District Level Household Survey 2002-04 - National Rural Health ...

DLHS -2
DLHS-2
Jammu & Kashmir
Reproductive and Child Health
District Level Household Survey
2002-04
International Institute for
Population Sciences,
(Deemed University)
Mumbai-400088
Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare, Government of India,
New Delhi-110011
Society for Applied Research
in Humanities,
New Delhi-110067

Reproductive and Child Health
District Level Household Survey (DLHS - 2)
Jammu & Kashmir
2002-04
International Institute for
Population Sciences,
(Deemed University)
Mumbai – 400 088
Government of India,
Ministry of Health &
Family Welfare,
New Delhi- 110 011
Society for Applied Research
in Humanities
New Delhi – 110 067

CONTRIBUTORS
Society for Applied Research in Humanities, New Delhi
O. P. Vig
Ummed Singh
Ghanshyam Upadhyay
B. K. Yadav
Ajay Tripathi
Ravikesh
International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai
F. Ram
B. Paswan
L. Ladu Singh
Akash Wankhede
Ananta Basudev Sahu

CONTENTS
Page
Tables …………………………………………………………………………….……… iv
Figures …………………………………………………………………………..…..…… vii
Maps… …………………………………………………………………..………………. vii
Preface and acknowledgement …………………………………………………………… ix
Key Indicators …………………………………………………………………….……… xi
Salient Findings …………………………………………………………………..……… xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Objectives of the Survey ………...……….………………………. 1
1.2 Survey Design..………………………….………..…………….…………………. 1
1.3 House Listing and Sample Selection …………….………….……….……………. 2
1.4 Questionnaire ….……………………………….….………..…………….……….. 3
1.5 Fieldwork and Sample Coverage ……………..…………..……………………….. 4
1.6 Data processing ………………………………………..………………………….. 4
1.7 Sample Weights ………………………………..………………………………….. 5
1.8 Sample Implementation ………………………..………………………………….. 6
1.9 Basic Demographic Profile of the State…….………..………..…………………… 8
CHAPTER II BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLD
2.1 Age –Sex Structure.………………………………………………………………… 11
2.2 Household Characteristic ………………………………………………………….. 12
2.3 Educational Level .………………………………………………………………… 13
2.4 Marital Status of the Household Population ………………………………………. 16
2.5 Marriages ……….…………………………………………………………………. 17
2.6 Morbidity Rates …..……………………………………………………………….. 18
2.7 Morbidity Rates by District……………… ………………………………………… 20
2.8 Housing Characteristics …………………………………………………………… 20
2.9 Housing Characteristics by District……………...………………………………… 23
2.10 Iodization of Salt …………………………………………………………………… 24
2.11 Iodization of Salt by District……………….……………………………………… 25
2.12 Availability of Facilities and Services in Rural Population ………………………… 26
2.13 Availability of Education Facility and Health Services by District………………… 28
CHAPTER III CHARACTRERISTICS OF WOMEN, HUSBANDS AND
FERTILITY
3.1 Background Characteristics of Women …………………………………………… 33
3.2 Educational Level of Women ……………………………………………………… 34
3.3 Background Characteristics of Husbands’ of Eligible Women …………………… 36
3.4 Educational Level of Husbands’ of Eligible Women ……………………………… 37
3.5 Children Ever Born and Surviving ………………………………………………… 38
3.6 Completed Fertility by District……………. ……………………………………… 38
3.7 Birth Order ………………………………………………………………………… 40
3.8 Birth Order by District …………………………………………………………….. 40
3.9 Fertility Preference ………………………………………………………………… 41
3.10 Pregnancy Outcomes ……………………………………………………………… 43

Page
CHAPTER IV MATERNAL HEALTH CARE
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
Antenatal Check-Ups……………………………………………………………… 45
Antenatal Check-Ups at Health Facility…………………………………………… 47
Antenatal Check-Ups by District…………………………………………………… 48
Components of Antenatal Check-Ups……………………………………………… 50
Antenatal Care Services…………………………………………………………… 51
Antenatal Care Indicator by District.……………………………………………… 56
Pregnancy Complication and Treatment…………………………………………… 57
Delivery Care…………………………………………………………………….… 60
Place of Delivery…………………………………………………………………… 60
Assistance during Home Delivery ………………………………………………… 63
Delivery Assisted by Skilled Person…………………..…………………………… 63
Reasons for Not Going to Health Institutions for Delivery………………………… 65
Delivery Characteristics by District.………………………………………………. 66
Complication during Delivery….……….…………………………………………. 67
Post Delivery Complication and Treatment ………………………………………. 67
4.13 Obstetric Morbidity by District………..……………………………………… 71
CHAPTER V CHILD CARE AND IMMUNIZATION
5.1
5.1.1
5.2
5.3
Breastfeeding……………………………….……………..……………………… 75
Breastfeeding by Districts………………………………………………………… 78
Immunization of Children………………………………………………………… 78
Source of Immunization…………………………………………………………… 85
5.4 Vitamin A and IFA Supplements…….. ………………………………………… 86
5.5
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
Immunization Coverage by District.……………………………………………… 88
Child Morbidity and Treatment…………………………………………………… 88
Awareness of Diarrhoea…………………….……………………………………… 88
Treatment of Diarrhoea…………………………………………………………… 90
Awareness of Pneumonia …………………….…………………………………… 92
Treatment of Pneumonia…………………………………………………………… 92
5.6.5 Awareness of Diarrhoea, ORS and Pneumonia and Incidence of Diarrhoea and
Pneumonia by District……….. ………………………………………………….. 95
CHAPTER VI FAMILY PLANNING
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.3
6.4
6.5
Knowledge of Family Planning Methods…….…………………………………… 97
Knowledge of Family Planning Methods by District……………………………… 99
Knowledge of No-Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV).……………..……………………… 100
Knowledge of No-Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV) by District.………..……………… 100
Current Use of Family Planning Methods….……………..……………………… 101
Current Use of Family Planning Methods by District.…..………………………… 103
Current Use and Ever Use of Family Planning Methods by Women.……………… 104
Current Use and Ever Use of Family Planning Methods by Husbands…………… 106
Reasons for Not Using Male Methods.…….……………..………………………… 107
Source of Contraceptive Methods………….……………..……………………… 107
Problems with Current Use of Contraceptive Method……..……………………… 108
ii

Page
6.6
6.7
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.8
6.8.1
6.9
6.9.1
Treatment for Health Problems with Current Use of Contraception……………… 109
Advice to Non-Users to Use Contraception…………..…………………………. 110
Future Intensions……………………………………..…………………………… 111
Future Intension to Use Among Women by Number of Living Children………… 112
Reasons for Discontinuation and Non-Use of Contraception……………………… 112
Reasons for Not Using Contraceptive Methods…………..……………………… 114
Unmet Need for Family Planning Services..……………..………………………… 114
Unmet Need for Family Planning Services by District.…..……………………… 116
CHAPTER VII ACCESSIBILITY AND PERCEPTION ABOUT GOVERNMENT
HEALTH FACILITIES
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Home Visit By Health Workers……………………..…………………………… 119
Home Visit By Health Worker by District..……………..………………………… 121
Matter Discussed during Home Visits or Visits to Health Facilities.……………… 122
Visit to Health Facility………………….……………..…………………………… 124
7.5 Visit to Health Facility by District..………….……..…………………………… 124
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
Client’s Perception of Quality of Government Health Services.………………… 125
Reasons for Not Visiting Government Health Centre….………………………… 126
Family Planning Services and Advice Received………….……………………… 126
Availability of Pills and Condom………..…………..…………………………… 127
Quality of Care of Family Planning Services……………..……………………… 128
Quality of Care Indicators for Contraceptive Users by District.……….………… 129
Quality of Care of Maternal Health Care….……………..………………………… 130
CHAPTER VIII REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS AND AWARENESS
OF RTIs/STIs and HIV/AIDS
8.1
8.1.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.5.4
8.5.5
8.6
Awareness of RTI/STI……………………………………………………………… 133
Knowledge of Mode of Transmission of RTI/STI………………………………… 136
Prevalence of RTI/STI……………….. …………………………………………… 138
Menstruation Related Problems…………………………………………………… 143
Prevalence of RTI/STI by District.………………………………………………… 144
HIV/AIDS…………………………………………………………………………… 145
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS…………………………………………………………… 145
Knowledge of Mode of Transmission about HIV/AIDS…………………………… 149
How to avoid HIV/AIDS…………………………………………………………… 150
Misconception about HIV/AIDS…………………………………………………… 154
Knowledge of Curability of HIV/AIDS…………………………………………… 155
Awareness of RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS by District.…………….…………………… 157
APPENDICES
Appendix A Estimation of Sampling Errors ……………………….…………….… 159
Appendix B DLHS Staff …………………………………………………………..… 165
Appendix C Questionnaire ……………………………………………………..…… 169
iii

Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 2.4
Table 2.5
Table 2.6
Table 2.7
Table 2.8
Table 2.9
Table 2.10
Table 2.11
Table 2.12
Table 2.13
Table 2.14
Table 2.15
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Table 3.4
Table 3.5
Table 3.6
Table 3.7
Table 3.8
Table 3.9
Table 3.10
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
Table 4.6
Table 4.7
Table 4.8
Table 4.9
Table 4.10
Table 4.11
Table 4.12
Table 4.13
Table 4.14
Table 4.15
Table 4.16
TABLES
Page
Number of households interviewed…………….…………………..………. 7
Number of women and husband interviewed……….…………………..…… 7
Basic demographic indicator ……………………………………………..… 9
Household population by age and sex …………………………………..…… 12
Household characteristics ………………………….……………………..… 13
Educational level of the household population …………………………..… 14
Marital status of the household population ……………………………..…… 17
Marriage ……………………………………………………………..……… 18
Morbidity rates ……………………….…………………………………..… 19
Morbidity rates by district……… …………………………………..……… 20
Housing characteristics …………………………………………………..… 22
Housing characteristics by district……….. ………………………..………. 23
Iodization of salt…………………………………………………………..… 24
Iodization of salt by district……… ………………………………..………. 26
Distance from the nearest education facility …………………………..…… 27
Distance from the nearest health facility ………………………………..…… 27
Availability of services …………………………………………………..… 28
Availability of facility and services by district…………. …………..……… 29
Background characteristics of women …………………………………..…… 34
Level of education of eligible women …………………………………..…… 35
Background characteristics of men ……………………………………..…… 36
Level of education of men ………………………………………………..… 37
Children ever born and living …………………………………………..…… 39
Children ever born and living by district ………………………………..…… 40
Birth order ……………………………………………………………..…… 41
Birth order by district …………………………………………………..…… 43
Fertility preference ……………………………………………………..…… 44
Outcomes of pregnancy ……….………………………………………..…… 44
Antenatal check-up ……………………………………………………..…… 46
Place of antenatal check-up ……………………………………………..…… 49
Antenatal check-ups by district …………………………………………..… 50
Components of antenatal check-ups ……………………………………..… 51
Antenatal care ………………………………….…………………..………. 53
Antenatal care indicators by district ……………………………………..… 57
Pregnancy complications …….……………………………………..……… 58
Treatment for pregnancy complications ………………………………..…… 60
Place of delivery…………………………………………………………..… 62
Assistance during home delivery and safe delivery ……………………..…… 64
Reasons for not going to health institutions for delivery ………………..…… 66
Delivery characteristics by district ……………………………………..…… 67
Delivery complications …………………………………………………..… 68
Post delivery complications ……………………………………..………. 69
Treatment for post delivery complications……………………………….… 71
Pregnancy, delivery and post delivery complications………………………. 72
iv

Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Table 5.4
Table 5.5
Table 5.6
Table 5.7
Table 5.8
Table 5.9
Table 5.10
Table 5.11
Table 5.12
Table 5.13
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Table 6.4
Table 6.5
Table 6.6
Table 6.7
Table 6.8
Table 6.9
Table 6.10
Table 6.11
Table 6.12
Table 6.13
Table 6.14
Table 6.15
Table 6.16
Table 6.17
Table 6.18
Table 6.19
Table 7.1
Table 7.2
Table 7.3
Table 7.4
Table 7.5
Table 7.6
Table 7.7
Table 7.8
Table 7.9
Table 7.10
Page
Initiation of breastfeeding ………………………………………………..… 76
Exclusive breastfeeding by child’s age ……………………………………… 77
Breastfeeding by district ………………………………………………..…… 78
Vaccination of children …………………………………………………..… 80
Childhood vaccination received by 12 months of age ……………………… 84
Source of childhood vaccination ………….…………………………..…… 86
Vitamin A and IFA supplementation for children ………………………..… 87
Childhood vaccination by district ………………………………………..… 89
Awareness of diarrhoea …………………………………………………..… 90
Treatment of diarrhoea …………………………………………………..… 91
Awareness of pneumonia ………………………………………………..…… 93
Treatment of pneumonia ………………………………………………..…… 94
Knowledge of diarrhoea management and pneumonia by district ……..…… 95
Knowledge of contraceptive methods …………………………………..…… 98
Knowledge of contraceptive methods by districts ……………………..…… 99
No-scalpel vasectomy (NSV)……………………………………………..… 100
No-scalpel vasectomy by district ………………………………………..…… 101
Contraceptive prevalence rate …………………………………………..…… 102
Contraceptive prevalence rates by district………………………………..… 104
Use of contraception by women ………………………………………..…… 105
Use of contraception by men ……………………………………………..… 106
Reasons for not using male methods ……………………………………..… 107
Source of modern contraceptive methods ………………………………..… 108
Health problems with current use of contraception……………………..…… 109
Follow-up visit and sought treatment for health problems with current use
of contraception …………………………………………………………… 110
Advice on contraceptive use………………………………………..………. 111
Future intention to use …………………………………………………..…… 111
Future use of contraception by number of living children ……………..…… 113
Reasons for discontinuation of contraception …………………………..…… 113
Reason for not using contraceptive method ………….………………..…… 114
Unmet need for family planning services ………………………………..… 115
Unmet need by district …………………………………………………..…… 116
Home visit by health worker ……………………………………………..… 120
Home visit by health worker by district ………………………………..…… 122
Matter discussed during contact with a health worker ….………………..… 123
Visit to health facility …………………………………………………..…… 125
Visit to health facility by district ………………………………………..…… 126
Quality of government health facility …………………………………..…… 127
Reason for not preferring government health facility …………………..…… 127
Advise to adopt family planning method ………………………………..…… 128
Availability of regular supply of condoms/pills …….……………………… 128
Information of other modern method before sterilization ………………..… 129
v

Table 7.11
Table 7.12
Table 7.13
Table 7.14
Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5
Table 8.6
Table 8.7
Table 8.8
Table 8.9
Table 8.10
Table 8.11
Table 8.12
Table 8.13
Table 8.14
Table 8.15
Table 8.16
Table 8.17
Table 8.18
Table 8.19
Page
Information on side effect and follow-up for current method …………..…… 129
Quality of care indicators for contraceptive users by district ……………… 130
Advised to have delivery at health facility and follow-up services for post
partum check-up ………………….………..…………………………..…… 131
Quality of care indicators for maternal care …………….………………..… 132
Source of knowledge about RTI/STI among women ……………………… 134
Source of knowledge about RTI/STI among men ………………………..… 135
Source of knowledge about mode of transmission of RTI/STI among
women ……………………………………………………………..………. 137
Source of knowledge about mode of transmission of RTI/STI among men … 138
Symptoms of RTI/STI among women …………………………………..…… 139
Symptoms of RTI/STI among men ……………………………………..…… 141
Abnormal vaginal discharge …………………………………………..…… 142
Menstruation related problems …………………………………………..… 143
Reproductive health care indicators by district …………………………..… 144
Source of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among women ………………..…… 146
Source of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among men ……………………..…
Source of knowledge about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS among
women ……………………………………………………………..……….
Source of knowledge about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS among
men ……………………………………………………………..…………..
Knowledge about avoidance of HIV/AIDS among women ……………..…
Knowledge about avoidance of HIV/AIDS among men ………………..……
151
152
153
Misconception about transmission of HIV/AIDS among women …………… 154
Misconception about transmission of HIV/AIDS among men …………..… 155
Knowledge of curability about HIV/AIDS ……………………………..…… 156
Awareness of RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS by district ……………………..…… 157
148
150
vi

Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Figure 7.1
Figure 8.1
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
Figure 8.4
FIGURES
Page
Age-sex-pyramid ………………………………………………………..…… 11
Percentage literate by age and sex ………….…………………………..…… 15
Birth order 3 & above by selected background characteristic …………..…… 42
Birth order 3 & above by district …………………………………..………. 42
Fertility preference……………………………………………………..……… 43
Source of antenatal care ………………………………………………..……… 47
Full antenatal care by background characteristic ………………………..…… 56
Percentage of women with pregnancy complication and by symptoms ……… 59
Place of delivery and assistance during delivery ………………………..…… 61
Delivery assisted by skilled person by background characteristic …………… 65
Percentage of women with delivery complication and by symptoms ………… 68
Percentage of women with post delivery complication and by symptoms.…… 70
Initiation of breastfeeding ………………………………………………..…… 76
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who have received specific
vaccination ……………………………………………………………..……… 81
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who have received all vaccination 83
Child vaccination by age ………………………………………………..…… 85
Knowledge of family planning method …………………………………..…… 98
Practise of family planning methods ……………………………………..…… 103
Source of family planning among current users of modern contraceptive
methods ……………………………………………………………..………. 108
Distribution of districts by home visit by health worker ………………..…… 121
Awareness of RTI/STI by sex according to residence …………………..…… 136
Symptoms of RTI/STI among women …………………………………..…… 140
Symptoms of RTI/STI among husbands………………………………..……… 140
Awareness of HIV/AIDS by sex according to residence ………………..…… 147
Map 1
Map 2
Map 3
Map 4
Map 5
Map 6
MAPS
Percent Girl Marrying Below Legal Age at Marriage………………………….
Percentage of Households using Salt that Contains 15 ppm Level of Iodine….
Percentage of Women Received Three or More Ante Natal Check Up ………
Percentage of Delivery Attended by Skilled Person………………………….
Percentage of Children (age 12-23 months) Who Have Received Full
Vaccination…………………………………………………………………….
Current Use of Any Family Planning Method…………………………….……
Page
30
31
73
74
96
117
vii

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Government of India had launched the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program to ensure
that couples have access to adequate information and services for reproductive health care. As a
first step, family planning target has been withdrawn and an effort is being made to provide a
package of reproductive services at different levels of health care centres.
Monitoring of the services is also being improved. New indicators are being added to assess
quality of services and provision of an integrated reproductive health care service. The District
Level Household Survey (DLHS) was initiated by Government of India and financed by the
World Bank covering all the districts in the country. For the second time, district level estimates
will be available for most of the critical reproductive health indicators. These important initiatives
are certainly quite satisfying for all those who are concerned with taking ICPD reproductive
health agenda ahead. The project is being coordinated by International Institute for Population
Sciences, Mumbai and implemented by a number of consulting agencies.
For the purpose of data collection, uniform questionnaires, sampling design and field procedures
were used throughout the country. The survey thus provided comparable data for all the districts
in the state. The present report provides salient findings of Himachal Pradesh and covered all the
districts. The findings of selected indicators of reproductive and child health services from the
state of Himachal Pradesh are presented in the report.
It is believe that the data generated through the survey will meet requirements of the Programme
Administrators and Policy Makers for making effective interventions for providing quality
services and achieving multiple objectives.
The DLHS-RCH could not have been successfully completed without cooperation and support
from innumerable sources at various stages of the project. Although, it is not possible to
acknowledge everyone involved in the survey, several organizations and individuals deserve
special mention.
We would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge Shri P.K. Hota, Secretary, Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India. Our special thanks are due to Shri
Y.N. Chaturvedi, Shri A.R. Nanda and Shri J.V.R. Prasada Rao, former Secretaries, Department
of Family Welfare, GoI, who have gave us an opportunity to participate as consulting
organisation in the survey of the national importance. Our special thanks are due to Shri S.K.
Sinha, Additional Director General, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GoI. Thanks are due
to Shri K.V. Rao, Shri S.K. Das and Shri D.K. Joshi, former Chief Directors for their help. We
are also thankful to Shri Partha Chattopadhyaya, Chief Director and Mr. K.D. Maiti, Director,
Mrs Rashmi Verma, and Mr. Rezimohn, Assistant Director, Statistics division of MoHFW for all
the support extended by them. Our special thanks are due to Dr. T.K. Roy, former Director and
Senior Professor, IIPS, Mumbai, for his timely advice and valuable guidance. Thanks are due to
Dr. G. Rama Rao, Officiating Director, IIPS, Mumbai. We also acknowledge the contribution of
Dr. F. Ram, Dr. B. Paswan, Dr. L. Ladu Singh coordinators of the project at IIPS, Mumbai. It
also gives us immense pleasure to thank Dr. G. N.V. Ramana, Public Health Specialist, World Bank,
New Delhi for the able guidance and technical support to the project. We would also like to
thank the NSSO, New Delhi for their help in providing UFS Block for DLHS-2.

