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Chapter IV Submitted manuscript 69 Fig. 3 Not expression in Terebratalia transversa. Scale bars equal 50 µm, age of specimens is given in hours after fertilization (hpf) or hours after settlement (hps), respectively. Blue represents areas of TtrNot expression. (A) Fertilized egg lacking TtrNot expression. (B) 16 cell stage. (C) 32-64 cell stage. (D) Blastula at the onset of gastrulation. TtrNot is expressed in two fields of cells (arrows) lateral to the future blastopore. (E) Early gastrula in vegetal view showing the blastopore (asterisk) and two fields of TtrNot expressing cells. (F) Same stage as in E, lateral view, the blastopore is on the lower side (asterisk). The lateral fields of TtrNot extend into the animal pole of the gastrula. The ectoderm (ec) and endoderm (en) have started to form and are demarcated by a dashed line for clarity. (G) The TtrNot expressing cells extend in a horseshoe-like pattern over the entire gastrula. (H) Lateral view of a late gastrula with widened archenteron. The TtrNot expressing cells extend over the entire ectoderm (ec) lateral to the blastopore (asterisk). The lateral fields of TtrNot expressing cells are interconnected via a small band of TtrNot expressing cells (arrowhead) on the animal pole of the gastrula. TtrNot is not expressed in the endoderm (en). (I) Slightly elongated gastrula stage, vegetal view showing the blastopore (asterisk). The position of TtrNot expressing cells has slightly shifted towards the animal pole, i.e., the future anterior region of the larva. (J) Further elongated gastrula with blastopore (asterisk) and two fields of TtrNot expressing cells, which are interconnected by a narrow band of TtrNot expressing cells (arrowhead) in the animal region of the gastrula. (K)
70 Submitted manuscript Chapter IV Same stage as in J with animal view onto the future dorso-anterior part of the larva. The two fields of TtrNot expressing cells which are interconnected by a narrow band of TtrNot expressing cells (arrowhead) are visible. (L) Elongated gastrula with small blastopore (asterisk). The TtrNot expressing cells are distributed equally along the posterior part of the future larval apical lobe. (M) Ventral view of an early three-lobed larva with apical tuft (at), anterior lobe (al), mantle lobe (ml), and pedicle lobe (pl). The blastopore (asterisk) is closed. The border between ectoderm (ec) and mesoderm (ms) is visible in the mantle and pedicle lobe. TtrNot expressing cells are distributed in the posterior part of the apical lobe (indicated by the dashed line). (N) Ventroanterior view of a larva with all larval lobes fully established: apical lobe (al), mantle lobe (ml), pedicle lobe (pl). The blastopore (asterisk) is closed and TtrNot expressing cells are distributed in a ring along the posterior part of the apical lobe. (O) Dorsal view of a fully differentiated larva with apical lobe (al), mantle lobe (ml), pedicle lobe (pl), and setae (s). TtrNot is no longer expressed. (P) Posterior view of a juvenile at 360 hours after settlement (hps) with pedicle (p), anlage of both valves (v) ,and larval setae (s), which extend beyond the valves. TtrNot is not expressed. Fig. 4 Cdx expression in Terebratalia transversa. Scale bars equal 50 µm, age is given in hours after fertilization (hpf). (A) Gastrula stage, TtrCdx (purple) is expressed in the ectoderm of the posterior pole of the blastopore (asterisk). (B) Gastrula stage slightly older than the one in A, TtrCdx expression on the posterior side of the blastopore (asterisk) is more intense than in A. (C) Maximum projection image of a confocal reflection scan of a specimen with similar expression pattern as in B, showing that TtrCdx is still limited to the ectoderm. (D) Early larva with modest expression of TtrCdx (arrow) in the ventral part of the future mantle lobe (ml), immediately posterior to the blastopore (asterisk). The future apical lobe (al) and posterior lobe (pl) can already be distinguished. (E) Early three-lobed larva with apical lobe (al), mantle lobe (ml), and pedicle lobe (pl). TtrCdx (arrow) is expressed in the posterior part of the mantle lobe, further posterior from the almost closed blastopore (asterisk) than in previous stages. The larval apical lobe (al), mantle lobe (ml), and pedicle lobe (pl) are further developed. (F) Fully established larva with expression of TtrCdx (arrow) in the center of the ventral part of the mantle lobe (ml). Apical lobe (al), mantle lobe, and pedicle lobe (pl) are fully developed and four sets of larval setae (se) extend from the mantle lobe.
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Comparative neurogenesis, muscle de
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2 Principal supervisor Assoc. P
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4 Preface This thesis presents
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6 Abstract Brachiopods are a sm
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8 Acknowledgements The endeavou
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10 Introduction Nervous system Micr
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12 Material and methods Material an
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14 Material and methods purpuratus,
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16 Results and discussion Results a
Page 19 and 20: 18 Results and discussion posterior
Page 21 and 22: 20 Results and discussion Myogenesi
Page 23 and 24: 22 Results and discussion Wanninger
Page 25 and 26: 24 Results and discussion Growth pa
Page 27 and 28: 26 Results and discussion argument
Page 29 and 30: 28 References References Abdelkhale
Page 31 and 32: 30 References priapulids and protos
Page 33 and 34: 32 References James, M. A., Ansell,
Page 35 and 36: 34 References regionalization, prol
Page 37 and 38: 36 References 211. Williams, A., Ca
Page 39 and 40: 38 Chapter II Frontiers in Zoology
Page 53 and 54: 52 Chapter III Chapter III Altenbur
Page 55 and 56: 54 Chapter III Altenburger and Wann
Page 63 and 64: 62 Chapter IV Chapter IV Altenburge
Page 65 and 66: 64 Submitted manuscript Chapter IV
Page 69: 68 Submitted manuscript Chapter IV
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PhD thesis

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