Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics
An Entomopter for Flight on Mars
Figure 3-178: Output per Array at the Equator During the Summer Solstice ......................... 218
Figure 3-179: Output per Array at 80 o North Latitude During the Summer Solstice ............. 218
Figure 3-180: Solar Array Average Output Power for the Equator and 85o North Latitude
at Day 170 (Summer Solstice, Northern Hemisphere) ..................................... 219
Figure 3-181: Operational Diagram of a Thermoelectric Generator ....................................... 221
Figure 3-182: Photo of a Thin Film Thermoelectric Device ................................................... 221
Figure 4-1: Acoustically Excited Tuned Resonant Cavity ...................................................... 228
Figure 4-2: Measured Response Data of a Mechanically-modulated FMCW Source Sized for the
Terrestrial Entomopter. (Data acquired under GTRI’s DARPA/DSO-funded
Mesoscaled Aerial Robot Program.) ................................................................. 229
Figure 4-3: Multiplexing of Waste Gas-driven FMCW Ultrasonic Acoustic Ranging Source 230
Figure 4-4: Rover-centric Information Paths Used in Navigation ........................................... 233
Figure 4-5: Conceptual View of Communications/Control Subsystem Functionality ............ 236
Figure 4-6: Side View of Entomopter Illustrating Assumed Coordinate System .................... 237
Figure 4-7: Atmospheric Absorption Attenuation by Water Vapor and Oxygen at Earth and
Mars Surface ..................................................................................................... 242
Figure 4-8: Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (LTSA) Circular Array (Sunflower Antenna) .... 245
Figure 4-9: Measured Radiation Pattern at 19.8 GHz. H-Plane, and E-Plane at Elevation Angles
of 0 = 25 o and 40 o ............................................................................................. 246
Figure 4-10: Measured Radiation Pattern at 19 GHz With and Without Ground Plane.
(a) H-Plane and (b) E-Plane .............................................................................. 247
Figure 4-11: Potential Antenna-mounting Scenario for Front and Rear of Entomopter ......... 247
Figure 4-12: Top View of Entomopter Body Showing Illustrative Antenna Patterns from Mounting
Scenario of Figure 4-11 .............................................................................. 248
Figure 4-13: Side View of Entomopter Body Showing Illustrative Antenna Patterns from Mounting
Scenario of Figure 4-11 .............................................................................. 248
Figure 4-14: Time-domain Plot of Modulated Gaussian Waveform (MGW) Centered
at 18 GHz .......................................................................................................... 249
Figure 4-15: Peak and Average Transmitter Power Required for Obstacle Detection
at 18 GHz as a Function of Range .................................................................... 252
Figure 4-16: Peak Transmitter Power Required for Obstacle Detection at 15 m and 200 m
as a Function of Frequency ............................................................................... 253
Figure 4-17: Average Transmitter Power Required for Obstacle Detection at 15 m and
200 m as a Function of Frequency .................................................................... 253
Figure 4-18: Peak and Average Transmitter Power Required for Altimetry at 18 GHz
as a function of Altitude .................................................................................... 254
Figure 4-19: Peak Transmitter Power Required for Altimetry at 10 m and 200 m
as a Function of Frequency ............................................................................... 255
Figure 4-20: Average Transmitter Power Required for Altimetry at 10 m and 200 m
as a Function of Frequency ............................................................................... 255
Figure 4-21: Peak and Average Transmitter Power Required for Communications at
18 GHz as a Function of Range ........................................................................ 256
Figure 4-22: Peak Transmitter Power Required for Communications at 200 m and 1,000 m as a
Function of Frequency ...................................................................................... 256
Figure 4-23: Average Transmitter Power Required for Communications at 200 and
1,000 m as a function of Frequency .................................................................. 257
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Phase II Final Report