We are thankful to Shri Lokesh Jha, Commissioner, Health & Family Welfare, Government of Jammu
& Kashmir, Department of Health & Family welfare for his encouragement and support for the
survey work. We further acknowledge Dr. Jasbeer Singh, Director of Family Welfare, Government of
Jammu & Kashmir, Department of Health & Family Welfare for his encouragement and logistic
support. Thanks are due to Dr. Saleen Rehman, Assistant Director, Government of Jammu & Kashmir,
Department of Health & Family welfare for his cooperation and support. Thanks are also due to
officials of the Census Department at the center and the state and Officials of the NSSO and
other Districts authorities for all the support rendered, which facilitated us in the smooth and
timely completion of the data collection.
Thanks are due to UNICEF for funding the health component of the survey. We are especially
thankful to Dr. C. Chandrasekhar and Dr. V. Jayachandran, for their keen interest and timely supply
of necessary inputs for the successful completion of the health component of the survey. Our
thanks are also due to Dr. Prema Ramachandran, Advisor, Planning Commission for her keen
interest in the survey. Thanks are also due to Dr.G.N.V. Brahmam, Deputy Director, National
Institute of Nutrition, Hydrabad and his team members who had flown to Srinagar to train the
state Laboratory Technicians in handling of thousands of blood samples for the successful
completion of health component of the survey.
Thanks are due to our field and supervisory staff for timely completion of the fieldwork, in-spite
of difficult terrain and other field hazards. Their hard work will be truly rewarded only when results
of the survey meet requirements of the user agencies, especially the Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare, New Delhi. Thanks are also due to Shri Brij Kishore Yadav for his hard work in timely
completion of data processing and computational work. We would be failing in our duty if we do
not thank our respondents who spent their valuable time with tremendous patience.
New Delhi
June, 2006
O.P.VIG
Project Director
Society for Applied Research In Humanities,
x

KEY INDICATORS, Jammu & Kashmir
DISTRICT LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY- REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH, (DLHS-RCH), 2002-04
Sample size
Households surveyed…………………………………
Currently married women age 15-44………………..
Husband’s of eligible women…………………………
Characteristics of households
Percent rural……………………………………………
Percent Hindu………………………………………….
Percent Muslim………………………………………...
Percent other religion (Sikh)……….................……..
Percent scheduled caste……………………………...
Percent scheduled tribe……………………………….
Percent with electricity………………………………...
Percent with flush toilet……………………………….
Percent with no toilet facility………………………….
Percent living in Kachcha houses……………………
Percent living in Pucca houses……………………...
Percent with low standard of living…………………..
Percent with high standard of living………………….
Percent with iodized salt (15+ppm)………………….
Characteristics of currently married
women age 15-44 years
Percent below age 30 ………………………………..
Percent with age at first cohabitation below age 18.
Percent illiterate………………………………………..
Percent having 10 or more years of schooling……..
Percent with illiterate husband……………………….
Percent with husband 10+ years of schooling……...
Marriage
Mean age at marriage for boys………………………
Mean age marriage for girls…………………………..
Percent of boys married below age 21……………...
Percent of girls married below age 18………………
Fertility
Mean children ever born women age 40-44 years…
Percent of births of order 3 and above 1 ……………..
Current use of family planning method
Any method…………………………………………….
Any modern method…………………………………..
Pill………………………………………………………
IUD……………………………………………………..
Condom………………………………………………..
Female sterilization…………………………………..
Male sterilization……………………………………...
Any traditional method………………………………...
Rhythm/safe period…………………………………..
Withdrawal……………………………………………...
Unmet need for family planning
Percent with unmet need for spacing………………..
Percent with unmet need for limiting………………...
Percent with total unmet need………………………..
Maternal care 2
Percent of women received antenatal check-ups
Antenatal check-up at home………………………….
Antenatal check-up in first trimester…………………
Three or more visit for ANC…………………………..
Two or more tetanus toxoid injections………………
15,087
10,308
10,239
75.0
32.3
63.6
2.4
10.3
12.0
80.4
29.7
21.1
16.0
33.2
20.6
27.7
45.0
32.4
15.3
60.2
22.1
34.1
36.2
25.9
22.8
3.9
5.0
3.4
32.1
54.8
51.9
4.5
2.4
18.1
25.3
1.7
2.8
0.7
2.1
14.1
10.7
24.8
87.6
0.0
63.2
80.2
73.6
Adequate Iron folic acid tablets/syrup 3 …………………
Full antenatal check-up 4 …………………………………
Delivery characteristics 2
Delivery at home………………………………………….
Delivery at government health institutions……………..
Delivery at private health institutions…………………...
Delivery attendant by skilled persons 5 …………………
Child health
Percent of children whose mother squeezed out milk
from her breast 6 …………………………………………..
Percent of children 7 with diarrhoea 8 who received
ORS………………………………………………………..
Percent of children 7 with pneumonia 8 who were taken
to a health facility or provider……………………………
Percent of children who received
vaccinations 9
BCG………………………………………………………...
DPT (3 injections)…………………………………………
Polio (3 drops)…………………………………………….
Measles…………………………………………………….
All vaccinations 10 ….………………………………………
No vaccination at all. …………………………………….
Percentage of women who had
Pregnancy complication 2 …………………………………
Delivery complication 2 ……………………………………
Post delivery complication 2 ………………………………
Symptoms of RTI/STI…………………………………….
Problems of vaginal discharge………………………….
Menstruation related problem…………………………...
Awareness of RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS
Percent of women who have heard of RTI/STI………..
Percent of women who have heard of HIV/AIDS……...
Utilization of government health services
Antenatal care……………………………………….
Treatment for pregnancy complication…………………
Treatment for post-delivery complication………………
Treatment for vaginal discharge………………………...
Treatment for children with diarrhoea…………………..
Treatment for children with pneumonia………………...
Quality of family planning services
Percent non-users ever advised to adopt the family
planning method…………………………………………..
Percent users told about side effects of method…..….
Percent users who received follow-up services……….
Characteristics of husband of eligible
women
Percent of husband knowing NSV………………………
Percent of men who have heard of RTI/STI…………...
Percent of men who have heard of HIV/AIDS….……..
Percentage who had any symptoms of RTI/STI………
Sought treatment for RTI/STI …………………………..
53.7
44.4
28.4
55.9
14.6
73.1
72.5
69.5
95.2
91.5
40.2
41.7
77.9
32.0
2.6
40.1
64.6
47.3
16.0
0.9
3.8
15.3
53.8
66.9
87.5
86.1
73.2
80.0
93.1
5.9
43.4
10.7
12.2
27.2
53.8
6.2
54.0
1
For births in past three years, 2 For live/still births during three years preceding the survey, 3 100 or more IFA tablets/Syrup, 4 A
minimum of three visits for ANC, at least one TT injections and 100 or more IFA tablets/syrup, 5 Either institutional delivery or home
delivery assisted by Doctor/ANM/nurse, 6 Children age below 3 years, 7 Last but one living children below age 3 years, 8 Last two
weeks preceding the survey, 9 Last but one living children (age 12-23 months) born during three years preceding the survey. 10 BCG,
three injections of DPT, three drops of polio and measles.

SALIENT FINDINGS
For the assessment of district level Reproductive and Child Health indicators, Government of
India proposed to undertake district level household surveys through non-governmental agencies
on an annual basis. The District Level Household Survey (DLHS) was the result of government’s
initiative. In Jammu & Kashmir State, Society for Applied Research in Humanities, India was
entrusted to carry out the survey work. The survey for Phase-1 of the DLHS covering seven
districts of the state was conducted during April 2002 to December 2002. The survey for Phase-2
covering the remaining seven districts of the state was carried out during July 2004 to December
2004. The focus of the survey was on: i) Coverage of ante natal care (ANC) and immunization
services, ii) Extent of safe deliveries, iii) Contraceptive prevalence rate and unmet need for family
planning, iv) Awareness about RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS and v) Utilization of government health
services and users’ satisfaction. The salient findings of the survey are presented here.
For both the phases together, the data was collected from 15,087 households in Jammu &
Kashmir State. From these households, 10,308 eligible women (usual resident or visitors who
stayed in the sample household the night before the interview, currently married aged 15-44
years whose marriage was consummated) and 10,239 husbands of eligible women were interviewed.
Of the total households interviewed in Jammu & Kashmir State, one-fourth of the
households were from urban areas. The sample households constituted of 32 percent Hindu, 64
percent Muslim, over two percent Sikh and over one percent from other category. Twenty-two
percent of the households belonged to either scheduled castes or scheduled tribes and 18 percent
belonged to other backward class. Sixteen percent of the households lived in Kachcha houses, 51
percent in semi-pacca houses and 33 percent in pucca houses. Twenty-one percent of the households
were with low SLI, 52 percent with medium SLI and 28 percent with high SLI.
Thirty-seven percent of the population aged seven and above was non-literate. Further, 47
percent of females as against 28 percent of males were non-literate. Proportion of non-literate is
much higher among the older cohort compared to the younger ones. Sixty percent of the eligible
women were non-literate and 22 percent women have completed 10 or more years of schooling in the
state. The level of literacy among eligible women was 40 percent as against 55 percent among their
husbands in the Jammu & Kashmir State. The distribution of non-literate women shows that lesser
proportion of younger women below 30 years was illiterate compared to older women 30 years
and above. The scenario in respect of non-literate husbands is similar.
The reporting of the marriages during three yeas prior to survey gives the mean age at
marriage of boys and girls in the state as 25.9 and 22.8 years respectively. Four percent of boys and
five percent of girls in the state got married before attaining the minimum legal age at marriage
of 21 and 18 years respectively. The percentage of boys who got married below the legal minimum
age at marriage was 10 percent or more in Badgan, Doda and Rajouri districts. Similarly, percentage
of girls marrying below the legal minimum age at marriage of 18 years was 10 percent or more
in Badgam, Doda and Kargil district of the state.
Only 45 percent of the households were using cooking salt that was iodized at the
recommended level of 15 ppm or higher level of iodine content whereas six percent of households
used salts that were not iodized at all, while 48 percent households were using salt with iodine

content of 7 ppm. The proportion of households using non-iodized salt was the highest (21 percent)
in Kupwara district, followed by 20 percent in Pulwama district and lowest (zero percent) in Doda,
Leh, Poonch, Rajouri, Srinagar and Udhampur districts. The percentage of households using salt
with 15 ppm or higher level of iodine content was the highest (99 percent) in Leh district, followed
by 84 percent in Baramula district and the lowest (zero percent) in Doda district. While 48
percent or more (state average) of the households in Anantnag, Doda, Kathua, Poonch, Rajouri,
Srinagar and Udhampur districts were consuming adequately iodized salt.
The mean number of children ever born to a woman was 2.5 children in the state – 2.5
children in rural areas and 2.3 children in urban areas. Further, mean number of children ever
born to women aged 40-44 years was 3.4 children, which is close to the completed family size of
the women. The completed fertility in the state varies from the lowest of 2.7 children in Doda
and Leh districts to the highest of 4.4 children in Baramula district.
The share of births of order 3 and above in the total births that occurred three years prior
to survey was 32 percent. In most of the district, proportion of higher order births is quite high,
ranging from the lowest of seven percent in Poonch district to the highest of 56 percent in
Baramula district.
The data collected on the utilization of ANC services for the women who had their last
live/ still birth during three years prior to survey shows that the ANC coverage in the state was
quite high as 88 percent of the women received at least one ante-natal care during pregnancy.
Two-third of the women visited government health facility as against 16 percent women who
visited private health facility for ANC. The percent of women who got some kind of ANC during
pregnancy range between 56 percent in Doda district to 98 percent in Baramula district. In five
out of 14 districts 90 percent or more women got ANC.
Though 88 percent of the women in Jammu & Kashmir State received ANC, only 59, 89
and 75 percent of the women had check-up of weight, blood pressure and abdomen respectively.
Seventy-seven percent women received Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) tablets and 81 percent got at
least one TT injection. A full package of ANC including minimum three ANC visits, at least one
TT injection and 100 or more IFA tablets/Syrup was received by over 44 percent women.
Minimum three ANC and timing of first check up are crucial for maternal and childcare.
Eighty percent of the women in Jammu & Kashmir State made three or more ANC visit, while
63 percent of the women visited health facility for the first antenatal check-up in the first trimester
of pregnancy. The extent of women who had ANC in first trimester varies from minimum of 24
percent in Poonch district to the maximum of 93 percent in Baramula district. Similarly, extent
of women who received three or more ANC varies from minimum of 33 percent in Poonch district
to the maximum of 98 percent in Baramula district.
Over 70 percent of the total deliveries in Jammu & Kashmir State were conducted in health
institutions; 26 percentages point up from RCH Round-I. Fifty-six percent institutional deliveries
were conducted in government institutions as against 15 percent in private institution. Only nine
percent of the total deliveries, that took place at home, were assisted by midwifery trained persons
i.e. doctor and ANM/Nurse/LHV and 40 percent by TBA. Thus, 49 percent of the deliveries, 22
percent points up from RCH Round-I, were assisted by skilled personnel in the state. The extent
of institutional deliveries varies from the lowest of 23 percent in Poonch districts to the highest
xiv

