The high altitude wildlife areas of western Arunachal Pradesh
The high altitude wildlife areas of western Arunachal Pradesh The high altitude wildlife areas of western Arunachal Pradesh
Chapter 2 Comparison of survey areas Our interviews revealed differences in hunting intensity within the surveyed areas. The Mukto area was the most heavily hunted site, followed by Lower Nyamjang Chu Valley, the PTSO region, the high altitude areas of West Kameng, and then the Mago Chu Valley. The least hunted site was the Upper Nyamjang Chu Valley, where village councils have imposed a ban on killing wildlife. A village called Lumpo was the most exceptional, where the villagers do not kill either wild or domestic animals, and apprehend and fine hunters from outside coming to their village forests. In all areas surveyed, government officials from other parts of Arunachal (belonging to other tribes) and workers of the Border Roads Organization were reported to hunt heavily. While most of the region has some presence of the army, high altitude wildlife habitats in the PTSO region are perhaps the most heavily disturbed due to the presence of large army establishments and associated activities. Access to the high altitude areas of Upper Nyamjang Chu Valley is restricted by the army. The high altitude wildlife habitats of West Kameng were relatively free from such disturbance, except the areas around Se La (which encompass parts of both Tawang and West Kameng). However, the entire area is subject to livestock grazing, hunting, and medicinal plant collection. From the viewpoint of high altitude wildlife conservation, we found the contiguous regions of high altitude West Kameng and the Mago Chu Valley to be the most promising (Tables 2, 3). This area has the richest mammalian assemblage (27 species cumulatively), extensive high altitude habitat, and is relatively less disturbed by the army. Of a total of 19 high altitude species that we recorded, the area harbours at least 17 (Table 2). The Himalayan palm civet Paguma larvata and the hairy footed flying squirrel Belomys pearsonii, which we did not record in this area, are also very likely to occur here given the extent of habitat available. Of the 12 extant species of global conservation importance in the region (Table 1), the highest numbers occur in the high altitude areas of West Kameng (8 species) and the Mago Chu Valley (6) and, and together, these two areas account for 10 of the 12 species (Table 4). Table 3. A comparison of conservation importance of the six high altitude regions of Tawang and West Kameng Districts, Arunachal Pradesh. Species considered to be of global conservation importance are those listed as ‘Endangered’ or ‘Vulnerable’ in the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species. ATTRIBUTE UPPER NYAMJANG CHU LOWER NYAMJANG CHU PTSO MUKTO MAGO CHU HIGH ALTITUDE WEST KAMENG Extent of high altitude habitat (sq. km) 77 116 261 231 968 614 Number of mammal species recorded 16 15 13 13 20 24 Species of global conservation importance 4 3 5 4 6 8 Number of high altitude mammal species 9 9 9 6 15 15 Present hunting intensity Low High High Very high Medium High Disturbance level Low Medium High Medium Medium Medium Main forms of disturbance Army bases Habitation Army bases Habitation Habitation Habitation 14
Conservation status Discussion Our survey has established the presence of a rich mammalian assemblage in western Arunachal’s high altitudes, including 12 species of global conservation importance. The survey regions contain a unique assemblage of high mountain fauna, including elements from both the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms. Amongst them, the Chinese goral N. caudatus was previously not known to occur in India, and its discovery represents a new addition to the list of large mammals of the Indian subcontinent (Appendix 1). This also makes western Arunachal the only known region in the world today to harbour all three extant species of goral. The pale weasel Mustela altaica is also a new record for the state. Our survey also established the presence of the endangered snow leopard in the state. Hunting is amongst the most serious threats to wildlife throughout Arunachal Pradesh, including our survey sites 2 . This is a traditional practice that has formed linkages with the international illegal trade in wildlife products. Limited awareness of conservation laws has further meant that even Government officials and politicians were commonly reported to hunt across our survey sites, and there is very limited onground enforcement of the Indian Wildlife Act. Display and sale of wildlife trophies by Government run handicrafts emporia perhaps best reflect the extent of ignorance