Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter <strong>for</strong> Flight on Mars 140.Katz, J., and Weihs, D., “Behavior of Vortex Wakes from Oscillating Airfoils;” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 15, No. 12, 1978, pp. 861-863. 141.Katz, J., and Weihs, D., “Wake Rollup and the Kutta Condition <strong>for</strong> Airfoils Oscillating at High Frequency,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 12, 1981, pp. 1604-1606. 142.Kerzhanovich, Victor V., Personal correspondence, JPL, January 2000. 143.Kiya, M., and Sasaki, K., “Structure of a Turbulent Separation Bubble,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 137, 1983, pp. 83-113. 144.Kline, S. J., and McClintock, F. A., “Describing Uncertainties in Single-Sample Experiments,” Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 75, No. 1, 1953, pp. 3-8. 145.Koochesfahani, M. M., “Vortical Patterns in the Wake of an Oscillating Airfoil,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 9, Sept. 1989, pp. 1200-1205. 146.Kroo, I. and Kunz, P., “Mesoscale Flight and Miniature Rotorcraft Development,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics <strong>for</strong> Micro Air Vehicle Applications, T. J. Mueller (Ed.), Prog. in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol., 195, 2001. 147.Kuechemann, D., and von Holst, E., “Aerodynamics of Animal Flight,” Luftwissen, Vol. 8, No. 9, Sept. 1941, pp. 277-282; translated by L. J. Baker <strong>for</strong> the Ministry of Aircraft Production, R. T. P. Translation No. 1672. 148.Kuechemann, D., and Weber, J., “Aerodynamic Propulsion in Nature,” Aerodynamics of Propulsion, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953, pp. 248-260. 149.Kunz, P. J. and Kroo, I., “Analysis and Design of Airfoils <strong>for</strong> Use at Ultra-Low Reynolds Numbers,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics <strong>for</strong> Micro Air Vehicle Applications, T. J. Mueller (Ed.), Prog. in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol., 195, 2001. 150.Lai, J. C. S., Yue, J., and Platzer, M. F., “Control of Backward Facing Step Flow Using a Flapping Airfoil,” ASME FEDSM97-3307, June 1997. 151.Lai, J. C. S., and Platzer, M. F., “Jet Characteristics of a Plunging Airfoil,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 12, Dec. 1999, pp. 1529-1537. 152.Lan, C. E., “The Unsteady Quasi-Vortex-Lattice Method with Applications to Animal Propulsion;” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 93, No. 4, 1979, pp. 747-765. 153.Larijani, R. and DeLaurier, J. D., “A Nonlinear Aeroelastic Model <strong>for</strong> the Study of Flapping Wing Flight,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics <strong>for</strong> Micro Air Vehicle Applications, T. J. Mueller (Ed.), Prog. in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol., 195, 2001. 154.Lee, K. F., Chen, W., Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1997. 155.Leybold Cryogenics, www.leyboldcryogenics.com/, July 2001. 156.Liao, J. R., Isaac, K. M., Miles, J. B., and Tsai, B. J. “Navier-Stokes Simulation of Cone- Derived Waverider,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 6, June 1992, pp. 1521-1528 . 157.Liao, J. R., Isaac, K. M. and Miles, J. B., “Navier-Stokes Simulation of Waverider Flow Fields,” AIAA-90-3066-CP, AIAA 8th Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Portland, OR, August 1990, pp. 528-538. 158.Lifanov, L. K., and Polonskii,1. E., “Proof of the Numerical Method of `Discrete Vortices' <strong>for</strong> Solving Singular Integral Equations,” Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol. 39, No. 4, 1975, pp. 742-746. 159.Lighthill, M. J., “Aquatic Animal Propulsion of High Hydromechanical Efficiency,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 44, 1970, pp. 265-301. C-8 <strong>Phase</strong> <strong>II</strong> <strong>Final</strong> <strong>Report</strong>