of 95 percent in Kargil district. Safe deliveries vary from the lowest of 30 percent in Kathua district
to the highest of 95 percent in Kargil district. The extent of the institutional deliveries was the
highest (74 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (64 percent)
for women who had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly, percent of institutional deliveries was the
highest (77 percent) for women with high SLI and the lowest (51 percent) for women with low
SLI. The variation in the institutional deliveries by women’s economic status is much conspicuous
than that by women’s education.
In Jammu & Kashmir State, 40, 65 and 47 percent of the women experienced pregnancy,
delivery and post delivery complications respectively. Eighty-one percent of the women sought
treatment for the pregnancy and 83 percent for the post-delivery complications. The pregnancy
complication varies from the lowest of four percent in Kathua district to the highest of 58 percent
in Kargil district. The incidence of all the three types of complications seems to be linked with each
other. In the districts where the incidence of pregnancy complications is high, the incidence of
delivery and post-delivery complications is also high.
In most of the districts and the state as a whole, the practice of breast-feeding is quite high.
However, only 59 percent of the women breastfed the child within two hours of birth, while 87
percent women breastfed the child within one day of birth. More than one-tenth of the women started
breastfeeding the child after one day of birth. There is great deal of variation in the pattern of breastfeeding
across the districts. The extent of women initiating breastfeeding within two hours of birth
was the highest (97 percent) in Anantnag and Baramula districts and the lowest (10 percent) in
Kathua district.
In Jammu & Kashmir State, 91, 40, 42 and 78 percent of the children received the BCG
vaccine, three doses of DPT and Polio vaccine, and measles vaccine respectively. There is 13
percentage points drop from BCG to measles. It means that large numbers of children who have
contact with service providers are missed out of subsequent services. The complete schedule of
immunization including BCG, three doses of DPT and Polio each and measles was received by
32 percent of the children, whereas three percent of the children did not at all receive any vaccination
under routine programme. Thirty-nine percent of the children received supplementation of at-least
one dose of vitamin-A and only 12 percent children received IFA tablets/liquid for iron supplementation.
The extent of complete immunization consisting of BCG, three injections of DPT, three
doses of Polio and measles was the lowest (five percent) in Srinagar district and the highest (50
percent) in Baramula district. The percentage of children who received complete immunization
was higher than that of the state (39 percent) in Baramula and Jammu districts and in the remaining
12 districts it was below the state level. In Jammu & Kashmir State, 70 percent of the women
were aware of diarrhoea management and 60 percent were aware of Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS).
During the two-week period prior to survey, children of eight percent of the women suffered from
diarrhoea, while over 69 percent of the women treated diarrhoea among children by giving ORS.
In comparison to awareness about diarrhoea management, the awareness about danger sings of
pneumonia is quite low. Only 31 percent of the women reported awareness about danger sings of
pneumonia. One-fifth of the women reported that their children suffered from cough, cold and
difficulty in breathing in two-week period prior to survey and 95 percent sought treatment.
The knowledge of family planning methods is universal in all districts of Jammu & Kashmir
xv

State, with 97 percent of the women reporting knowledge of one method or the other. However,
the knowledge of any spacing method was marginally low, but the proportion per se was quite
high (82 percent). The knowledge of any modern methods was also universal in all the districts,
though the knowledge of all modern methods was only 32 percent. The proportion knowing all
modern methods (males and females’ sterilization, IUD, oral pills and condom) varies from less
than one percent in Badgam district to 73 percent in Pulwama district.
In DLHS, knowledge about No-scalpel vasectomy has been asked to husbands of eligible
women. Only 12 percent of the husbands were aware of no-scalpel vasectomy in the state. The
proportion of husbands knowing No-scalpel vasectomy varies from less than one percent in
Baramula, Doda and Rajouri districts to 37 percent in Leh district.
The contraceptive prevalence rate (any methods) in the state was 55 percent, seven
percent point up from RCH Round-I, comprising of prevalence of 52 percent of modern methods
and three percent of traditional methods. Twenty-seven percent of the couples adopted sterilization.
The percentage of user of the male methods of sterilization and condom was only 20 percent.
There appears to be negative association between contraceptive use and female education. The
contraceptive prevalence rate was the highest (91 percent) in Leh district, followed by 87 percent
in Kargil district and the lowest (16 percent) in Doda district.
In Jammu & Kashmir State, one-fourth of the women were found to have unmet need for
family planning, with about 11 percent for limiting and over 14 percent for spacing. The total unmet
need varies from the highest (66 percent) in Doda district, followed by 59 percent in Baramula
district and the lowest (three percent) in Leh district.
Only three percent of the women in the state reported that either ANM/LHV or health
worker visited them at their residence at least once in the past three months. Fifty-four percent of
the women were home visited by ANM/LHV as against 37 percent by Male health worker, while
the doctor visited 13 percent of the women. Further, three-fourth (76 percent) of the women were
satisfied with the amount of time spent with them by the health workers, while 90 percent of the
women were satisfied services/advise given to them.
Five percent or more women reported home visit in Jammu, Srinagar and Udhampur districts,
while in the remaining 11 districts of Ananatnag, Badgam, Baramula, Doda, Kargil, Kathua,
Kupwara, Leh, Pulwama, Poonch and Rajouri districts it was below the state average of three percent.
The percentage of the eligible women who needed to visit health facility during three months
prior to survey and visited any health facility was 10 percent as against 37 percent women who
needed to visit health facility and not visited it. Fifty-four percent women visited government
health facility and 42 percent women visited private health facility, while the remaining visited
ISM and other health facility. Main reasons given by the women for not visiting the government
health facility were ‘not-conveniently located’ or ‘time is not suited’ or ‘poor quality of services’
or ‘heavy rush’ or ‘non/rare availability of doctors/health worker’ or ‘doctors/health workers do
not examine properly’ or ‘medicine not/rarely given or of bad quality’ or ‘doctors/paramedical
staff does not behave properly’.
The district level variation in the utilization of the government health facilities ranges from
xvi

22 percent in Anantnag district to 100 percent in Leh district. The percentage of women who
visited private health facility ranges from zero percent in Leh district to 76 percent in Anantnag
district.
In Jammu & Kashmir State 15 and 54 percent of the women were aware of RTI/STI and
HIV/AIDS respectively. The level of awareness of RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS among husbands of
eligible women was 27 and 68 percent respectively. The percent of women who were aware of
RTI/STI was the highest (90 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 46 percent in Leh district
and the lowest (zero percent) in Doda district. Similarly, percent of women who were aware of
HIV/AIDS was the highest (92 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 91 percent in Leh
district and the lowest (11 percent) in Rajauri district.
Awareness level of husbands of eligible women of RTI/STI was the highest (91 percent)
in Baramula district, followed by 52 percent in Leh district and the lowest (over one percent) in
Kathua district. Similarly, awareness level of husbands of eligible women of HIV/AIDS was the
highest (99 percent) in Anantnag and Kargil districts, followed by 97 percent in Baramula district
and the lowest (less than one percent) in Doda district. Out of 14 districts, in 9 districts the
awareness of HIV/AIDS was higher than that of the state (68 percent) for men and in five
districts it was higher than that of the state (54 percent) for women.
Sixteen percent of women and six percent of husbands of eligible women in the state
reported having at least one symptoms of RTI/STI. In most of the districts the reported prevalence of
RTI/STI among husbands was quite low. The prevalence of RTI/STI among women was the highest
(27 percent) in Kargil and Udhampur districts, followed by 26 percent in Jammu district and the
lowest (two percent) in Baramula and Doda districts. Similarly, prevalence of RTI/STI among
husbands of eligible women was the highest (14 percent) in Udhampur district, followed by 13
percent in Kargil district and the lowest (zero percent) in Baramula district.
Only one percent of the women reported vaginal discharge in the state - lowest (zero
percent) in Badgam, Baramula, Kupwara, Pulwama, Poonch and Srinagar districts and highest
(eight percent) in Leh district. Sixty-two percent of the women sought treatment for vaginal
discharge problem and 54 percent of the husbands with at least one symptoms of RTI/STI sought
treatment. The percentage of women who sought treatment of vaginal discharge was higher than
that of the state (62 percent) in Anantnag, Kargil, Kathua, Rajouri and Udhampur districts and it was
lower than that of the state in Doda, Jammu and Leh districts, while in the remaining six districts
no cases of abnormal vaginal discharge were reported.
xvii

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Objectives of the Survey
The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme that has been launched by Government of
India (GoI) in 1996-97 is expected to provide quality services and achieve multiple objectives. It
ushered a positive paradigm shift from method-oriented, target-based activity to providing clientcentred,
demand-driven quality services. Also, efforts are being made to reorient provider’s
attitude at grassroots level and to strengthen the services at outreach levels.
The new approach requires decentralization of planning, monitoring and evaluation of the
services. The district being the basic nucleus of planning and implementation of the RCH programme,
Government of India has been interested in generating district level data on utilization of the
services provided by government health facilities, other than that based on service statistics. It is
also of interest to assess people’s perceptions on quality of services. Therefore, it was decided to
undertake District Level Household Survey (DLHS) under the RCH programme in the country.
The Round-I of RCH survey was conducted during the year 1998–99 in two phases (each
phase covered half of the districts from all states/union territories) in 504 districts for which
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai was designated as the nodal agency.
In Round-II, survey was completed during 2002-04 in 593 districts as per the 2001
Census. In DLHS-RCH, information about RCH has been collected using a slightly modified
questionnaire. In Round II, some new dimensions, such as test of cooking salt to assess the
consumption of salt fortified with iodine, collection of blood of children, adolescents and pregnant
women to assess the level of anaemia, and measurement of weight of children to assess the nutritional
status, were incorporated.
The main focus of the DLHS-RCH has been on the following aspects:
‣ Coverage of ANC & immunization services
‣ Proportion of safe deliveries
‣ Contraceptive prevalence rates
‣ Unmet need for family planning
‣ Awareness about RTI/ STI and HIV/AIDS
‣ Utilization of government health services and users’ satisfaction.
For the purpose of conducting DLHS-RCH, all the states and the union territories were
grouped into 16 regions. A total of twelve research organizations including Population Research Centres
(PRCs) were involved in conducting the survey in 16 regions with IIPS as the nodal agency.
1.2 Survey Design
In Round-II, a systematic, multi-stage stratified sampling design was adopted. In each district, 40

