Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

List of Figures
Figure 3-138: Stereolithographic Scale Model of the Terrestrial Flight-sized Reciprocating
Chemical Muscle .............................................................................................. 156
Figure 3-139: Third-generation Reciprocating Chemical Muscle ........................................... 157
Figure 3-140: Initial Fourth-generation RCM Actuator Design Using a Pressure-activated
Spool ................................................................................................................. 159
Figure 3-141: Acrylic Kinematic Visualization Testbed ......................................................... 160
Figure 3-142: Coordinated Piston Extension ........................................................................... 162
Figure 3-143: Fourth-generation RCM Dual Opposing Piston Shaft and Spur Gear Shown in
Place .................................................................................................................. 162
Figure 3-144: X-Wing Flapping as Viewed Along the Torsional Axis. ................................. 164
Figure 3-145: Mars Entomopter RCM Actuator (Side View, Actual Size) ............................ 167
Figure 3-146: Mars Entomopter RCM Actuator (End View) .................................................. 168
Figure 3-147: Hydrogen Density at Various Pressures and Temperatures ............................. 182
Figure 3-148: Spherical Pressure Tank Mass Constructed of Carbon and Titanium at Various
Storage Pressures .............................................................................................. 183
Figure 3-149: Tank Radius as a Function of Storage Pressure for Various Hydrogen Mass .. 184
Figure 3-150: Effect of Conformal Tanks on Available Space Utilization ............................. 185
Figure 3-151: Glass Microsphere Hydrogen Storage: Mass Fraction and Density for Various
Storage Pressures .............................................................................................. 188
Figure 3-152: One-dimensional Heat Transfer for Liquid Hydrogen Tank ............................ 191
Figure 3-153: Effect of Insulation Thickness on Overall Storage Tank Mass ........................ 193
Figure 3-154: Effect of Insulation Thickness on Overall Tank Mass ..................................... 193
Figure 3-155: Theoretical Increase in Density with the Addition of Methane Gelling Agent 194
Figure 3-156: Single-stage 20 o K Cryocooler ......................................................................... 195
Figure 3-157: Rate of Energy Loss Due to Boil-off of the Liquid Hydrogen ......................... 196
Figure 3-158: Cryocooler Power Requirement to Meet Boil-off Demand .............................. 197
Figure 3-159: Cryogenic Tank System Mass as a Function of Insulation Thickness ............. 198
Figure 3-160: Hydrogen Gas Storage System ......................................................................... 199
Figure 3-161: Liquid Hydrogen Storage System ..................................................................... 200
Figure 3-162: Hydrogen Peroxide Generation Method ........................................................... 201
Figure 3-163: Dynamic Heat Engine Power System Diagram ................................................ 202
Figure 3-164: PV Battery Power System Diagram ................................................................. 203
Figure 3-165: Monopropellant Fuel Storage System .............................................................. 204
Figure 3-166: Mass of Fuel Storage System Versus Amount of Hydrogen Peroxide Stored . 204
Figure 3-167: Total Fuel System Mass as a Function of Mission Duration ............................ 206
Figure 3-168: Typical Communication Power Profile for One Mission Segment .................. 208
Figure 3-169: Typical Science Instrument Power Profile for One Mission Segment ............. 208
Figure 3-170: Typical Internal Systems Power Profile for One Mission Segment ................. 209
Figure 3-171: PV Array/Battery System Layout ..................................................................... 210
Figure 3-172: Historical Progress of Thin-film Solar Cell Efficiency. Experimentally Achieved
Efficiencies (Extrapolated to Air Mass Zero Spectrum, in Percent) ................ 211
Figure 3-173: Mars: Available Power Throughout the Day at 0 o Latitude ............................. 213
Figure 3-174: Mars: Available Power Throughout the Day at 20 o Latitude ........................... 214
Figure 3-175: Mars: Available Power Throughout the Day at 40 o Latitude ........................... 214
Figure 3-176: Mars: Available Power Throughout the Day at 60 o Latitude ........................... 215
Figure 3-177: Mars: Available Power Throughout the Day at 80 o Latitude ........................... 215
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