Appendix C: List of References 160.Lighthill, M. J., “Some Challenging New Applications <strong>for</strong> Basic Mathematical Methods in the Mechanics of Fluids That Were Originally Pursued with Aeronautical Aims,” Aeronautical Journal, Vol. 94, No. 932, Feb. 1990, pp. 41-52. 161.Lippisch, A. M., “Man Powered Flight in 1929,” Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Vol. 64, July 1960, pp. 395-398. 162.Liu, H., and Kawachi, K., “A Numerical Study of Insect Flight,” Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 146, 1998, pp. 1-33. 163.Liu, H. and Kawachi, K., “Leading Edge Vortices of Flapping and Rotary Wings at Low Reynolds Number,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics <strong>for</strong> Micro Air Vehicle Applications, T. J. Mueller (Ed.), Prog. in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol., 195, 2001. 164.Liu, P., “A Time-Domain Panel Method <strong>for</strong> Oscillating Propulsors with Both Chordwise and Spanwise Flexibility,” Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada, 1996. 165.Liu, P., “Three-Dimensional Oscillating Foil Propulsion,” M.S. Engineering Thesis, Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada, March 1991. 166.Liu. H., Ellington, C.P., Kawachi, K., van den Berg, C. and Willmott, A.P., “A Computational Fluid Dynamic Study of Hawk Moth Hovering,” J. exp. Biol. 201, 1998, pp. 461-477. 167.Lowry, J. G., and Polhamus, E. C., “A Method <strong>for</strong> Predicting Lift Increments due to Flap Deflection at Low Angles of Attack in Incompressible Flow,” NACA TN 3911, 1957. 168.Lowson, M. V., “Aerodynamics of Airfoils at Low Reynolds Numbers,” Proceedings of the UAVs Fourteenth International Conference, Univ. of Bristol, U.K., 1999, pp. 35.1-35.16. 169.Lund, T. C., “A Computational and Experimental Investigation of Flapping Wing Propulsion,” M.S. Thesis, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey. CA, March 2000. 170.Lunia, A., Isaac, K. M., Chandrashekhara, K., and Watkins, S., “Wind Tunnel Testing of a Smart Composite Wing using Fiber Optic Strain Sensing and Neural Network,” Smart Materials and Structures, 9, (2000), 767-773. 171.Lyon, C. A., Broeren, A. P., Gigure, P., Gopalarathnam, A., and Selig, M. S., Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data, Vol. 3, SoarTech Publications, Virginia Beach, VA, 1998. 172.Lyon, C. A., Selig, M. S., and Broeren, A. P., “Boundary Layer Trips on Airfoils at Low Reynolds Numbers,” AIAA Paper 97-0511, Jan. 1997. 173.Mabey, D. G., “Analysis and Correlation of Data on Pressure Fluctuations in Separated Flow,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 9, No. 9, Sept. 1972, pp. 642-645. 174.Mahafza, B. R., Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using Matlab, Chapman and Hall/ CRC, New York, 2001. 175.Mars Expedition Strategy Group, NASA, “The Search <strong>for</strong> Evidence of Life on Mars,” JPL, 1996. 176.Maxworthy, T., “Experiments on the Weis-Fogh Mechanism of Lift Generation by Insects in Hovering Flight. Part 1. Dynamics of the `Fling',” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 93, 1979, pp. 47-63. 177.McClaine, A.W., Breault,R.W., Larsen,C., Konduri,R., Rolfe,J. and Becker,F., “<strong>Advanced</strong> Chemical Hydride Hydrogen-Generation/Storage System <strong>for</strong> PEM Fuel Cell Vehicles,” Thermo Technologies, DOE 2000 Progress <strong>Report</strong> Contract No. 98111. 178.McCullough, G. B., and Gault, D. E., “Boundary-Layer and Stalling Characteristics of the NACA 64A006 Airfoil Section,” NACA TN 1923, Aug. 1949. C-9
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Table of Contents Table of Contents
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List of Tables List of Tables Table
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List of Figures List of Figures Fig
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1.
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction Figure 1-2
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