of conservation and wildlife laws. Given that wildlife conservation currently is not a priority with most of the government departments, realistic measures to reduce hunting will require seeking the participation of the local communities. Community based conservation efforts are also needed to provide assistance and incentives that encourage conservation-friendly practices by the local community. To start with, these need to focus on devising means of reducing and off-setting livestock losses to wild carnivores and establishing conservation linked community development programs that provide economic incentives (see Mishra et al. 3 ). Community based conservation efforts could take advantage of the predominant Buddhist religion that preaches compassion and tolerance towards all forms of life. At the same time, conservation awareness programs are required not just in schools, but also for politicians, bureaucrats, the judiciary and the army. We sighted 35 bharal Pseudois nayaur (left & inset) in five herds within the proposed wildlife reserve. This expedition also led to the discovery of the Chinese goral Nemorhaedus caudatus (right) in India. 15
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Conservation status<br />
Discussion<br />
Our survey has established the presence <strong>of</strong> a rich mammalian assemblage in <strong>western</strong><br />
<strong>Arunachal</strong>’s <strong>high</strong> <strong>altitude</strong>s, including 12 species <strong>of</strong> global conservation importance.<br />
<strong>The</strong> survey regions contain a unique assemblage <strong>of</strong> <strong>high</strong> mountain fauna, including<br />
elements from both the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms. Amongst them, the<br />
Chinese goral N. caudatus was previously not known to occur in India, and its<br />
discovery represents a new addition to the list <strong>of</strong> large mammals <strong>of</strong> the Indian subcontinent<br />
(Appendix 1). This also makes <strong>western</strong> <strong>Arunachal</strong> the only known region<br />
in the world today to harbour all three extant species <strong>of</strong> goral. <strong>The</strong> pale weasel Mustela<br />
altaica is also a new record for the state. Our survey also established the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
the endangered snow leopard in the state.<br />
Hunting is amongst the most serious threats to <strong>wildlife</strong> throughout <strong>Arunachal</strong><br />
<strong>Pradesh</strong>, including our survey sites 2 . This is a traditional practice that has formed<br />
linkages with the international illegal trade in <strong>wildlife</strong> products. Limited awareness <strong>of</strong><br />
conservation laws has further meant that even Government <strong>of</strong>ficials and politicians<br />
were commonly reported to hunt across our survey sites, and there is very limited onground<br />
enforcement <strong>of</strong> the Indian Wildlife Act. Display and sale <strong>of</strong> <strong>wildlife</strong> trophies<br />
by Government run handicrafts emporia perhaps best reflect the extent <strong>of</strong> ignorance<br />
<strong>of</strong> conservation and <strong>wildlife</strong> laws.<br />
Given that <strong>wildlife</strong> conservation currently is not a priority with most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
government departments, realistic measures to reduce hunting will require seeking<br />
the participation <strong>of</strong> the local communities. Community based conservation efforts are<br />
also needed to provide assistance and incentives that encourage conservation-friendly<br />
practices by the local community. To start with, these need to focus on devising means<br />
<strong>of</strong> reducing and <strong>of</strong>f-setting livestock losses to wild carnivores and establishing<br />
conservation linked community development programs that provide economic<br />
incentives (see Mishra et al. 3 ). Community based conservation efforts could take<br />
advantage <strong>of</strong> the predominant Buddhist religion that preaches compassion and<br />
tolerance towards all forms <strong>of</strong> life. At the same time, conservation awareness<br />
programs are required not just in schools, but also for politicians, bureaucrats, the<br />
judiciary and the army.<br />
We sighted 35 bharal Pseudois nayaur (left & inset) in five herds within the proposed <strong>wildlife</strong><br />
reserve. This expedition also led to the discovery <strong>of</strong> the Chinese goral Nemorhaedus caudatus<br />
(right) in India.<br />
15
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