Phase II Final Report - NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts

Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics
An Entomopter for Flight on Mars
Figure 3-100: Force (Newtons) Time History for Simulation Without Blowing .................... 110
Figure 3-101: Force (Newtons) Time History for Case with Continuous Blowing Velocity
of 1 m/s .............................................................................................................. 111
Figure 3-102: Wind Tunnel Flow Visualization Image of Flow Over a Thin Wing at High a.
Flow is from Bottom to Top and Light Sheet Illumination from Left to Right.
Trailing Edge Vortex is Clearly Visible. .......................................................... 112
Figure 3-103: Wing-velocity Profile Due to Wing Motion Through One-flap Cycle ............. 113
Figure 3-104: Angle of Attack for a Maximum Flap Angle of 65 o and Flight Speed of
2 m/s .................................................................................................................. 114
Figure 3-105: Angle of Attack for a Maximum Flap Angle of 65 o and Flight Speed of
14 m/s ................................................................................................................ 115
Figure 3-106: Angle of Attack for a Maximum Flap Angle of 85 o and Flight Speed of
2 m/s .................................................................................................................. 115
Figure 3-107: Angle of Attack for a Maximum Flap Angle of 85 o and Flight Speed of
14 m/s ................................................................................................................ 116
Figure 3-109: Typical Low Reynolds Number Airfoil ............................................................ 117
Figure 3-108: Hawk Moth Lift and Drag vs. Angle of Attack ................................................ 117
Figure 3-110: Pressure Distribution for Optimized Airfoil vs. That of Conventional Airfoil . 118
Figure 3-111: Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle Test Model ................................................. 119
Figure 3-112: Parameter Definitions for the Jones Model ...................................................... 119
Figure 3-113: Flapping Airfoil Combinations ......................................................................... 120
Figure 3-114: CFD and Empirical Thrust Coefficient Results for the Jones Model ............... 120
Figure 3-115: LEV Formation (View 1) .................................................................................. 122
Figure 3-116: LEV Formation (View 2) .................................................................................. 122
Figure 3-117: Thin Flat Plate Airfoil ....................................................................................... 126
Figure 3-118: Flapping Motion ................................................................................................ 130
Figure 3-119: Pitching Motion ................................................................................................ 131
Figure 3-120: Chord vs. Span Location ................................................................................... 132
Figure 3-121: Lift Coefficient vs. Time ................................................................................... 139
Figure 3-122: Moment Coefficient vs. Time ........................................................................... 140
Figure 3-123: Power Coefficient vs. Time .............................................................................. 140
Figure 3-124: CFD Results of the Unblown Case ................................................................... 141
Figure 3-125: Coefficient of Lift ............................................................................................. 144
Figure 3-126: Coefficient of Moment ...................................................................................... 144
Figure 3-127: Coefficient of Power ......................................................................................... 145
Figure 3-128: Variation of Lift Coefficient with Span ............................................................ 146
Figure 3-129: Variation of Lift Coefficient with Forward Velocity ........................................ 147
Figure 3-130: Variation of Lift Coefficient with Flapping Frequency .................................... 148
Figure 3-131: Variation of Lift Coefficient with Flapping Amplitude .................................... 149
Figure 3-132: Variation of Lift Coefficient with Pitching Amplitude ..................................... 150
Figure 3-133: GTRI Kinematically-correct Full-scale Wind Tunnel Flapping Simulator ....... 151
Figure 3-134: Flight Speed at Mars Surface vs. Required C L ................................................. 154
Figure 3-135: Wing Structures Grown in Georgia Tech’s Stereolithography and Fused
Deposition Modeling Machines. ....................................................................... 155
Figure 3-136: First-generation Reciprocating Chemical Muscle ............................................ 156
Figure 3-137: Second-generation Reciprocating Chemical Muscle ........................................ 156
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Phase II Final Report