Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter for Flight on Mars Figure 3-178: Output per Array at the Equator During the Summer Solstice ......................... 218 Figure 3-179: Output per Array at 80 o North Latitude During the Summer Solstice ............. 218 Figure 3-180: Solar Array Average Output Power for the Equator and 85o North Latitude at Day 170 (Summer Solstice, Northern Hemisphere) ..................................... 219 Figure 3-181: Operational Diagram of a Thermoelectric Generator ....................................... 221 Figure 3-182: Photo of a Thin Film Thermoelectric Device ................................................... 221 Figure 4-1: Acoustically Excited Tuned Resonant Cavity ...................................................... 228 Figure 4-2: Measured Response Data of a Mechanically-modulated FMCW Source Sized for the Terrestrial Entomopter. (Data acquired under GTRI’s DARPA/DSO-funded Mesoscaled Aerial Robot Program.) ................................................................. 229 Figure 4-3: Multiplexing of Waste Gas-driven FMCW Ultrasonic Acoustic Ranging Source 230 Figure 4-4: Rover-centric Information Paths Used in Navigation ........................................... 233 Figure 4-5: Conceptual View of Communications/Control Subsystem Functionality ............ 236 Figure 4-6: Side View of Entomopter Illustrating Assumed Coordinate System .................... 237 Figure 4-7: Atmospheric Absorption Attenuation by Water Vapor and Oxygen at Earth and Mars Surface ..................................................................................................... 242 Figure 4-8: Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (LTSA) Circular Array (Sunflower Antenna) .... 245 Figure 4-9: Measured Radiation Pattern at 19.8 GHz. H-Plane, and E-Plane at Elevation Angles of 0 = 25 o and 40 o ............................................................................................. 246 Figure 4-10: Measured Radiation Pattern at 19 GHz With and Without Ground Plane. (a) H-Plane and (b) E-Plane .............................................................................. 247 Figure 4-11: Potential Antenna-mounting Scenario for Front and Rear of Entomopter ......... 247 Figure 4-12: Top View of Entomopter Body Showing Illustrative Antenna Patterns from Mounting Scenario of Figure 4-11 .............................................................................. 248 Figure 4-13: Side View of Entomopter Body Showing Illustrative Antenna Patterns from Mounting Scenario of Figure 4-11 .............................................................................. 248 Figure 4-14: Time-domain Plot of Modulated Gaussian Waveform (MGW) Centered at 18 GHz .......................................................................................................... 249 Figure 4-15: Peak and Average Transmitter Power Required for Obstacle Detection at 18 GHz as a Function of Range .................................................................... 252 Figure 4-16: Peak Transmitter Power Required for Obstacle Detection at 15 m and 200 m as a Function of Frequency ............................................................................... 253 Figure 4-17: Average Transmitter Power Required for Obstacle Detection at 15 m and 200 m as a Function of Frequency .................................................................... 253 Figure 4-18: Peak and Average Transmitter Power Required for Altimetry at 18 GHz as a function of Altitude .................................................................................... 254 Figure 4-19: Peak Transmitter Power Required for Altimetry at 10 m and 200 m as a Function of Frequency ............................................................................... 255 Figure 4-20: Average Transmitter Power Required for Altimetry at 10 m and 200 m as a Function of Frequency ............................................................................... 255 Figure 4-21: Peak and Average Transmitter Power Required for Communications at 18 GHz as a Function of Range ........................................................................ 256 Figure 4-22: Peak Transmitter Power Required for Communications at 200 m and 1,000 m as a Function of Frequency ...................................................................................... 256 Figure 4-23: Average Transmitter Power Required for Communications at 200 and 1,000 m as a function of Frequency .................................................................. 257 x Phase II Final Report
List of Figures Figure 4-24: Average Transmitter Power Required for Communications at 200-m and 1,000-m as a Function of Data Rate ................................................................. 257 Figure 5-1: Geometry for a Scanning Imaging Radar Altimeter ............................................. 261 Figure 5-2: Possible Flight Configuration for 3D Mapping .................................................... 262 Figure B-1: Relative Lifting Capacity for Various Engine Powers and Wing Lengths at 15 m/s Flight Speed ...................................................................................................... B-1 Figure B-2: Flapping Frequency vs. Pwr. Consumption (Watts) for a Wing Length of 0.3 m B-1 Figure B-3: Flapping Frequency vs. Pwr. Consumption (Watts) for a Wing Length of 0.4 m B-2 Figure B-4: Flapping Frequency vs. Pwr. Consumption (Watts) for a Wing Length of 0.5 m B-2 Figure B-5: Flapping Frequency vs. Pwr. Consumption (Watts) for a Wing Length of 0.6 m B-3 Figure B-6: Flapping Frequency vs. Pwr. Consumption (Watts) for a Wing Length of 0.7 m B-3 Figure B-7: Flapping Frequency vs. Pwr. Consumption (Watts) for a Wing Length of 0.8 m B-4 Figure B-8: Flapping Frequency vs. Pwr. Consumption (Watts) for a Wing Length of 0.9 m B-4 Figure B-9: Flapping Frequency vs. Pwr. Consumption (Watts) for a Wing Length of 1.0 m B-5 Figure B-10: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.3 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 0.5 kg ................................................................................................................ B-5 Figure B-11: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.3 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 1.0 kg ................................................................................................................ B-6 Figure B-12: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.3 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 1.5 kg ................................................................................................................ B-6 Figure B-13: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.3 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 2.0 kg ................................................................................................................ B-7 Figure B-14: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.4 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 0.5 kg ................................................................................................................ B-7 Figure B-15: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.4 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 1.0 kg ................................................................................................................ B-8 Figure B-16: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.4 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 1.5 kg ................................................................................................................ B-8 Figure B-17: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.4 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 2.0 kg ................................................................................................................ B-9 Figure B-18: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.5 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 0.5 kg ................................................................................................................ B-9 Figure B-19: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.5 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 1.0 kg .............................................................................................................. B-10 Figure B-20: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.5 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 1.5 kg .............................................................................................................. B-10 Figure B-21: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.5 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 2.0 kg .............................................................................................................. B-11 Figure B-22: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.6 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 0.5 kg .............................................................................................................. B-11 Figure B-23: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.6 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 1.0 kg .............................................................................................................. B-12 Figure B-24: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.6 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 1.5 kg .............................................................................................................. B-12 Figure B-25: Flight Power vs. Velocity for a Wing Length of 0.6 m and Relative Lift Capacity of 2.0 kg .............................................................................................................. B-13 xi
Page 1 and 2: Planetary Exploration Using Biomime
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables List of Tables Table
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures List of Figures Fig
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 3-54: Pressu
Page 11: List of Figures Figure 3-138: Stere
Page 15 and 16: List of Contributors List of Contri
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Executive Summary
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1.
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1.0 Introduction Figure 1-2
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Histor
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.2 Origin
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.3 Missio
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.3.1 Surface Imaging The Entomop
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2.0 Entomopter Configuratio
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.1 Wing
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3. Density: 1.40E-2 kg/m 3 4. Press
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.4 Reci
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.5 Fuel
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Chapter 3.0 Vehicle Design 3.6 Powe
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Chapter 4.0 Entomopter Flight Opera
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Chapter 5.0 Potential Payload Funct
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Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.1 Intr
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Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.3 Onli
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Chapter 6.0 Media Exposure 6.6 Spec
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Chapter 7.0 Conclusion Chapter 7.0
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data JP
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ge
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ge
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Appendix A: Mars Atmosphere Data Ma
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Appendix
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Appendix B: Sizing Results 30 Wing
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Appendix B: Sizing Results 16 Wing
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Length 0
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Appendix B: Sizing Results Lenght 0
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Appendix C: List of References Appe
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Appendix C: List of References 41.
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Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

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