Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter <strong>for</strong> Flight on Mars 60. Dohring, C. M., Fourier, L., and Platzer, M. F., “Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flapping Wing Propulsion and Its Application <strong>for</strong> Boundary Layer Control,” ASME Paper 98-GT 46, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, June 1998. 61. Donovan, J. F., and Selig, M. S., “Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Design and Wind Tunnel Testing at Princeton University,” Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics, edited by T. J. Mueller, Vol. 54 of Lecture Notes in Engineering, Springer-Verlag, New York, June 1989, pp. 39-57. 62. Dornheim, M. A., “Tiny Drones May Be Soldier's New Tool,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, Vol. 148, No. 23, 8 June 1998, pp. 42-48. 63. Dowell, E. H. (ed.), A Modern Course in Aeroelasticity, 3rd ed., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1994. 64. Drela, M., “XFOIL: An Analysis and Design System <strong>for</strong> Low Reynolds Number Airfoils,” Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics, Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Engineering, edited by T. J. Mueller, No. 54, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989. 65. Drela, M., “Low Reynolds-Number Airfoil Design <strong>for</strong> the M.I.T. Daedalus Prototype: A Case Study,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 25, No. 8, Aug. 1985, pp. 724-732. 66. Drela, M., “Higher-Order Boundary Layer Formulation and Application to Low Reynolds Number Flows,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics <strong>for</strong> Micro Air Vehicle Applications, T. J. Mueller (Ed.), Prog. in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol., 195, 2001. 67. Driver, D. M., Seegmiller, H. L., and Marvin, J., “Time-Dependent Behavior of Reattaching Shear Layers,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1987, pp. 914-919. 68. Dudley, R., and Ellington, C. P., “Mechanics of Forward Flight in Bumblebees. I. Kinematics and Morphology,” Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 148, 1990, pp. 19-52. 69. Dudley, Robert, The Biomechanics of Insect Flight: Form, Function, Evolution, Princeton University Press, 2000. 70. Edwards, Chad, Mars Communication Architectures, Workshop on Emerging Communications, Networks, and Architectures Technologies <strong>for</strong> NASA Enterprises, Cleveland, Ohio, August 7-10, 2001. 71. Ekaterinaris, J. A., and Platzer, M. F., “Computational Prediction of the Airfoil Dynamic Stall,” Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 33, 1997, pp. 759-846. 72. Elachi, C., Spaceborne Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Techniques, IEEE Press, New York, 1988 73. Ellington, C., “The Aerodynamics of Flapping Animal Flight,” American Zoology, vol. 24, 1984, pp. 95-105 74. Ellington, C. P., “The Aerodynamics of Hovering Flight,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 305, No. 1122, 1984, pp. 1-181. 75. Ellington, C. P., “The Aerodynamics of Insect-based Flying Machines.” 76. Ellington, C. P., “Unsteady Aerodynamics of Insect Flight,” Biological Fluid Dynamics, edited by C. P. Ellington and T. J. Pedley, Symposium of the Society <strong>for</strong> Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologist Limited, Cambridge, U.K., Vol. 49, 1995, pp. 109-129. 77. Ellington, C. P. and Usherwood, J. R., “Lift and Drag Characteristics of Rotary and Flapping Wings,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics <strong>for</strong> Micro Air Vehicle Applications, T. J. Mueller (Ed.), Prog. in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol., 195, 2001. 78. Ellington, C.P., van den Berg, C., Willmott, A.P. and Thomas, A.L.R., “Leading-edge vortices in insect flight,” Nature 38:D 1996, pp. 626-630. 79. Energy Conversion Devices Inc., www.ovonics.com, June 2001. C-4 <strong>Phase</strong> <strong>II</strong> <strong>Final</strong> <strong>Report</strong>
