br />
adequate concentration of the drug at its site of action and to maintain this concentration for a desired period of time.<br />
The concentration attained at the receptor site depends on a number of factors, which include the rate and extent of<br />
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Generally only a small proportion of the total drug in the body is<br />
at any particular time present at its site of action, complexing with the receptor, and producing a pharmacologic<br />
effect. This is because the bulk of the drug may bind with other tissues. Although this latter portion of the drug is not<br />
involved directly in the production of pharmacologic effects, it does have an important role to play in that it governs<br />
the kinetics of redistribution and the ultimate disappearance of the drug from the body.<br />
Most drugs are carried from the site of absorption to the site of action and elimination by the circulating blood.<br />
From the blood stream, the drug must traverse the various biological membranes and fluid compartments before its<br />
molecules can reach intracellular receptor sites. Some drugs cannot pass all types of membranes and therefore are<br />
restricted in their distribution and in their potential effect, whereas others pass through all membranes and become<br />
distributed throughout the various fluid compartments. In addition, some drugs may accumulate in various areas as a<br />
result of binding, dissolving in fat, or an active transport active mechanism. The accumulation may be at the site of<br />
action or, more often, in some other location. In the latter situation, the site of accumulation may serve as a storage<br />
depot for the drug. Although it is in itself pharmacologically inactive, the drug in the storage depot is in equilibrium<br />
with the free drug and thereby maintains an effective concentration of the drug at its site of action. Binding of drugs
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria<br />
30<br />
to proteins and other macromolecules is known to occur in almost every tissue of the body. It has been demonstrated<br />
with albumin, globulins, hemoglobin, mucopolysacharides, nucleoproteins, phospholipids, and additional substances.<br />
Binding is generally a reversible process because nearly all drugs eventually disappear from the body. The majority of<br />
drugs appear to be held to binding sites by weak chemical bonds of the Van der Waals, hydrogen, or ionic types. The<br />
reversible binding of drugs to various intracellular and extracellular substances is important in determining how long a<br />
drug remains in the body. Without these storage pools, many drugs would be metabolized and excreted so rapidly<br />
that they would hardly have time to exert their pharmacologic action.<br />
Fuente: BARRAGRY, T., Veterinary Drug Therapy, Lea & Febiger, 1994, pág. 382<br />
3. Revisión. Leé el texto anterior nuevamente:<br />
a. Indicá a qué frase o palabra del texto hacen referencia las siguientes palabras o frases, también del<br />
texto:<br />
a. reactive chemical groupings<br />
situated on the surface of the cell<br />
or within the cell itself (línea 2):<br />
b. it (línea 3):<br />
c. which (línea 5):<br />
d. this concentration (línea 10):<br />
e. which (línea 11):<br />
f. its (línea 13):<br />
g. This (línea 14):<br />
h. their (línea 20):<br />
i. the latter situation (línea 23):<br />
j. they (línea 32):<br />
b. En las líneas del texto que se indican a continuación:<br />
1. encontrá conjunciones,<br />
2. transcríbílas,<br />
3. expresálas en español,<br />
4. indicá su uso según co texto.<br />
LÍNEA CONJUNCIÓN /<br />
CONECTOR<br />
a. línea 9:<br />
b. línea 14 (x2):<br />
c. línea 20:<br />
d. línea 21:<br />
TRADUCCIÓN<br />
USO
Verbos que Expresan Modalidad<br />
Texto 3:<br />
1. Expresá en español y con tus propias palabras las siguientes frases sustantivas extraídas del texto 3:<br />
1. treatment costs (línea 3):<br />
2. proper management and nutritional practices (línea 4):<br />
3. a cure-all for disease problems (línea 7):<br />
4. widespread concern (línea 9):<br />
5. low-level feeding of antibiotic (línea 11):<br />
6. unknown reproductive disease status (línea 31):<br />
2. Expresá en español las siguientes frases con verbos que expresan modalidad, indicá su uso (¿posibilidad?<br />
¿obligación? ¿recomendación?).<br />
1. could be minimized or prevented (línea 4):<br />
2. should be isolated (líneas 25/26):<br />
3. must be considered (línea 43):<br />
3. Traducí los siguientes verbos y frases verbales extraídas del texto. Transformá las frases al negativo y al<br />
interrogativo:<br />
1. cause (línea 1):<br />
2. would eliminate (línea 10):<br />
3. bears (línea 19):<br />
4. Redactá un resumen del texto que contenga tantos enunciados como párrafos contiene el texto. Es decir,<br />
redactá una idea principal para cada párrafo; aseguráte de presentar el tema general al inicio de tu resumen.<br />
Resumen texto 3:
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria<br />
Texto 3:<br />
Management and Nutrition: Introduction<br />
Diseases in farm animals cause annual losses of billions of dollars, a large portion of which is<br />
attributable to deaths, treatment costs, and reduced feed efficiency and growth rate. Many disease outbreaks<br />
could be minimized or prevented with proper management and nutritional practices. Although viruses,<br />
5 bacteria, and other microorganisms are the basic causes of disease in domestic animals, errors in<br />
management and nutrition are significant predisposing factors. Although the importance of these factors is<br />
well known, many individuals still seek a cure-all for disease problems. For example, the practice of adding<br />
antibiotics to rations beginning shortly after birth, sometimes continuing throughout the animal’s life, cannot<br />
compensate for poor management practices. In addition, there is widespread concern about drug residues in<br />
10 food of animal origin and development of super-resistant bacteria capable of affecting man as well as<br />
livestock. Laws have been proposed that would eliminate low-level feeding of antibiotics and prohibit the<br />
therapeutic use of some antibiotics in animals. Use of some antibiotics has already been prohibited, and<br />
further prohibition is virtually certain. Therefore, livestock producers must rely more and more on good<br />
management.