Primary Sampling Units (PSUs – Villages/Urban Frame Size) were selected with probability
proportional to size (PPS) using the 1991 Census data. All the villages were stratified according
to population size, and female literacy was used for implicit arrangement within each strata. The
number of PSUs in rural and urban areas was decided on the basis of percent of urban population
in the district. However, a minimum of 12 urban PSUs were selected in each district in case the percent
urban was low. The target sample size in each district was set at 1,000 complete residential households
from 40 selected PSUs. In the second stage, within each PSU, 28 residential households
were selected with Circular Systematic Random Sampling (CSRS) procedure after house listing.
In order to take care of non-response due to various reasons, sample was inflated by 10 percent
(i.e. 1,100 households).
For selecting the urban sample, the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO)
provided the list of selected urban frame size (UFS) blocks in the district. The UFS blocks were
made available separately for each district for urban areas. The maps of selected blocks were
obtained from the NSSO field office located in each state/union-territory.
But in each state, in two districts, the PSUs that were surveyed in Round-I of DLHS-
RCH (also known as RHS-RCH) were also selected for survey in Round-II. This was done in
order to measure the changes more accurately. Two districts, one with the highest proportion of
safe delivery and another with the lowest proportion of safe delivery among those surveyed
during Round I of the survey were selected for this purpose. In all other districts, fresh sample of
PSUs were selected.
1.3 House Listing and Sample Selection
The household listing operation was carried out in each of the selected PSU segment prior to the
data collection that provided the necessary frame for selecting the households. The household listing
operation also involved preparation of location map and layout sketch map of the structures and
recording the details of the households in these structures in each selected PSU. This exercise was
carried out by independent teams each comprising of one lister, one mapper and one supervisor under
the overall guidance and monitoring of the survey coordinator of households of the selected regional
agencies.
A complete listing of households was carried out in villages with households up to 300. In
case of villages with more than 300 households but less than or equal to 600 households, two
segments of more or less same size were formed and one segment was selected at random and
household listing was carried out. In case of villages with more than 600 households, segments each
of about 150 households were formed and two segments were selected for listing using the
systematic random sampling method.
Small villages with less than 50 households were linked with a nearest village. After combining
it with the nearest village, the same sampling procedure was adopted as mentioned above. For the
urban PSUs, the selected UFS blocks needed no segmentation as they were of almost equal size
and contained less than 300 households.
No replacement was made if a selected household was absent during data collection.
However, if a PSU was inaccessible, a replacement of PSU with similar characteristics was
selected by the IIPS and provided to the regional agency for survey.
2

1.4 Questionnaire
DLHS-RCH collected information on various indicators pertaining to RCH that would assist
policymakers and programme managers to formulate and implement the goals set for RCH
programmes. The International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, the Nodal Agency
for DLHS–RCH project has made necessary modifications in the two Questionnaires: Household
Questionnaire and Women’s Questionnaire and added three more Questionnaires i.e., Husband’s
Questionnaire, Village Questionnaire and Health Questionnaire, in consultation with MoHFW
and World Bank. These Questionnaires were discussed and finalized in training cum workshop organized
at IIPS during the first week of November 2001.
These modified questionnaires had been canvassed in round II of the DLHS–RCH survey,
taking into consideration the views of all the regional agencies involved. The house–listing teams
and the interviewers and the supervisors for the main survey were given rigorous training based
on the manuals developed for the purpose by the Nodal Agency.
All the questionnaires were bilingual, with questions in both regional and English language.
The Details of questionnaires are as follows:
Household Questionnaire: The household questionnaire lists all usual residents in each
sample household including visitors who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
For each listed household member, the survey collected basic information on age, sex, and
marital status, relationship to the head of the household, education and the prevalence /incidence
of tuberculosis, blindness and malaria. Information was also collected on the main source of
drinking water, type of toilet facility, source of lighting, type of cooking fuel, religion and caste
of household head and ownership of other durable goods in the household. In addition, a test
was conducted to assess whether the household used cooking salt that has been fortified with
iodine. Besides, details of marriages and deaths, which happen to usual residents within reference
period, were collected. Efforts were also made to get information about maternal deaths.
Women Questionnaire: Women questionnaire is designed to collect information from currently
married women age 15 – 44 years who are usual residents of the sample household or visitors
who stayed in the sample household the night before the interview. The women questionnaire covered
the following sections:
Section I: Background Characteristics: In this section the information collected on age,
educational status and birth and death history of biological children including still birth, induced
and spontaneous abortions.
Section II: Antenatal, Natal and Post natal Care: In this section the questionnaire collect
information only from the women who had live birth, still birth, spontaneous or induced abortion
during last three years preceding the survey date. The information on whether women received
antenatal and postpartum care, who attended the delivery and the nature of complications during
pregnancy for recent births were also collected.
Section III: Immunization and childcare: This section gives information about feeding
3

practices, the length of breastfeeding, immunization coverage and recent occurrence of diarrhoea,
and pneumonia for young children (below age 3 years).
Section IV: Contraception: This section provides information on knowledge and use of
specific family planning methods. Questions were included about reasons for non-use, intentions
about future use, desire for additional child, sex preference for next child etc.
Section V: Assessment of quality of Government health services and client satisfaction.
In this section the questions are targeted to assess the quality of family planning and health services
provided by Government health facilities. The information was also collected about the rating of
Government health facilities and staffs and reasons for not visiting to government health facility
by eligible woman.
Section VI: Awareness about RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS: In this section the information
were collected about women’s knowledge of RTI/STI about awareness, Source of knowledge,
aware of mode of transmission, curability, symptoms and treatment seeking behaviour. About
HIV/AIDS; Awareness, Source of knowledge, aware of mode of transmission and prevention etc
were canvassed.
Husband Questionnaire: In DLHS-RCH, round II, husband questionnaire was used to collect
information from eligible women’s husbands about age, educational status, knowledge and
source of knowledge of RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS reported symptoms of RTI/STI and male
participation. Apart from these information desires for children, reasons for not using F.P.
methods, future intention to use F.P. methods and knowledge about no scalpel vasectomy (NSV)
has also been collected.
Health Questionnaire: In DLHS-RCH, round II, a health questionnaire is included. The information
collected were on weight of children age 0–71 months old and the blood sample to assess the
haemoglobin levels of children age 0–71 months old, adolescents 10–19 years old and pregnant
eligible women. This information is useful for assessing the levels of nutrition prevailing in the
population and prevalence of anaemia among women, adolescent girls and children.
Village Questionnaire: A village questionnaire is also added in this round of DLHS. The information
collected on the availability and accessibility of various facilities in the village especially on
accessibility of educational and health facilities.
1.5 Fieldwork and Sample Coverage
The fieldwork for RCH Round-II was done in two phases. During Phase-I, seven 8districts were
covered from April 2002 to December 2002 and remaining seven districts were covered during
Phase-II from July 2004 to December 2004. During Round-II, a total of 15,087 households were
covered. From these surveyed households, 10,308 currently married women aged 15-44 years and
10,239 husbands of eligible women were interviewed.
1.6 Data processing
All the five types of completed questionnaires were brought to the headquarter of regional agencies
and data were processed using microcomputers. The process consisted of office editing of the
4

questionnaires, data entry, data cleaning and tabulation. Data cleaning included validation, range
and consistency checks. For both data entry and tabulation of the data, IIPS developed the software
package. The district and state level reports were prepared by regional agency whereas national
report is prepared by the nodal agency.
1.7 Sample Weights
In generating district level demographic indicator sample weight for household, women and
husband, weight have been used and these for a particular district are based on three selection
probabilities f 1 i , f 2
i
and f 3
i
pertaining to i th PSU of the district. These probabilities are defined as
f i 1 = Probability of selection of i th PSU in a district
(
)
=
n H i
H
Where, nr
is the number of rural PSU to be selected in a district, H i
refers to the number of
household in the i th PSU and H = ∑ Hi , total number of household in a district.
r *
f i 2
= Probability of selecting segment (s) from segmented PSU
(in case the i th selected PSU is segmented)
= (Number of segments selected after segmentation of PSU) / (number of segment created a PSU)
The value of f i 2 is to be equal to one for un-segmented PSU.
f i 3
= probability of selecting a household from the total listed households of a PSU or in
segment(s) of a PSU
=
28* HR
HL
i
i
Where HR i is the household response rate of the i th sampled PSU and HL i is the number of
households listed in i th PSU in a district.
For urban PSU, f 1
i
is computed either as the ratio of number of urban PSUs to be included from
the district to the total number of UFS blocks of the district or as the ratio of urban population of the
selected PSU to the total urban population of the district.
The probability of selecting a household from the district works out as;
f i i i i
= ( f * f f )
1 2
*
3
5

The non-normalized household weight for the i th
normalized weight used in the generation of district indicators as
PSU of the district is, w i
=
1 , while the
f i
n d i
=
∑ n i
i
i
∑ n i * w
i
i
* w
, i= 1,2,3……………40.
Where n i is the number of households interviewed in the i th PSU. The weight for women and
husband are computed in the similar manner after multiplication of expression for f i by the
corresponding response rate. State weights for households, women and husbands are further derived
from the district weights ni d for the i th psu in d th district using external control so that for sample
results do not deviate from the corresponding information about the population.
Let, ns = ∑
i
d
n i and N I = ∑
i
d
N i , denote the number of households in the sample and census of
a particular state, then state level households weights are work out as;
n s i = n d i *
⎛
⎜n
⎝
⎛
⎜ N i
⎝
d
i
d
⎞
⎟
ns
⎠
⎞
⎟
N sc
⎠
, where n d i household sample in i th district, n s is the total sample in the
state, N i d is the census population in the ith district and N sc is the census population in the state.
These households’ weights are controlled for rural-urban separately.
Considering sample and census currently married women in 15-44 years and married males
above 15 years for specified state by districts and rural-urban residence, state level women and
husbands’ weights are obtained for estimation of state level indicators.
1.8 Sample Implementation
Table 1.1 shows the period of fieldwork, number of households interviewed and household’s
response rates. A total of 15,087 households were interviewed, three-fourth were rural. The overall
household response rate – the number of households interviewed per 100 occupied households
was 99.8 percent. The household response rate was 97 percent or more in every district.
Table 1.2 gives number of women and husbands interviewed by district in Jammu & Kashmir
state. Number of interviews completed was 10,308 currently married women who are the usual
member of the household or stayed night before the household interview and 10,239 husbands of
eligible women. The response rate for women - number of women interviewed per 100 identified
eligible women was 95.7 percent. Similarly, response rate for husbands was 95.3 percent. The response
6

