PhD thesis

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3 Content Preface ......................................................................................... 4 Danish abstract ............................................................................... 5 Abstract ......................................................................................... 6 Short abstract ................................................................................. 7 Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 8 Chapter I ....................................................................................... 9 Introduction ................................................................................ 9 Brachiopoda .......................................................................... 9 Nervous system .................................................................... 10 Muscular system ................................................................... 10 Gene expression ....................................................................11 Material and methods ................................................................. 12 Immunocytochemistry and phalloidin labeling .............................. 12 Labeling of Pax3/7 proteins ..................................................... 12 Detection of proliferating cells with BrdU (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) staining ............................................................................... 13 Gene expression analyses ...................................................... 13 Illustrations .......................................................................... 14 Results and discussion ................................................................ 16 Larval development ............................................................... 16 Myogenesis ......................................................................... 20 Neurogenesis with special focus on the apical organ of lophotrochozoan larvae ................................................................................. 20 Distribution of Pax3/7 proteins in larvae of Terebratalia transversa 22 Growth patterns of Terebratalia transversa ................................. 24 Not and Cdx expression analyses ............................................. 26 References ............................................................................... 28 Chapter II ..................................................................................... 37 Altenburger, A. & Wanninger, A. 2009 Comparative larval myogenesis and adult myoanatomy of the rhynchonelliform (articulate) brachiopods Argyrotheca cordata, A. cistellula, and Terebratalia transversa. Frontiers in Zoology 6: 1-14 ................................................................. 37 Chapter III .................................................................................... 52 Altenburger, A. & Wanninger, A. 2010 Neuromuscular development in Novocrania anomala: evidence for the presence of serotonin and a spiralian-like apical organ in lecithotrophic brachiopod larvae. Evolution & Development 12: 16-24 ....................................................... 52 Chapter IV ................................................................................... 62 Altenburger, A., Martinez, P. & Wanninger, A. First expression study of homeobox genes in Brachiopoda: the role of Not and Cdx in bodyplan patterning and germ layer specification. Submitted ...................... 62
4 Preface This thesis presents the results of three years of research at the University of Copenhagen from May 2007 until December 2010, including a research visit of one year at the University of Barcelona in 2009. The research on neurogenesis, myogenesis, and gene expression patterns in Brachiopoda was supervised by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Andreas Wanninger at the Research Group for Comparative Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. The research on gene expression patterns was mainly carried out in the lab of Prof. Dr. Pedro Martinez, Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Spain. The PhD project was funded by The Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation (grant no. 645-06-0294 to Andreas Wanninger). This project included several research visits of altogether nine weeks at the Sven Lovén Center for Marine Sciences in Kristineberg, Sweden, three weeks at the Moreton Bay Research Station on North Stradbroke Island, Australia, three weeks at the Banyuls-sur-mer Oceanological Observatory, France, and ten weeks at the Friday Harbor Laboratories, USA. Additional impact on my thinking about the field of evolution and development had the summer school on Evolution and Development of the Metazoans by Prof. Dr. Billie Swalla and Prof. Dr. Ken Halanych at the Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, USA, the Summer School on Evolutionary Developmental Biology by Prof. Dr. Alessandro Minelli and Assist. Prof. Giuseppe Fusco, University of Padua, Italy, and the EMBO course on Marine Animal Models in Evolution and Development organized by Prof. Dr. Detlev Arendt at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. This thesis is composed of four chapters. Chapter I constitutes a short introduction to the research field and discusses the presented results in a broader perspective. Chapters II-IV contain two published papers and one submitted manuscript, which report the major findings made during this PhD project. Copenhagen, December 2010 Andreas Altenburger
Page 1 and 2: Comparative neurogenesis, muscle de
Page 3: 2 Principal supervisor Assoc. P
Page 7 and 8: 6 Abstract Brachiopods are a sm
Page 9 and 10: 8 Acknowledgements The endeavou
Page 11 and 12: 10 Introduction Nervous system Micr
Page 13 and 14: 12 Material and methods Material an
Page 15 and 16: 14 Material and methods purpuratus,
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54 Chapter III Altenburger and Wann
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62 Chapter IV Chapter IV Altenburge
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64 Submitted manuscript Chapter IV
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PhD thesis

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