Verbos que Expresan Modalidad<br />
15 Good management, which can decrease labor costs and increase feed efficiency and rate of gain, is<br />
even more important in intensive production methods. These methods such as breeding and feeding practices<br />
that accelerate the growth of animals (and shorten the period from birth to marketing or reproduction) and<br />
increase efficiency of conversion of feed to meat, milk, or wool; however, they also introduce stresses that<br />
increase the potential for disease. Confinement of many animals in a small area increases both direct and<br />
20 indirect contact. This bears a direct relationship to disease incidence—each animal introduced into a group can<br />
potentially introduce disease to every other animal in the group. As the size of the group increases, the<br />
individual attention that each animal receives often decreases. Therefore, disease is more likely to become<br />
well established before it is recognized and, as a result, treatment is less likely to be effective. Management is<br />
extremely important in preventing disease when animals are added to a group, or when animals are removed<br />
25 from a group and returned after being permitted to contact animals from other premises. Such animals should<br />
be isolated for ≥2 wk (after arrival or return) to observe for signs of disease. If signs develop, isolation should<br />
continue until the disease has run its course. Newly arrived animals can introduce numerous diseases,<br />
including brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, respiratory disease, and neonatal diarrhea. The following<br />
classes of animals represent the greatest risk of introducing disease into an established group: neonates,<br />
30 weanlings, naturally bred females that fail to conceive and are rebred, males that have served females with<br />
unknown reproductive disease status, females that have aborted, animals exhibiting signs of early or chronic<br />
respiratory disease, and animals with a history of diarrhea of unknown etiology. The best safeguards against<br />
introduction of disease, in addition to isolation, are careful inspection of the remaining animals at the site of<br />
origin, a reputable seller, and (if obtainable) an official certificate of inspection signed by a licensed<br />
35 veterinarian and the seller and approved by state or federal animal health officials (see also: Prepurchase<br />
Examination: Introduction). Faulty nutrition is a major reason why many animals do not achieve their potential<br />
and are prone to disease. Feeding an insufficient amount or a ration of poor quality, or overfeeding for<br />
extremely high production or condition, can all cause problems. Rations for ruminants must include adequate<br />
roughage to prevent severe GI disturbances and secondary disease (e.g., laminitis). Many foot problems are<br />
40 the end result of indigestion and acidosis caused by overfeeding concentrates and providing insufficient<br />
roughage.<br />
Rations should be balanced with respect to protein, carbohydrates, and fats and contain all essential<br />
vitamins and minerals. Age, gestation, lactation, and physical activity must be considered when formulating a<br />
ration and determining the amount to be fed. Care should be taken that toxic plants or chemicals are not<br />
included. Toxic materials not only affect the health of the animal ingesting the material but also may produce<br />
anomalies in the fetus.<br />
45 Although the specific enterprise must be considered when making management recommendations,<br />
some general recommendations apply to all situations: 1) Provide adequate space. 2) Provide adequate<br />
ventilation (Mechanical Ventilation). 3) Prevent undue exposure to extreme temperature changes. 4) Practice<br />
good sanitary procedures at all times, and remove feces as often as practicable. 5) Follow an "all-in/all-out"<br />
concept when feasible. 6) Thoroughly clean and disinfect the premises after removal of one group and before<br />
introduction of the next group. 7) Provide adequate total nutrients, including vitamins and minerals. 8) Provide<br />
50 adequate potable water at all times. 9) Prevent fecal contamination of feed and water. 10) Do not feed<br />
damaged or spoiled feed. 11) Ensure that newborn animals nurse shortly after birth and receive adequate<br />
colostrum. 12) Separate age groups as much as is practical. 13) Do not mix species. 14) Do not breed females<br />
until they are of proper size. 15) Provide assistance at parturition if needed. 16) Immunize young animals<br />
against diseases that are endemic in the area. 17) Control internal and external parasites. 18) Monitor animals<br />
55 closely to identify early signs of disease. 19) Isolate diseased animals and provide adequate nursing care and<br />
begin treatment as soon as possible.