Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter for Flight on Mars Figure 4-12: Top View of Entomopter Body Showing Illustrative Antenna Patterns from Mounting Scenario of Figure 4-11 Rear antenna Front antenna Rear antenna pattern Front antenna pattern Figure 4-13: Side View of Entomopter Body Showing Illustrative Antenna Patterns from Mounting Scenario of Figure 4-11 4.3.5 Link Budget Analysis As described in the Phase I report, extremely short, wideband, rapid sequences of RF energy can be used for a host of desired purposes, including communications, obstacle detection, positioning, and altimetry. In this way, a multifunctional subsystem could be fabricated and used by one or more entomopter-type vehicles in a hybrid manner to perform many functions with the single subsystem [229]. Using these wideband pulses is attractive because a single subsystem could be used to perform all of the mentioned functions concurrently using the same hardware, thus conserving mass and stow volume. In addition, these wideband pulses require significantly less 248 Phase II Final Report
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Operations 4.3 Entomopter-borne Active Emitters for Navigation and Communication power compared to conventional systems. Lastly, the subsystem could be reconfigured in real time to perform the desired function autonomously by the Entomopter itself. The radiated waveform is assumed to be a modulated Gaussian waveform (MGW), with its frequency spectrum shifted to the appropriate operating frequency. A time-domain plot of a MGW centered at 18 GHz is shown in Figure 4-14. f(t) f() t 1 Figure 4-14: Time-domain Plot of Modulated Gaussian Waveform (MGW) Centered at 18 GHz −0.95 0 t t (s) 4.24× 10 − 10 4.3.5.1 Communications Analysis An analysis was performed by Volpe National Transportation System Center [291] in which peak powers were calculated for MGW pulses for communication and surveillance applications. For communications, Volpe found that the required peak power is independent of the signal waveform. Thus, for communications, the conventional range equation can be used or 2 2 (4π ) r k BTo BW SNR Lo P T = Equation 4-5 2 G G λ T R where P T is the required peak transmitter power; r is the distance from the receiver to the transmitter; k B is Boltzman's constant; T o is the effective system noise temperature; SNR is the received signal to noise ratio; G T and G R are the gains of the transmitting and receiving antennas, respectively; BW is the signal bandwidth; λ is the wavelength; and L o is additional losses due to propagation losses, dust, etc. For ultra wideband signals, the time-bandwidth product is given approximately by [95] BW ≈ 1 Equation 4-6 T w where T w is the pulse width in time. Assuming all of the received power is in the informational signal, Equation 4-5 also can be expressed in terms of the bit energy to noise ratio E b /N o as 2 (4π ) r P = T 2 E k BTo BW N 2 G G λ T R b o F L o Equation 4-7 where F is the noise figure. Expressed in this manner, we can relate the required power to achieve bit error rate (BER) performance. Assuming we will use on-off keying (OOK) modulation, the BER can be expressed as [267] 249
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Planetary Exploration Using Biomime
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Table of Contents Table of Contents
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List of Tables List of Tables Table
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List of Figures List of Figures Fig
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List of Figures Figure 3-54: Pressu
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List of Figures Figure 3-138: Stere
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List of Figures Figure 4-24: Averag
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List of Contributors List of Contri
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1.
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction Figure 1-2
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Histor
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.2 Origin
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
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1.3.3.1 Surface Imaging The Entomop
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Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
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3. Density: 1.40E-2 kg/m 3 4. Press
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Lenght 0
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Appendix C: List of References Appe
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Appendix C: List of References 41.
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Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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