PhD thesis

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15 Table 1. List of species investigated, methods applied, and antibodies used. (+) indicates positive results, (-) indicates that no clear signal could be obtained, 5HT – stains nervous tissue, ad – adult, BrdU – 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (stains proliferating cells), CLSM – confocal laserscanning microscopy, DAPI – (stains nucleic acids), engrailed – labels segment boundaries in Drosophila, Immunostar – producer of antibodies, juv – juvenile, Pax 3/7 – labels segment boundaries in Drosophila, Phalloidin – stains F-actin, Sigma – Sigma-Aldrich, producer of antibodies, Tubulin – stains cilia and nervous tissue, WMISH – whole mount in situ hybridization. Clade Species Stages investigated larval juv ad Method applied Antibodies applied (signal + or -) Chapter Rhynchonelliformea Joania (Argyrotheca) cordata + - + CLSM 5 HT (Sigma) (-) DAPI (+) FMRF (-) Phalloidin (+) Tubulin (+) II Rhynchonelliformea 5 HT (Sigma) (-) Argyrotheca + - + CLSM FMRF (-) II cistellula Phalloidin (+) 5 HT (Immunostar) (+) BrdU (+) Cdx (+) Rhynchonelliformea Terebratalia transversa + + - CLSM WMISH DAPI (+) Engrailed (-) FMRF (-) I, II, IV Not (+) Pax 3/7 (+) Phalloidin (+) Tubulin (+) Phalloidin (+) Craniiformea 5 HT Novocrania + + - CLSM (Immunostar) (+) III anomala Tubulin (+) FMRF (-)
16 Results and discussion Results and discussion Larval development Terebratalia transversa, a representative of Rhynchonelliformea Larval development of Terebratalia transversa and regional specification during embryogenesis has been described previously (Freeman 1993). My results are congruent with these data. The oocyte (Fig. 1A) divides approximately 2 hours after fertilization (hpf) at a water temperature of 11.5 °C and two polar bodies are formed (Fig. 1B). Cleavage is radial and the first two cleavages are holoblastic (Fig. 1B, C). The early blastula is composed of rounded cells (Fig. 1D) and gastrulation occurs approximately at 19 hpf (Fig. 1E). In the gastrula, the wall of the archenteron forms contact with the cells of the ectoderm, i.e., the blastocoel virtually disappears (Fig. 1F). Later in development the gastrula elongates and the blastopore becomes slit-like elongated (Fig. 1G). The three larval lobes start to form as the embryo elongates further and an apical tuft appears, which is lost later in development (Fig 1H, I). At this stage the larvae become positively phototactic and usually swim in the upper part of the water column. At approximately 75 hpf the larvae are almost fully developed and the apical, mantle, and pedicle lobe are formed. Only the setae continue to grow at this point of development. The fully developed larvae eventually become negatively phototactic. Then, they swim towards the bottom of the culture dish and repeatedly touch the surface with their apical lobe, probably in order to test if the substrate is suitable for metamorphosis. Larvae settle and metamorphose between 120 and 300 hpf. The juveniles still retain the larval setae and the lophophore starts to form after settlement (Fig. 1J). Metamorphosis appears to be catastrophic since all tissues seem to be reformed during metamorphosis (Stricker and Reed 1985a, 1985b).
Page 1 and 2: Comparative neurogenesis, muscle de
Page 3 and 4: 2 Principal supervisor Assoc. P
Page 5 and 6: 4 Preface This thesis presents
Page 7 and 8: 6 Abstract Brachiopods are a sm
Page 9 and 10: 8 Acknowledgements The endeavou
Page 11 and 12: 10 Introduction Nervous system Micr
Page 13 and 14: 12 Material and methods Material an
Page 15: 14 Material and methods purpuratus,
Page 19 and 20: 18 Results and discussion posterior
Page 21 and 22: 20 Results and discussion Myogenesi
Page 23 and 24: 22 Results and discussion Wanninger
Page 25 and 26: 24 Results and discussion Growth pa
Page 27 and 28: 26 Results and discussion argument
Page 29 and 30: 28 References References Abdelkhale
Page 31 and 32: 30 References priapulids and protos
Page 33 and 34: 32 References James, M. A., Ansell,
Page 35 and 36: 34 References regionalization, prol
Page 37 and 38: 36 References 211. Williams, A., Ca
Page 39 and 40: 38 Chapter II Frontiers in Zoology
Page 53 and 54: 52 Chapter III Chapter III Altenbur
Page 55 and 56: 54 Chapter III Altenburger and Wann
Page 63 and 64: 62 Chapter IV Chapter IV Altenburge
Page 65 and 66: 64 Submitted manuscript Chapter IV
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66 Submitted manuscript Chapter IV
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