Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter for Flight on Mars The magnetic field mapping requires use of a three-axis magnetometer. The magnetic field sensor would need to be mounted in a location that minimizes magnetic field contamination from other systems or instruments on the Entomopter. To minimize the magnetic signature of the Entomopter, it should have as little magnetic materials within it as possible. Also, any magnetic field-inducing devices (such as the power generation system) will have to be shielded and/or properly grounded to minimize the magnetic field effects. The mass and power of this type of device is on the order of 0.2 kg and 150 mW, respectively. 1.3.3.3 Near Infrared and Neutron Spectroscopy The distribution of water (ice or liquid) is vital to the search for life. Neutron spectroscopy is a powerful technique for detecting an excess of hydrogen to a depth of about a meter. Such a technique can be implemented from orbit but has a resolution of several hundred kilometers. From the Entomopter platform, the spatial resolution is several orders of magnitude better, so the potential exists for locating kilometer-sized bodies or much smaller. Mineralogy is a key tool for investigating the formation and geologic history of Mars. Near infrared spectroscopy can be used to provide data on the mineralogy of Mars. This includes measuring the pH, abundance and phase of water, atmospheric chemistry, temperature, and surface pressure. It can also be useful in examining the geologic processes of the planet, such as sedimentation, volcanism, and hydrothermal alteration. Mineral makeup can be determined through near infrared absorption and spectroscopic evaluation. This technique has been widely used in the past both on Earth and for planetary exploration. (It was used on Phobos to determine surface-mineral composition.) Near infrared spectroscopy (at the wavelengths between 0.7 mm and 2.5 mm) can provide information on soil makeup and identify materials such as iron oxides, iron oxyhydroxides, carbonates, clays, olivines, and pyroxenes, as well as establish their degree of crystallinity. This type of science will allow the detection of these minerals and their abundance in the soil. The objective of any near infrared spectroscopy investigation should be to link the mineralogy with specific geologic formations on the planet (imagery), thereby providing a more detailed understanding of the geologic processes of the planet. The ability to perform imaging spectroscopy from the Entomopter vehicle probably will not be possible (unless there are significant advances in sensor technology). Therefore, non-imaging spectroscopy would be the applicable choice for this type of data collection. However, to get useful data from a non-imaging spectroscopy system, it would need to be closely integrated with the camera imaging. 1.3.3.4 Radar Sounding Radar sounding can investigate subsurface structure and search for buried ground ice and subsurface water. This type of exploration from orbiting space craft has been proposed, but by performing this from 100 m or so above the surface, increased spatial and depth resolution can be achieved. Aerial radar sounders have a proven capability to detect subsurface water beneath glacial ice at a depth of up to 4 km with more than 100 subglacial lakes identified in Antarctica. 20 Phase II Final Report
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Mission Significant miniaturization will be needed for radar sounders to be compatible with the Entomopter vehicle; however, because of its close proximity to the surface, the power required by this device will be minimized. This type of sounding is similar to what is proposed for the European Space Agency’s Mars Express orbiter. This type of data collected in this manner is shown in Figure 1-15. Figure 1-15: Radar Sounding for Investigating Surface and Subsurface Features 1.3.3.5 In Situ Atmospheric Science The Entomopter can take atmospheric samples over a range of altitudes from the surface up to hundreds of meters. It can also take these samples in a controlled grid fashion, providing a comprehensive view of the atmosphere near the surface. These samples can be used to validate global remote sensing data from orbiting spacecraft, which can reflect signals off of the Mars atmosphere (sound) to gather information. The atmospheric samples either can be captured and returned to the base vehicle for analysis or, potentially, some basic analysis could be done on them in flight. This analysis could include ultra-sensitive compositional observations using mass spectrometric and tunable diode laser techniques developed for stratospheric research. In addition to sampling the atmosphere, basic atmospheric meteorology can be performed that would include wind velocity, temperature, and pressure measurements. The meteorological data can be taken at different vertical altitudes at various points above the surface. This data can provide a 21
Page 1 and 2: Planetary Exploration Using Biomime
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables List of Tables Table
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures List of Figures Fig
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 3-54: Pressu
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure 3-138: Stere
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 4-24: Averag
Page 15 and 16: List of Contributors List of Contri
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Executive Summary
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1.
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1.0 Introduction Figure 1-2
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Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.2 Origin
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
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3. Density: 1.40E-2 kg/m 3 4. Press
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
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Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
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Chapter 5.0 Potential Payload Funct
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Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.1 Intr
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Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.3 Onli
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Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.6 Spec
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Chapter 7.0 Conclusion Chapter 7.0
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data JP
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ge
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ma
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Appendix
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Appendix B: Sizing Results 30 Wing
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Appendix B: Sizing Results 16 Wing
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 0
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Lenght 0
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Appendix C: List of References Appe
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Appendix C: List of References 41.
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Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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