Table 1.1 NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED
Month and year of fieldwork and number of households interviewed by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
State/District
Month and year
of field work
Number of households interviewed
From To Total Rural Urban
Response
rate
State
State-phase I
State-phase II
-
04/2002
07/2004
-
12/2003
12/2004
15,087
-
-
11,310
-
-
3,777
-
-
99.8
-
-
Doda
Jammu
Kathua
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
12/2002
07/2002
04/2002
07/2003
12/2002
07/2002
08/2002
02/2003
12/2002
09/2002
12/2003
03/2003
12/2002
02/2003
1,092
1,110
1,112
1,118
1,092
1,087
1,102
761
608
775
782
1,092
1,087
768
331
502
337
336
0
0
334
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
99.6
100.0
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Kargil
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
09/2004
08/2004
09/2004
08/2004
07/2004
08/2004
07/2004
11/2004
12/2004
10/2004
10/2004
12/2004
11/2004
12/2004
1,123
1,110
1,119
931
1,076
944
1,071
760
778
784
931
751
686
747
363
332
335
0
325
258
324
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.3
100.0
100.0
Note: Table based on unweighted cases.
of women was the highest (100 percent) in Baramula and Poonch districts and the lowest (69
percent) in Badgam district, while it was 96 percent for the state. Further, women’s response rate
was higher than that of the state in eight districts and lower than that of the state in sis districts.
Similarly, response rate of husband’s was the highest (100 percent) in Baramula and Poonch
districts and the lowest (64 percent) in Badgam district, while it was 95 percent for the state. The
response rate of husbands was higher than that of the state in Doda, Jammu, Kathua, Poonch,
Rajouri, Udhampur, Anantnag, Baramula, Kupwara and Pulwama districts, while in the remaining
four districts it was lower than that of the state.
Table 1.2 NUMBER OF WOMEN AND HUSBANDS INTERVIEWED
Number of women and husbands interviewed by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
State/District
Number of women interviewed
Response
Number of husbands interviewed
Total Rural Urban rate Total Rural Urban
Response
rate
State
10,308
7,851
2,457
95.7
10,239
7,801
2,438
95.3
Doda
Jammu
Kathua
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
779
854
763
878
824
614
969
551
514
534
599
824
614
757
228
340
229
279
0
0
212
99.6
98.4
99.0
100.0
99.0
88.2
99.8
776
838
736
878
822
590
964
548
500
516
599
822
590
757
228
338
220
279
0
0
207
99.2
96.5
97.4
100.0
98.8
84.8
99.7
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Kargil
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
698
432
881
475
831
484
826
511
308
625
475
597
349
593
187
124
256
0
234
135
233
98.6
68.8
100.0
95.0
95.2
94.2
95.2
698
400
881
473
851
484
848
511
289
625
473
612
349
610
187
111
256
0
239
135
238
98.6
63.9
100.0
94.6
97.5
94.2
97.7
Note: Table based on unweighted cases.
7

1.9 Basic Demographic Profile of the State
Strategically located Jammu & Kashmir State constitutes the northern most extremity of India.
Situated between 32 0 17’ and 36 0 58’ north latitude and 73 0 26’ and 80 0 30’ east longitude. The
total area of the State is 22,22,236 sq. kms. including 78,114 sq. kms. under the illegal occupation of
Pakistan and 42,685 sq. kms. under that of China, of which Pakistan illegally handed over 5,130 sq.
kms. to China. The state is bounded by Pakistan, Afghanistan and China from the West to East.
The State has four geographical zones of
1. Sub-mountain and semi-mountain plain known as kandi or dry belt,
2. The Shivalak ranges.
3. The high mountain zone consisting the Kashmir Valley, Pir Panchal ranges and its offshoots
including Doda, Poonch and Rajouri districts and part of Kathuaand Udhampur
districts.
4. The middle run of the Indus River comprising Leh and Kargil.
The State of Jammu & Kashmir is the northern most state of India comprising three distinct
climatic regions viz. Arctic cold desert areas of Ladakh, temperate Kashmir valley and sub-tropical
region of Jammu. There is a sharp rise of altitude from 1,000 feet to 28,250 feet above sea level
within state’s four degree of latitude. The climate varies from tropical in Jammu plains to semi-arctic
cold in Ladakh with Kashmir and Jammu mountainous tracts having temperate climatic conditions.
The rainfall also varies from region to region with 92.6 mm in Leh, 650.5 mm in Srinagar and 1115.9
mm in Jammu. A large part of the state forms part of the Himalayan Mountains. The state is geographically
constituted of rocks varying from the oldest period of the earth’s history to the youngest present day
river and lake deposits. The population of Jammu & Kashmir state was 101. 43 lakh in 2001. The State
ranks 6 th in area and 17 th in population among the States and Union Territories of India. The State
consists of 14 districts, 59 tehsils. 119 blocks, three municipalities, 54 towns and notified area
committee, 6477 inhabited villages and 281 uninhabited villages.
The State is well connected with rest of the country by air, rail and road. The Indian
Airlines and private airlines operate regular flights to Srinagar, Jammu and Leh. The National
Highway 1-A connects the capital cities of Srinagar and Jammu with rest of the country. There are
daily passenger trains connecting Jammu with most of the major cities of the country.
Table 1.3 gives basic demographic indicators of Jammu & Kashmir State. The decadal growth
rate of the Jammu & Kashmir State was 29.4 percent as against 21.5 of the country in 2001, the
difference being eight percentage points. The state population was growing at a rate faster than that
of the country. Further, the annual exponential growth rate was 2.55 percent for the state as
against 1.95 percent for the country in 2001. The urban population of the state was 24.8 percent
as against 28.0 percent of the country- the state was lagging behind the country in urbanization.
The scheduled caste population in the state has declined from 15.8 percent in 1981 to 7.6 percent
in 2001. On the other hand, schedule tribe population in the state has increased from 7.8 percent
in 1981 to 10.9 percent in 2001. The female literacy rate was 43 percent in the state as against
53.7 percent in the country in 2001 - difference of 11 percent points. The male literacy rate was 67
percent in the state as against 75 percent in the country in 2001- difference of eight percent points. In
8

Table 1.3 BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR
Basic demographic indicator of India, state and districts, Census 2001
India/state/district
Population
(in thousand)
Percentage
urban
Percentage
decadal
growth rate 1
Percentage literate 7+
Sex
ratio 2 Male Female Persons
India
1,028,737
28.0
21.5
933
75.3
53.7
64.8
State
10,143
24.8
29.4
892
66.6
43.0
55.5
Doda
Jammu
Kathua
Poonch
Rajouri
Srinagar
Udhampur
692
1,589
550
373
483
1,202
743
6.9
44.1
14.3
6.4
7.0
78.7
15.7
26.8
28.4
20.9
28.1
25.2
31.4
26.9
903
868
901
919
878
851
860
64.0
84.4
75.7
65.0
69.8
69.6
67.1
29.9
68.5
54.4
36.0
44.5
48.1
41.2
47.9
77.0
65.6
51.2
58.0
59.8
55.2
Anantnag
Badgam
Baramula
Kargil
Kupwara
Leh
Pulwama
1,172
629
1,170
119
650
117
653
14.4
11.2
33.5
8.9
3.9
24.4
10.5
32.7
26.5
15.7
31.4
38.6
30.4
24.5
922
930
947
837
906
823
945
57.6
53.5
82.6
75.8
56.1
75.6
60.7
34.4
30.6
67.2
42.4
28.7
52.7
37.7
46.5
42.5
75.1
60.8
43.2
65.3
49.6
Source: Primary Census Abstract, Series 20, Census of India, 2001. 1 1991-2001, 2 Females per 1,000 males.
other words, male literacy rate is catching up with that of the country. The sex ratio was 892 in the
state as against 933 in the country in 2001, which means that female deficiency was more serious
in the state. The population density was 46 persons per km. in the state as against 313 persons
per km. in the country in 2001.
The percentage of urban population was the highest (79 percent) in Srinagar district,
followed by 44 percent in Jammu district and the lowest (four percent) in Kupwara district. The
percentage of urban population was higher than that of the state (25 percent) in Jammu, Srinagar
and Baramula districts, while in the remaining 11 districts it was lower than that of the state. In
five districts it was less than 10 percent. The decadal growth rate was the highest (38.6 percent)
in Kupwara district, followed by 31.4 percent in Srinagar and Kargil districts and the lowest
(15.7 percent) in Baramula district, while it was 29 percent for the state. The decadal growth rate
was lower than that of the state in nine districts. The sex ratio was the highest (947) in Baramula
district, followed by 945 in Pulwama district and the lowest (823) in Leh district, while it was 892
in the state.
The male literacy rate was the highest (84.4 percent) in Jammu district, followed by 82.6
percent in Baramula district and the lowest (53.5 percent) in Badgam district, while it was 68.6
percent in the state. Similarly, female literacy rate was the highest (68.5 percent) in Jammu
district, followed by 67.2 percent in Baramula district and the lowest (28.7 percent) in Kupwara
district, while it was 43 percent for the state. The sex differential in the literacy rate was the
highest (34 percent points) in Doda district, followed by 33 percent points in Kargil district and
the lowest (16 percent points) in Jammu district, while it was 26 percent points in the state.
9

CHAPTER II
BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLD
This chapter provides a socio-economic and demographic profile of households interviewed in
the District Level Household Survey-Reproductive and Child Health. Facilities and services such
as Health, Education and Communication available in the representative sampled village are also
presented here. The de facto procedure of enumeration is adopted in order to include every individual
staying in the sampled household the night before the survey. The objective of adopting the de
facto method is to avoid duplication of persons who are in transit.
2.1 Age –Sex Structure
Table 2.1 gives percent distribution of the household population by age and by residence and sex
in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percent distribution is based on sampled de facto population of
81,594 persons of whom 79 percent lived in the rural areas and 21 percent in urban areas of
Delhi. The NCT of Delhi depicts a young and growing population with 30 percent below the age
of 15 years (Figure 2.1). There are more children below 15 years recorded in rural areas (31
percent) compared to those in urban areas (27 percent).
Figure 2.1
Age-sex pyramid
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
Female
Male
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
The overall sex ratio of sample population was 110 males per 100 females as against 112
of 2001 census. The sex ratio of the rural sample population was 111 as against 109 of the census.
Similarly, sex ratio of sample urban population was 107 as against 122 of the census.

Table 2.1 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION BY AGE AND SEX
Percent distribution of the household population by age and by residence and sex, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Total Rural Urban
Age
Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
Less than 1
0.8
1-4
5.9
5-9
11.4
10-14
12.2
15-19
12.2
20-24
9.4
25-29
8.2
30-34
7.3
35-39
7.5
40-44
5.4
45-49
6.7
50-54
3.9
55-59
2.9
60-64
2.4
65-69
1.7
70-74
1.0
75-79
0.5
80+
0.5
Total percent 100.0
Number of
persons
81,594
Sex ratio 1 110
0.7
6.1
11.5
12.0
11.8
9.5
7.9
7.0
7.3
6.1
5.8
4.5
3.0
2.7
1.8
1.2
0.5
0.6
100.0
42,777
NA
0.8
5.7
11.3
12.5
12.5
9.4
8.6
7.7
7.7
4.6
7.7
3.3
2.9
2.1
1.5
0.9
0.4
0.4
100.0
38,818
NA
0.7
6.0
11.9
12.6
12.3
9.4
8.1
7.4
7.4
5.4
6.4
3.7
2.8
2.3
1.6
1.0
0.4
0.4
100.0
62,681
111
0.7
6.1
12.0
12.2
12.1
9.5
7.9
7.0
7.2
6.1
5.6
4.3
2.8
2.6
1.8
1.2
0.5
0.6
100.0
33,001
NA
0.8
5.9
11.7
13.1
12.6
9.2
8.4
7.8
7.7
4.7
7.3
3.0
2.8
2.1
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.3
100.0
29,680
NA
0.8
5.7
9.8
11.0
11.6
9.6
8.6
7.3
7.7
5.3
7.6
4.8
3.3
2.7
1.9
1.2
0.7
0.6
100.0
18,914
107
0.8
6.0
9.6
11.3
11.1
9.2
7.9
7.2
7.8
6.1
6.4
5.2
3.6
3.0
2.1
1.2
0.7
0.6
100.0
9,776
NA
0.8
5.3
9.9
10.6
12.1
9.9
9.2
7.3
7.6
4.5
8.9
4.4
3.0
2.3
1.6
1.3
0.6
0.6
100.0
9,138
NA
Note: Table is based on the de facto population, i.e. persons who stayed in the household the night before the interview (including
both usual resident and visitors).
1
Male per 100 females. NA: Not applicable.
2.2 Household Characteristics
Table 2.2 gives percent distribution of the household head by selected background characteristics
of the household head and household size by residence in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage
of male household heads was 96 percent in the state – 97 percent in rural areas and 92 percent in
urban areas. Similarly, percentage of female household head was four percent in the state – three
percent in rural areas and eight percent in urban areas. Nearly three-fourth of the household head
were in the age group 30-59 years and one-fifth in the age group 60+ years, while five percent
household head were below 30 years. The median age of household heads was over 46 years in
the state - 46 years in rural areas and 48 years in urban areas. Majority of the household heads
were Muslim (64 percent) and 32 percent were Hindu, while the remaining four percent belongs
to other religions. Hindus constitute a higher proportion of population in urban areas (53 percent)
while Muslim constitute a higher proportion of population in rural areas (71 percent). Majority of
the household heads were from other castes (58 percent), 18 percent from OBC, 12 percent scheduled
tribe and 10 percent scheduled caste, while caste of over two percent household heads was not known.
One-member households were less than one percent, while two-members households were
three percent. Similarly, 3-5 members households were over 53 percent and 6-8 member households
were over 36 percent. In other words, 11 percent of the households consisted of 1-3 usual members.
12

