Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts
Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts
Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts
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Table of Contents<br />
Table of Contents<br />
List of Tables .............................................................................................................. iii<br />
List of Figures ............................................................................................................. v<br />
List of Contributors ................................................................................................. xiii<br />
Executive Summary .................................................................................................. xv<br />
Chapter 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1<br />
1.1 History of Mars Flight .................................................................................................................4<br />
1.2 Origins of the Entomopter Concept ..........................................................................................7<br />
1.2.1 Why Flapping Wing Flight? ...............................................................................................10<br />
1.3 Mission ......................................................................................................................................12<br />
1.3.1 Mission Introduction ..........................................................................................................12<br />
1.3.2 Mission Architecture ..........................................................................................................13<br />
1.3.3 Science Application ...........................................................................................................16<br />
Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuration and Operation ......................................... 25<br />
2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................25<br />
2.2 Entomopter Morphology and Function ..................................................................................25<br />
2.3 Baseline Mars Survey Flight Scenario <strong>for</strong> System Sizing ....................................................29<br />
2.4 Environmental Conditions <strong>for</strong> Flight on Mars .......................................................................31<br />
2.4.1 Physical Properties ...........................................................................................................33<br />
2.4.2 Atmospheric Conditions ....................................................................................................33<br />
2.4.3 Dust Storms and Wind ......................................................................................................36<br />
2.4.4 Soil Composition ...............................................................................................................38<br />
Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design ...................................................................................... 41<br />
3.1 Wing Sizing ...............................................................................................................................41<br />
3.1.1 Engine Energy Production Requirements .........................................................................41<br />
3.1.2 Energy Required Due to Motion ........................................................................................41<br />
3.2 Wing Motion and Structure Analysis ......................................................................................50<br />
3.3 Wing Aerodynamics .................................................................................................................65<br />
3.3.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics .........................................................................................65<br />
3.3.2 Angle of Attack Analysis ..................................................................................................112<br />
3.3.3 Analytical Analysis of Mars Entomopter Aerodynamics ..................................................116<br />
3.3.4 Active Flow Control (“Blowing” of the Wings) ..................................................................151<br />
3.4 Reciprocating Chemical Muscle ...........................................................................................154<br />
3.4.1 Fourth-generation Design Goals .....................................................................................157<br />
3.4.2 Fourth-generation Concept .............................................................................................158<br />
3.4.3 Sizing of the Entomopter-based Aerial Mars Surveyor ...................................................163<br />
3.5 Fuel Storage and Production ................................................................................................169<br />
3.5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................169<br />
3.5.2 Propellant Selection ........................................................................................................170<br />
3.5.3 Propellant Production and Storage .................................................................................179<br />
3.5.4 Fuel Storage System .......................................................................................................203<br />
3.5.5 Fuel Systems Comparison ..............................................................................................205<br />
3.6 Power System .........................................................................................................................206<br />
3.6.1 Communications .............................................................................................................207<br />
3.6.2 Science Instruments ........................................................................................................208<br />
3.6.3 Internal Systems .............................................................................................................208<br />
3.6.4 Photovoltaic/Battery ........................................................................................................209<br />
3.6.5 Thin-film Photovoltaics ....................................................................................................210<br />
3.6.6 Lithium Batteries .............................................................................................................216<br />
3.6.7 Thermoelectric Power Generation ..................................................................................220<br />
3.6.8 Linear Alternator System .................................................................................................223<br />
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