Appendix C: List of References 80. Englar, R. J. and Applegate, C. A., “Circulation Control - A Bibliography of DTNSRDC Research and Selected Outside References (January, 1969 through December, 1983),” DTNSRDC-84/052 (September 1984). 81. Englar, Robert J., “Circulation Control Pneumatic Aerodynamics: Blown Force and Moment Augmentation and Modification; Past, Present and Future,” AIAA Paper 2000- 2541, presented at the AIAA Fluids 2000 Meeting, Denver, CO, June 19-22, 2000. 82. Englar, Robert J., “Experimental Investigation of the High Velocity Coanda Wall Jet Applied to Bluff Trailing Edge Circulation Control Airfoils,” published as M. S. Thesis, University of Maryland, Department of Aerospace Engineering, June, 1973. 83. Englar, Robert J., Smith, Marilyn J., Kelley, Sean M., and Rover <strong>II</strong>I, Richard C., “Development of Circulation Control Technology <strong>for</strong> Application to <strong>Advanced</strong> Subsonic Transport Aircraft, Part I: Airfoil Development” AIAA Paper No. 93-0644, Log No. C-8057, published in AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 1160-1168, Sept-Oct 1994. 84. Englar, Robert J., Smith, Marilyn J., Kelley, Sean M., and Rover <strong>II</strong>I, Richard C., “Development of Circulation Control Technology <strong>for</strong> Application to <strong>Advanced</strong> Subsonic Transport Aircraft, Part <strong>II</strong>: Transport Application” AIAA Paper No. 93-0644, Log No. C-8058, published in AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 1169-1177, Sept-Oct 1994. 85. Ennos, A. R., “The Importance of Torsion in the Design of Insect Wings,” Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 140, 1988, pp. 137-160. 86. Ennos, R., “Unconventional Aerodynamics,” Nature, Vol. 344, No. 5, 1990, pp. 67-69. 87. Entomopter Video. 88. Eppler, R., Airfoil Design and Data, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990. 89. Eppler, R. and Somers, D. M., “A Computer Program <strong>for</strong> the Design and Analysis of Low- Speed Airfoils,” NASA TM 80210, Aug. 1980. 90. Ergenics Corporation, Metal Hydride Tank Specifications, www.ergenics.com, June 2001. 91. Euergentics Incorporated, “A Comprehensive Summary of Hydrogen R&D Technologies: Storage,” <strong>Final</strong> <strong>Report</strong>, US Department of Energy contract DE-FG03-00SF22103, May 2001. 92. Faleschini, G. et al “Ammonia <strong>for</strong> High Density Hydrogen Storage,” 93. Farren, W. S., “The Reaction on a Wing Whose Angle of Incidence Is Changing Rapidly- Wind-Tunnel Experiments with a Short-Period Recording Balance,” Aeronautical Research Council <strong>Report</strong>s and Memoranda, No. 1648, Jan. 1935. 94. Foch, R. J., “Hero, Propulsion & Plan<strong>for</strong>m Considerations <strong>for</strong> Micro-UAVs,” presentation at the Micro-UAV Workshop, 9 Nov. 1995. 95. Fontana, R., On “Range-Bandwidth per Joule” fro Ultra Wideband and Spread Spectrum Wave<strong>for</strong>ms, MultiSpectral Solutions, Inc. July 20, 2000. 96. Fontana, Robert J., Ultra wideband precision geolocation system, US Patent 6054950, January, 1998. 97. Fountain, J. R., Digital Terrain Systems, IEE, Savoy Place, London WC2R OBL, UK, 1997. 98. Frampton, K., Goldfarb, M. and Monopoli, D., “Passive Aeroelastic Tailoring <strong>for</strong> Optimal Flapping Wings,” Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics <strong>for</strong> Micro Air Vehicle Applications, T. J. Mueller (Ed.), Prog. in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol., 195, 2001. 99. Garrick, I. E., “Propulsion of a Flapping and Oscillating Airfoil,” NACA Rept. 567, 1936. 100.Gaster, M., “The Structure and Behavior of Separation Bubbles,” Aeronautical Research Council <strong>Report</strong>s and Memoranda, No. 3595, March 1967. C-5
- Page 1 and 2:
Planetary Exploration Using Biomime
- Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents Table of Contents
- Page 5 and 6:
List of Tables List of Tables Table
- Page 7 and 8:
List of Figures List of Figures Fig
- Page 9 and 10:
List of Figures Figure 3-54: Pressu
- Page 11 and 12:
List of Figures Figure 3-138: Stere
- Page 13 and 14:
List of Figures Figure 4-24: Averag
- Page 15 and 16:
List of Contributors List of Contri
- Page 17 and 18:
Executive Summary Executive Summary
- Page 19 and 20:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1.