Table 2.2 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
Percent distribution of the household head by selected characteristics of the household head and household size, according to
residence, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Characteristic
Sex of the household head
Male
Female
Age of the household head
< 30
30-44
45-59
60+
Median age of the household head
Religion of the household head
Hindu
Muslim
Christian
Sikh
Buddhist
Missing
Caste/tribe of the household head
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other #
Don’t know
Missing
Total
95.8
4.2
5.2
38.8
35.6
20.4
46.5
32.3
63.6
0.3
2.4
1.2
0.1
10.3
12.0
17.6
57.7
2.2
0.2
Rural
97.1
2.9
5.6
40.3
34.6
19.5
46.0
25.5
71.5
0.2
1.5
1.1
0.2
9.9
14.0
20.0
52.9
2.9
0.2
Residence
Urban
92.1
7.9
4.1
34.5
38.3
23.1
48.1
52.9
40.0
0.5
5.1
1.4
0.1
11.3
5.9
10.6
72.2
0.0
0.1
Number of usual members
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9+
Mean household size
Total percent
Number of households
0.5
3.2
7.5
19.6
26.3
18.9
11.3
6.3
6.4
5.4
100.0
15,088
Note: Table is based on the de jure population
# Higher caste (Not belonging to a scheduled caste, a scheduled tribe and an other backward class)
0.3
2.6
6.9
18.3
26.1
19.5
12.2
7.1
7.0
5.5
100.0
11,310
1.1
4.7
9.2
23.7
26.8
17.4
8.4
3.9
4.8
5.0
100.0
3,777
Further, 46 percent households consisted of 4-5 members and over 36 percent households consisted of
6-8 members. However, percentage of households consisting of 9+ usual members was over six
percent in the state – seven percent in rural areas and five percent in urban areas. .
2.3 Educational Level
Table 2.3 gives percent distribution of household population age 7 and above by literacy level and
years of schooling, according to age, sex and residence in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage
of non-literate population was 37 percent in the state- 47 percent females and 28 percent males. Over
one-fifth of the population aged 7-9 years was non-literate irrespective of sex in the state. The
proportion non-literate declines in the age group 10-14 years, which increases thereafter in each
successive age group. So much so, more than 60 percent of the female population aged 30+ years
13

Table 2.3 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION
Percent distribution of household population age 7 and above by literacy level and years of schooling, according to age,
residence and sex, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Age
7-9
10-14
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
Total
7-9
10-14
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
Total
7-9
10-14
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
Nonliterate
21.0
8.8
10.6
17.3
33.8
40.7
59.3
28.2
22.0
14.1
18.7
39.0
63.1
74.8
85.6
46.6
21.5
11.4
14.5
27.8
48.2
57.2
70.4
Literate but
no schooling
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
14.2
Years of schooling
1-5 6-8 9-10
TOTAL
Male
77.6 0.6 0.0
40.4 46.7 3.7
2.7 19.4 43.3
3.7 11.4 26.3
4.4 13.7 24.8
4.5 11.4 26.2
4.3 8.1 16.1
76.1
38.0
2.9
4.3
5.6
5.0
3.5
14.2
76.9
39.2
2.8
4.0
5.0
4.8
4.0
16.3
Female
0.7
43.8
17.4
10.5
8.3
6.1
3.6
13.6
Total
0.6
45.3
18.4
11.0
11.1
8.8
6.2
21.7
0.0
3.8
40.5
19.8
12.7
8.2
4.4
14.2
0.0
3.8
42.0
23.2
18.9
17.5
11.2
11 or
more
0.0
0.0
24.0
41.2
23.3
17.1
12.1
19.4
0.0
0.0
20.5
26.4
10.2
5.8
2.7
11.2
0.0
0.0
22.3
34.0
16.9
11.6
8.1
Missing
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of
persons
2,725
5,126
5,066
7,426
6,135
5,081
6,133
37,692
2,442
4,861
4,854
6,979
5,947
4,782
4,482
34,347
5,167
9,987
9,921
14,405
12,083
9,863
10,615
Total
37.0
0.1
14.2
15.0
18.1
15.5
0.1
100.0
72,040
Note: The table is based on de jure population
Contd.
was non-literate in the state. The percentage of non-literate population aged 50+ years was 70
percent in the state - 86 percent females and 59 percent males. Further, 14 percent of the
population aged 7 + years had 1-5 years of schooling in the state irrespective of sex. Over 16
percent of males as against about 14 percent of females had 6-8 years schooling, while it was 15
percent for the state. Similarly, 22 percent of males as against 14 percent of females had 9-10
years of schooling, while it was 18 percent for the state. The percentage of population aged 7+
years who had studied for 11 or more years was over 15 percent in the state – 11 percent females
and 19 percent males. Figure 2.2 shows percentage literate by age and sex.
More than three-fourth of males as well females aged 7-9 years had 1-5 years of schooling.
Over four-tenth of males as against 38 percent of females aged 10-14 years have had 1-5 years of
schooling. The sex differential in educational attainment starts after primary (1-5 years) education,
when males are having edge over females in higher education of 6-8 years, 9-10 years and 11 or more
years. However, only less than one percent of the total population are found literate without any
formal schooling in the state irrespective of sex.
An examination of the educational attainment by place of residence has revealed that the
rural-urban differential was quite pronounced. Forty-one percent of the total population in rural
14

Figure 2.2
Percentage Literate by Age and Sex
100
80
Percent
60
40
20
0
7-9 10-14 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50+
Age
Male
Female
Table 2.3 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION
Percent distribution of household population age 7 and above by literacy level and years of schooling, according to age ,
residence and sex, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Age
7-9
10-14
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
Nonliterate
23.5
10.3
12.2
19.7
38.0
46.1
69.2
Literate
but no
schooling
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Years of schooling
1-5 6-8 9-10
RURAL
Male
75.0 0.5 0.0
39.9 45.4 4.0
3.1 20.9 42.4
4.2 12.6 26.2
4.7 13.8 24.5
4.7 12.0 25.2
3.9 6.7 13.2
11 or
more
0.0
0.0
21.3
37.4
19.0
12.0
7.0
Missing
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of
persons
2,179
4,017
3,979
5,747
4,670
3,853
4,530
Total
31.8
0.1
14.4
16.6
20.9
16.1
0.1
100.0
28,975
7-9
10-14
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
24.7
16.5
21.7
45.9
70.6
84.4
94.5
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
73.4
37.5
3.1
4.5
5.6
4.2
2.4
0.9
42.5
18.5
10.9
7.9
4.7
1.4
Female
0.0
3.2
39.9
18.8
9.7
4.9
1.3
0.0
0.0
16.7
19.9
6.1
1.7
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,936
3,895
3,752
5,229
4,585
3,558
3,212
Total
52.0
0.1
14.2
13.4
12.5
7.7
0.1
100.0
26,166
7-9
10-14
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
24.1
13.4
16.8
32.2
54.1
64.5
79.7
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
74.2
38.7
3.1
4.3
5.2
4.4
3.3
0.7
44.0
19.8
11.8
10.9
8.5
4.5
Total
0.0
3.6
41.2
22.7
17.2
15.5
8.3
0.0
0.0
19.1
29.1
12.6
7.0
4.2
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4,115
7,912
7,731
10,976
9,256
7,410
7,742
Total
41.4
0.1
14.3
15.1
16.9
12.1
0.1
100.0
55,141
Contd.
areas as against over 22 percent in urban areas was non-literate. Again, 17 percent of the population
in rural areas as against 22 percent of the population in urban areas had 9-10 years of schooling.
15

Table 2.3 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION
Percent distribution of household population age 7 and above by literacy level and years of schooling, according to age ,
residence and sex, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Age
7-9
10-14
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
Nonliterate
10.9
3.2
4.4
9.3
20.4
23.8
31.6
Literate
but no
schooling
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Years of schooling
1-5 6-8 9-10
URBAN
Male
88.1 0.8 0.0
42.2 51.4 2.8
1.4 13.8 46.6
2.2 7.6 26.7
3.3 13.5 25.7
4.1 9.5 29.3
5.4 12.0 24.2
11 or
more
0.0
0.0
33.9
54.2
37.1
33.4
26.6
Missing
0.1
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
Total
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of
persons
546
1,109
1,088
1,679
1,465
1,228
1,603
Total
16.0
0.0
13.6
15.6
24.2
30.5
0.1
100.0
8,717
7-9
10-14
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
11.7
4.5
8.4
18.3
38.0
46.8
63.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.4
86.6
40.0
2.0
3.6
5.3
7.6
6.3
0.0
48.9
13.6
9.3
9.6
10.2
9.3
Female
0.0
6.3
42.6
22.6
23.0
17.8
12.4
0.0
0.0
33.4
46.0
24.1
17.7
8.6
0.6
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
506
966
1,102
1,750
1,362
1,224
1,270
Total
29.4
0.2
14.1
14.2
19.7
22.3
0.1
100.0
8,181
7-9
10-14
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
11.3
3.8
6.4
13.9
28.9
35.2
45.5
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
87.4
41.2
1.7
3.0
4.2
5.8
5.8
0.4
50.2
13.7
8.4
11.6
9.8
10.8
Total
0.0
4.4
44.6
24.6
24.4
23.6
19.0
0.0
0.0
33.6
50.0
30.8
25.5
18.7
0.3
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,052
2,075
2,190
3,429
2,827
2,452
2,873
Total
22.5
0.1
13.9
14.9
22.0
26.5
0.1
100.0
16,898
Similarly, 12 percent of the population in rural areas as against over 26 percent in urban areas
had 11 or more years of schooling. On the other hand, there was no rural-urban differential for
the educational level 1-5 years and 6-8 years.
Further, percentage of non-literate males was 32 percent in rural areas as against 16
percent in urban areas. Similarly, percentage of non-literate females was 52 percent in rural areas
as against 29 in urban areas. Again, percentage of males who had studied for 9-10 years was 21
percent in rural areas as against 24 percent in urban areas. Similarly, percentage of females who
had studied for 9-10 years was over 12 percent in rural areas as against 20 percent in urban areas.
The percentage of males who had studied for 11 or more years was 16 percent in rural areas as
against over 30 percent in urban areas. Similarly, percentage of females who had studied for 11 or
more years was eight percent in rural areas as against 22 percent in urban areas. The rural-urban
differential was 14 percentage points both for females and males.
2.4 Marital Status of the Household Population
Table 2.4 gives percent distribution of household population aged 10 years and above by
16

