Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts
Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts
Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts
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Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics<br />
An Entomopter <strong>for</strong> Flight on Mars<br />
Figure 3-178: Output per Array at the Equator During the Summer Solstice ......................... 218<br />
Figure 3-179: Output per Array at 80 o North Latitude During the Summer Solstice ............. 218<br />
Figure 3-180: Solar Array Average Output Power <strong>for</strong> the Equator and 85o North Latitude<br />
at Day 170 (Summer Solstice, Northern Hemisphere) ..................................... 219<br />
Figure 3-181: Operational Diagram of a Thermoelectric Generator ....................................... 221<br />
Figure 3-182: Photo of a Thin Film Thermoelectric Device ................................................... 221<br />
Figure 4-1: Acoustically Excited Tuned Resonant Cavity ...................................................... 228<br />
Figure 4-2: Measured Response Data of a Mechanically-modulated FMCW Source Sized <strong>for</strong> the<br />
Terrestrial Entomopter. (Data acquired under GTRI’s DARPA/DSO-funded<br />
Mesoscaled Aerial Robot Program.) ................................................................. 229<br />
Figure 4-3: Multiplexing of Waste Gas-driven FMCW Ultrasonic Acoustic Ranging Source 230<br />
Figure 4-4: Rover-centric In<strong>for</strong>mation Paths Used in Navigation ........................................... 233<br />
Figure 4-5: Conceptual View of Communications/Control Subsystem Functionality ............ 236<br />
Figure 4-6: Side View of Entomopter Illustrating Assumed Coordinate System .................... 237<br />
Figure 4-7: Atmospheric Absorption Attenuation by Water Vapor and Oxygen at Earth and<br />
Mars Surface ..................................................................................................... 242<br />
Figure 4-8: Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (LTSA) Circular Array (Sunflower Antenna) .... 245<br />
Figure 4-9: Measured Radiation Pattern at 19.8 GHz. H-Plane, and E-Plane at Elevation Angles<br />
of 0 = 25 o and 40 o ............................................................................................. 246<br />
Figure 4-10: Measured Radiation Pattern at 19 GHz With and Without Ground Plane.<br />
(a) H-Plane and (b) E-Plane .............................................................................. 247<br />
Figure 4-11: Potential Antenna-mounting Scenario <strong>for</strong> Front and Rear of Entomopter ......... 247<br />
Figure 4-12: Top View of Entomopter Body Showing Illustrative Antenna Patterns from Mounting<br />
Scenario of Figure 4-11 .............................................................................. 248<br />
Figure 4-13: Side View of Entomopter Body Showing Illustrative Antenna Patterns from Mounting<br />
Scenario of Figure 4-11 .............................................................................. 248<br />
Figure 4-14: Time-domain Plot of Modulated Gaussian Wave<strong>for</strong>m (MGW) Centered<br />
at 18 GHz .......................................................................................................... 249<br />
Figure 4-15: Peak and Average Transmitter Power Required <strong>for</strong> Obstacle Detection<br />
at 18 GHz as a Function of Range .................................................................... 252<br />
Figure 4-16: Peak Transmitter Power Required <strong>for</strong> Obstacle Detection at 15 m and 200 m<br />
as a Function of Frequency ............................................................................... 253<br />
Figure 4-17: Average Transmitter Power Required <strong>for</strong> Obstacle Detection at 15 m and<br />
200 m as a Function of Frequency .................................................................... 253<br />
Figure 4-18: Peak and Average Transmitter Power Required <strong>for</strong> Altimetry at 18 GHz<br />
as a function of Altitude .................................................................................... 254<br />
Figure 4-19: Peak Transmitter Power Required <strong>for</strong> Altimetry at 10 m and 200 m<br />
as a Function of Frequency ............................................................................... 255<br />
Figure 4-20: Average Transmitter Power Required <strong>for</strong> Altimetry at 10 m and 200 m<br />
as a Function of Frequency ............................................................................... 255<br />
Figure 4-21: Peak and Average Transmitter Power Required <strong>for</strong> Communications at<br />
18 GHz as a Function of Range ........................................................................ 256<br />
Figure 4-22: Peak Transmitter Power Required <strong>for</strong> Communications at 200 m and 1,000 m as a<br />
Function of Frequency ...................................................................................... 256<br />
Figure 4-23: Average Transmitter Power Required <strong>for</strong> Communications at 200 and<br />
1,000 m as a function of Frequency .................................................................. 257<br />
x<br />
<strong>Phase</strong> <strong>II</strong> <strong>Final</strong> <strong>Report</strong>