Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter for Flight on Mars The second profile is a general atmospheric model, not specific to any location, generated to provide a rough estimate of the atmospheric conditions at any location on the planet. It provides density, temperature, pressure, and speed-of-sound data for elevations of -5 km (below the mean surface level) to 120 km above the surface [27]. The third profile was generated using the Mars-GRAM atmospheric simulation tool. This profile was generated for a specific location on Mars, Parana Valles (-25°, 11°). It contains information on density, temperature, pressure, speed of sound, and viscosity for altitudes of 2.38 km to 20 km [48]. The fourth and last profile was also generated using the Mars-GRAM atmospheric simulation tool. This profile was generated for a specific location on Mars, Utopia Planitia (57°, 235°). It contains information on density, temperature, pressure, speed of sound, and viscosity for altitudes of -1.74 km to 20 km [48]. Significant data was also collected on the Mars atmosphere during the recent Pathfinder mission. For the first 30 days, surface pressure at the landing site underwent substantial daily variations of 0.2 to 0.3 mbar, which were associated primarily with the large thermal tides in the thin Mars atmosphere. Daily pressure cycles were characterized by a significant pressure change throughout the day period. This is shown in Figure 2-12, and the pressure change over a 30-day period is shown in Figure 2-13. The near-surface temperature on Mars is greatly influenced by the surface temperature cycle (surface heating during the day and radiative cooling at night due to the low density of the Mars atmosphere). At sunrise, the atmosphere is typically stable, and cool, dense air lies near the surface. As the surface warms the air mass is heated, and by early morning begins to rise. As the heating continues the atmosphere becomes unstable. This causes temperature fluctuations on the order of 15 °K to 20 °K, during the remainder of the morning and early afternoon. Later in the afternoon the surface cools, the atmospheric stability increases, and the temperature fluctuations decrease. 34 Phase II Final Report
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuration and Operation 2.4 Environmental Conditions for Flight on Mars Figure 2-9: Daily Pressure Variation (Pathfinder Data) [227] Figure 2-10: Pressure Variation Over a One-month Period (Pathfinder Data) [227] 35
Page 1 and 2: Planetary Exploration Using Biomime
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables List of Tables Table
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures List of Figures Fig
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 3-54: Pressu
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure 3-138: Stere
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 4-24: Averag
Page 15 and 16: List of Contributors List of Contri
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Executive Summary
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1.
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1.0 Introduction Figure 1-2
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Histor
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.2 Origin
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.3.1 Surface Imaging The Entomop
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
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3. Density: 1.40E-2 kg/m 3 4. Press
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
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Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
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Chapter 5.0 Potential Payload Funct
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Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.1 Intr
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Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.3 Onli
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Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.6 Spec
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Chapter 7.0 Conclusion Chapter 7.0
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data JP
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ge
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ge
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ma
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Appendix
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Appendix B: Sizing Results 30 Wing
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Appendix B: Sizing Results 16 Wing
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 0
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Lenght 0
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Appendix C: List of References Appe
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Appendix C: List of References 41.
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Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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