- Page 21 and 22:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction Figure 1-2
- Page 23 and 24:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Histor
- Page 25 and 26:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.2 Origin
- Page 27 and 28:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.2 Origin
- Page 29 and 30:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.2 Origin
- Page 31 and 32:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
- Page 33 and 34:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
- Page 35 and 36:
1.3.3.1 Surface Imaging The Entomop
- Page 37 and 38:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
- Page 39 and 40:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
- Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
- Page 43 and 44:
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
- Page 45 and 46:
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
- Page 47 and 48:
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
- Page 49 and 50:
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
- Page 51 and 52:
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
- Page 53 and 54:
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
- Page 55 and 56:
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
- Page 57 and 58:
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
- Page 59 and 60:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
- Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
- Page 63 and 64:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
- Page 65 and 66:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
- Page 67 and 68:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
- Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.2 Wing
- Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.2 Wing
- Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.2 Wing
- Page 75 and 76:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.2 Wing
- Page 77 and 78:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.2 Wing
- Page 79 and 80:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.2 Wing
- Page 81 and 82:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.2 Wing
- Page 83 and 84:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 85 and 86:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 87 and 88:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 93 and 94:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 95 and 96:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 97 and 98:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 99 and 100:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 101 and 102:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 103 and 104:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 105 and 106:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 107 and 108:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 109 and 110:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 113 and 114:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 117 and 118:
3. Density: 1.40E-2 kg/m 3 4. Press
- Page 119 and 120:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 123 and 124:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 125 and 126:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 129 and 130:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 135 and 136:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 139 and 140:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 141 and 142:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 143 and 144:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 145 and 146:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 147 and 148:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 149 and 150:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 155 and 156:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 157 and 158:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 161 and 162:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 163 and 164:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 165 and 166:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 167 and 168:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 169 and 170:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 171 and 172:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.3 Wing
- Page 173 and 174:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
- Page 175 and 176:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
- Page 177 and 178:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
- Page 179 and 180:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
- Page 181 and 182:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
- Page 183 and 184:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
- Page 185 and 186:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
- Page 187 and 188:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 191 and 192:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 195 and 196:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 199 and 200:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 203 and 204:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 205 and 206:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 211 and 212:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 213 and 214:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 215 and 216:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 221 and 222:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 223 and 224:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
- Page 225 and 226:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
- Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
- Page 229 and 230:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
- Page 231 and 232:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
- Page 233 and 234:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
- Page 235 and 236:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
- Page 237 and 238:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
- Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
- Page 241 and 242:
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
- Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 245 and 246:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 247 and 248:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 249 and 250:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 251 and 252:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 253 and 254:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 255 and 256:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 259 and 260:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 261 and 262:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 263 and 264:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 265 and 266:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 267 and 268:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 271 and 272:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 273 and 274:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 275 and 276:
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
- Page 277 and 278:
Chapter 5.0 Potential Payload Funct
- Page 279 and 280:
Chapter 5.0 Potential Payload Funct
- Page 281 and 282: Chapter 5.0 Potential Payload Funct
- Page 283 and 284: Chapter 5.0 Potential Payload Funct
- Page 285 and 286: Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.1 Intr
- Page 287 and 288: Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.3 Onli
- Page 289 and 290: Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.6 Spec
- Page 291 and 292: Chapter 7.0 Conclusion Chapter 7.0
- Page 293 and 294: Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data JP
- Page 295 and 296: Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ge
- Page 297 and 298: Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ge
- Page 299 and 300: Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ma
- Page 301 and 302: Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ma
- Page 303 and 304: Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ma
- Page 305 and 306: Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ma
- Page 307 and 308: Appendix B: Sizing Results Appendix
- Page 309 and 310: Appendix B: Sizing Results 30 Wing
- Page 311 and 312: Appendix B: Sizing Results 16 Wing
- Page 313 and 314: Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 0
- Page 315 and 316: Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 0
- Page 317 and 318: Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 0
- Page 319 and 320: Appendix B: Sizing Results Lenght 0
- Page 321 and 322: Appendix B: Sizing Results Lenght 0
- Page 323 and 324: Appendix B: Sizing Results Lenght 0
- Page 325 and 326: Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 0
- Page 327 and 328: Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 1
- Page 329 and 330: Appendix C: List of References Appe
- Page 331: Appendix C: List of References 41.
- Page 335 and 336: Appendix C: List of References 122.
- Page 337 and 338: Appendix C: List of References 160.
- Page 339 and 340: Appendix C: List of References 197.
- Page 341 and 342: Appendix C: List of References 236.
- Page 343 and 344: Appendix C: List of References 276.