Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter for Flight on Mars will be performed to determine required power as a function of frequency. The actual frequency must be determined based on available component technology at the time of the actual mission. Based on the above, operation at 18 GHz, or K-band will be assumed in the following analyses. Figure 4-7: Atmospheric Absorption Attenuation by Water Vapor and Oxygen at Earth and Mars Surface 4.3.4 Antennas The multifunctional antennas used on the Entomopter and rover must provide adequate beam coverage to accomplish the following: 242 Phase II Final Report
Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Operations 4.3 Entomopter-borne Active Emitters for Navigation and Communication 1. Detecting objects in the Entomopter’s flight path for collision avoidance. Obstacle detection will be performed in 3D (azimuth, elevation, and range). In this manner, obstacles are detected in front, to the side, as well as up and down so that Entomopter flight is designated by the accurate detection of obstacles instead of trial-and-error flight patterns. 2. Altimetry for the Entomopter must have precise range for detecting the location of the ground for landing and collision avoidance. 3. Communicating between Entomopters and the rover, with spherical coverage around the Entomopter, so that it can communicate with the rover or other Entomopters in any direction. 4. Positioning of the Entomopter in 3D relative to the rover. Since the Entomopter will typically fly at low altitudes (and hence low angles relative to the rover or other Entomopters), communications will mainly be horizontal. If the Entomopter were flying at its maximum altitude of 10 m and maximum range of 200 m from the rover, this implies an angle of 2.9 o with respect to the horizontal. Entomopters communicating with Entomopters overhead will have to look upward, but if the maximum altitude of operation is only 10 m, the antenna gain can be less in the vertical dimension. However, this antenna gain must account for the pitch and roll of the Entomopter during flight or while on an uneven surface. (Assuming an omnidirectional antenna pattern, the design will not have to account for yaw.) 4.3.4.1 The Challenge of Antenna Pointing Antenna pointing alternatives fall into the following categories: gimbaled, phased arrays, and electronically switched. The main problem with all of these techniques (beyond weight and power) is the necessity to track the aim point to which the energy is to be emitted. For a vehicle flying straight and level, this is less of an issue as transmission angles change slowly, but if the vehicle is changing attitude rapidly, or if the vehicle is interacting with more than one aim point (other Entomopters and the rover), then the onboard inertial system must not only keep track of the aim points based on some external GPS-like reference, but it must factor in its own gyrations as the Entomopter changes altitude. Gimbaled antennas are too heavy relative to the function that they provide, and based on flight vehicle dynamics, are often too slow in slewing to new positions. When multiple recipients exist (other Entomopters and the rover), the idea of a gimbal is even less attractive. On the other hand, phased arrays can be much lighter and can redirect multiple simultaneous beams independently, but they can be bulky if both azimuth and elevation beam positioning is required, and the power necessary to run the multiple elements necessary to “bend” the beam is not energy efficient. Multiple electronically switched antennas (unlike a phased array) orient individual antennas at all angles of interest and emit energy in the desired direction from single or multiple (simultaneous) emitter antennas. Although not phased, and therefore not needing to be contained in an array, electronically switched antennas suffer from the same weight penalty due to the redundant nature of their hardware. The fact that they are discrete directed emitters means that they will be more efficient than a phased array, but will not have the nearly infinite angular coverage of the phased array. As the beamwidth of each switched emitter is decreased to increase gain and direc- 243
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Planetary Exploration Using Biomime
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Table of Contents Table of Contents
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List of Tables List of Tables Table
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List of Figures List of Figures Fig
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List of Figures Figure 3-54: Pressu
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List of Figures Figure 3-138: Stere
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List of Figures Figure 4-24: Averag
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List of Contributors List of Contri
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1.
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction Figure 1-2
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Histor
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.2 Origin
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Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
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1.3.3.1 Surface Imaging The Entomop
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Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
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3. Density: 1.40E-2 kg/m 3 4. Press
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
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Page 307 and 308: Appendix B: Sizing Results Appendix
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Appendix B: Sizing Results 16 Wing
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 0
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Lenght 0
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Appendix C: List of References Appe
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Appendix C: List of References 41.
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Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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