Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter for Flight on Mars energy for a host of desired purposes, including communications, obstacle detection, positioning and altimetry. In this way, a multifunctional subsystem could be fabricated and used by one or more entomopter-type vehicles in a hybrid manner to perform many functions with the single subsystem. There are system design issues that would need to be handled (e.g. synchronizing, and sorting the pulses), however the other functions have been demonstrated. dwell time Size reduction will also be required in the circuitry, antennas/transducers, signal routing, and supporting energy storage, but efforts are already underway by industry in this regard. The linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA) circular array (sunflower antenna) was proposed to fulfill the Entomopter's multifunctional needs. Design and development will have to be completed for this antenna to obtain the desired gain, efficiency, and propagation patterns. In addition, the proposed RF communications/control subsystem should be tested on the Entomopter itself to determine exactly how the vehicle body will affect the antenna pattern and system performance. The multifunction antennas used on the Entomopter and rover must provide adequate beam converge to accomplish: 1. Detection of objects in the Entomopter's flight path for obstacle avoidance. Obstacle detection will be performed in 3D (azimuth, elevation and range). 2. Altimetry for the Entomopter must have precise range for detecting the location of the ground for landing and collision avoidance. 3. Communications between Entomopters and the rover with spherical coverage around the Entomopter so that it can communicate with the rover or other Entomopters in any direction. 4. Positioning of the Entomopter in 3D relative to the rover. 258 Phase II Final Report
Chapter 5.0 Potential Payload Functions Using a Communication/ Control Subsystem Chapter 5.0 Potential Payload Functions Using a Communication/Control Subsystem 5.1 General Science Objectives [228] The strategy for exploring Mars is to realize a series of spacecraft that carry instruments to answer key questions relating to the origin and evolution of the planet as well as its potential for harboring life. Specific investigations are chosen, in part, based upon the extent to which they address high priority questions. Central to those questions of high priority is whether large quantities of water were ever present on the surface of Mars and therefore whether the planet was ever habitable. Specifically, these questions are: 1. When was water present on the surface of Mars? 2. Did water persist at the surface long enough for life to have developed? 3. How much water was there, and where was it? 4. Where did the water go that formed the fluvial evidence on the surface of modern Mars? The Mars Expeditions Strategy Group (MESG) was tasked by Goldin in 1996 to create a strategy that would determine whether life had ever existed on Mars. MESG outlined a program consisting of global reconnaissance and in situ measurements of the surface, followed by bringing samples of Mars to Earth. MESG also identified specific classes of surface sites for detailed study: 1. Ancient sites of groundwater. 2. Ancient sites of surface water. 3. Modern sites of ground water. The Mars Exploration Payload Analysis Group (MEPAG) was tasked to link the goals of the Mars Exploration Program to specific investigations and then to measurements that can be made by science payloads on board spacecraft or conducted in Earth-based laboratories. MEPAG created investigation pathways that linked the program's strategic goals to specific prioritized measurements. According to the MESG report [228], the study for life on Mars should be directed at locating and investigating, in detail, those environments on the planet that were potentially most favorable to the emergence and persistence of life. This investigation should emphasize sampling at diverse sites and include a range of ancient and modern aqueous environments. These environments should be accessed by exploring ejecta of young craters, investigating material accumulated in outflow channels, and coring. Preliminary information must be obtained to select the most promising sites for surface studies. The ancient highlands are already known, with reasonable certainty, to be a region with great potential; thus it is recommended that the initial studies be performed there. Surface mineralogy maps will be needed to enhance investigations within the highlands and enable searches in other locations. Additionally, instruments capable of detecting near-surface water, water bound in 259
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Planetary Exploration Using Biomime
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Table of Contents Table of Contents
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List of Tables List of Tables Table
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List of Figures List of Figures Fig
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List of Figures Figure 3-54: Pressu
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List of Figures Figure 3-138: Stere
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List of Figures Figure 4-24: Averag
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List of Contributors List of Contri
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1.
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction Figure 1-2
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Histor
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.2 Origin
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
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1.3.3.1 Surface Imaging The Entomop
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Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
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3. Density: 1.40E-2 kg/m 3 4. Press
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 1
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Appendix C: List of References Appe
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Appendix C: List of References 41.
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Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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