Table 2.4 MARITAL STATUS OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION
Percent distribution of the household population aged 10 years and above by marital status, according to age and sex, Jammu & Kashmir,
2002-04
Marital status
Age
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-44
45-59
60+
Never
Married
97.3
96.9
91.4
58.5
7.2
0.8
0.6
Currently
married
2.1
2.3
7.6
40.8
91.7
94.4
81.8
Married, gaunna
not performed
Male
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.3
1.0
2.3
Widowed/ divorced/
Separated
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.7
3.7
15.2
Total Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of persons
5,126
5,066
4,051
3,375
8,753
5,668
2,927
Total
46.5
50.6
0.8
2.1
100.0
34,967
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-44
45-59
60+
97.5
97.1
73.1
22.0
1.6
0.5
1.1
1.7
2.3
26.4
77.1
96.7
91.6
58.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.1
2.2
Female
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.5
1.2
6.9
38.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4,861
4,854
3,642
3,337
7,743
5,390
2,079
Total
40.8
54.4
0.7
4.0
100.0
31,906
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-44
45-59
60+
97.4
97.0
82.7
40.4
4.6
0.7
0.9
1.9
2.3
16.5
58.8
94.1
93.0
72.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.1
2.3
Total
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.0
5.3
24.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
9,987
9,921
7,693
6,711
16,496
11,058
5,006
Total
43.8
52.4
0.8
3.0
100.0
66,873
Note: Table is based on de facto population
marital status, according to age and sex in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage of currently married
females was two percent in the age group 10-14 years, over two percent in the age group 15-19 years, 26
percent in the age group 20-24 years, followed by 77 percent in the age group 25-29 years and 97
percent in the age group 30-44 years. The proportion never married in the age group 30-44 years was
over seven percent for males and about two percent for females. The proportion of divorced, separated
or widowed was negligible and limited for both the sexes until below 60 years of age. The proportion of
divorced, separated or widowed in the age group 60 years or above was over 38 percent for females and
15 percent for males. Among the de facto population aged 10 years and above, 51 percent of males and
54 percent of females were currently married.
2.5 Marriage
Marriage in the household is an important event that reflects the socio-cultural practices of the
communities surveyed in DLHS. This section outlines the marriages ceremonies during the three
years period prior to the survey. Mean age at marriage by sex and percentage of total marriages
which are below legal age at marriage, 21 years for boys and 18 years for girls by resident at the
state and at district levels are shown in Table 2.5. The mean age at marriage of boys was the highest
(27.6 years) in Leh district, followed by 27.5 years in Udhampur district and the lowest (22.3 years)
in Srinagar district. The mean age at marriage of boys was higher than that of the state (25.9 years) in
17

Table 2.5 MARRIAGE
Mean age at marriage and percentage of marriages below legal at marriage by sex and by districts, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Place of residence/
District
Mean age at marriage
Percentage of marriage below legal age at marriage
Boy Girl Boy (

Table 2.6 MORBIDITY RATES
Prevalence of blindness, tuberculosis, and malaria, according to place of residence, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Morbidity
Prevalence rate of blindness
Male
Partial
Complete
Night blindness
Total
854
299
131
Rural
983
347
132
Residence
Urban
410
140
130
Female
Partial
Complete
Night blindness
738
191
173
880
203
123
280
161
334
Persons
Partial
Complete
Night blindness
799
248
151
934
277
128
347
145
233
Prevalence rate of tuberculosis
Male
Female
Person
253
214
234
284
247
265
150
118
135
Prevalence rate of malaria 1
Male
Female
Person
95
123
108
111
134
122
40
87
63
Note: All the rates refer to de jure population. Prevalence rate per 100, 000 population
Reference period: - January 1 st , 1999 to survey date for phase-1, and January 1 st , 2001 to survey date for phase-2. 1 Last two
weeks prior to the survey
females, while it was 799 for the population. In other words, prevalence of partial blindness was
more among males than among females, and more in rural areas than in urban areas. Similarly,
prevalence rate of complete blindness was 277 in rural areas and 145 in urban areas, while it was
248 for the state. The prevalence rate of complete blindness was 299 for males and 191 for
females, while it was 248 for the population. The data have shown that prevalence of complete
blindness was more among males than among females, and more in rural areas than in urban
areas. The prevalence rate of night blindness due to vitamin-A deficiency was 128 in rural areas
and 233 in urban areas. The prevalence rate of night blindness due to vitamin-A deficiency was
131 among males and 173 among females, while it was 151 for the population. The prevalence
of night blindness due to vitamin-A deficiency was more among females than among males.
Tuberculosis
The prevalence rate of tuberculosis was 265 in rural areas and 135 in urban areas, while it was
234 for the state. Again, prevalence rate of tuberculosis was 253 for males and 214 for females,
while it was 234 for the population. These data have shown that prevalence of tuberculosis was
higher among males than among females, and higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
Malaria
In the DLHS-RCH, household respondents were asked to state whether any member of their household
suffered from malaria (characterized by recurrent fever with shivering) any time during the
two weeks prior to survey. The prevalence rate of malaria was 122 in rural areas and 63 in urban
19

areas, while it was 108 for the state. Again, prevalence rate of malaria was 95 for males and 123
for females, while it was 108 for the population. In other words, prevalence of malaria was higher in
rural areas than urban areas, and higher among females than among males.
2.7 Morbidity Rates by Districts
Table 2.7 gives prevalence rate of blindness, tuberculosis and malaria by district in Jammu & Kashmir
State. The prevalence rate of partial blindness was the highest (2275) in Srinagar district, followed by
1773 in Pulwama district and the lowest (zero) in Baramula district, while it was 799 for the state.
The prevalence rate of complete blindness was the highest (871) in Kathua district, followed by
619 in Jammu district and the lowest (11) in Baramula district. The prevalence rate of complete
blindness was lower than that of the state (248) in Anantnag, Badgam, Baramula, Doda, Kargi,
Kupwara, Leh, Pulwama, Poonch, Rajouri and Udhampur districts, while in the remaining three
districts it was higher than that of the state.
Table 2.7 MORBIDITY RATES BY DISTRICTS
Prevalence of blindness, tuberculosis, and malaria, by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Prevalence 1 of morbidity
Partial blindness Complete blindness Tuberculosis Malaria 2
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
678
942
0
26
161
73
59
11
15
619
82
104
0
27
96
198
20
0
14
139
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
337
249
1,664
217
1,773
246
871
43
214
34
273
401
869
60
845
209
376
19
136
11
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
18
373
2,275
390
34
80
269
190
18
25
213
129
18
160
130
25
Jammu & Kashmir
799
Note: All the rates refer to de jure population. 1 Prevalence rate per 100, 000 population
Reference period: - January 1 st , 1999 to survey date for phase-1, and January 1 st , 2001 to survey date for phase-2. 2 Last two
weeks prior to the survey
Further, prevalence rate of tuberculosis was the highest (869) in Kupwara district, followed
by 845 in Pulwama district and the lowest (zero) in Baramula district. The prevalence rate of
tuberculosis was higher than that of the state (234) in Kargil, Kathua, Kupwara and Pulwama districts,
while in the remaining 10 districts it was lower than that of the state. The prevalence rate of malaria
was the highest (376) in Kathua district, followed by 209 in Kargil district and the lowest (zero)
in Baramula district, while it 108 for the state.
2.8 Housing Characteristics
Table 2.8 gives percent distribution of the household by housing characteristics and percentage
of households owning selected durable goods by residence in Jammu & Kashmir State. Eighty
percent of the households were having electricity connection in the state – 76 percent in rural areas
248
234
108
20

and 94 percent in urban areas. In other words, about one-fourth of the households were not having
any electricity connection in rural areas of the state.
The percentage of household having tap inside the house as source of drinking water was
38 percent in the state – 29 percent in rural areas and 67 percent in urban areas. Similarly, 34
percent of the households in rural areas as against 18 percent in urban areas were getting drinking
water through public tap, while it was 30 percent in the state. Thus, over 68 percent of the
households were having tap as source of drinking water in the state – 63 percent in rural areas
and 84 percent in urban areas. The other sources of safe drinking water were ‘hand pump/bore
well’ (12 percent) and ‘well covered’ (two percent). Thus, 82 percent of the households were
getting safe drinking water to drink in the state – 77 percent in rural areas and 97 percent in urban
areas. That is, about one-fourth of the households were not getting potable water for drinking in rural
areas of the state.
The percentage of the households having own flush toilets was 30 percent in the state –
19 percent in rural areas and 63 percent in urban areas. Similarly, household having own pit
toilet/latrine was 37 percent in the state- 41 percent in rural areas and over 23 percent in urban
areas. Further, percentage of households using shared toilet of any type was 11 percent and two
percent were using public/community toilets. The percentage of households having no toilet
facility was 21 percent in the state – 26 percent in rural areas and seven percent in urban areas.
DLHS-RCH has also collected data on type of fuel used in the households for cooking.
Thirty-eight percent of the households were using liquid petroleum/gas or electricity for cooking
in the state – 27 percent in rural areas and 68 percent in urban areas. Only 12 percent of the
households were using kerosene for cooking food. Again, over 42 percent of the households
were using wood in the state - 49 percent in rural areas and 22 percent in urban areas. Nine percent
of the households in rural areas as against three percent households in urban areas were using
other types of fuel for cooking, while it was over seven percent for the state.
There is considerable variation in the quality of housing. On the basis of building material,
type of floor, walls and roof, households are categorised into kachcha, semi-pucca and pucca.
Sixteen percent of the households were living in kachcha houses, 51 percent in semi pucca
houses and 33 percent in pucca houses. Sixty-one percent of the urban households live in pucca
houses, while 57 percent of rural households live in semi-pucca houses.
The possession of consumer durable goods is an indication of a household’s socioeconomic
status. Table 2.8 shows that majority of the households in the state owned fan (60
percent), radio/transistor (80 percent) and television (62 percent). Other durable goods owned by
the household were telephone (14 percent), sewing machine (35 percent), bicycle (15 percent) and
motorcycle/scooter (11 percent). Over three percent of the households owned Car/jeep, while over
one percent households owned tractor. Ownership of most of the consumer durable items is more
among the urban households than among the rural households.
Considering household amenities, such as, source of drinking water, type of house,
source of lighting, fuel for cooking, toilet facility and ownership of durable goods a composite
measure, standard of living index (SLI) is made for classification of households. The standard of
living index is calculated as by adding the following scores;
21

Table 2.8 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
Percent distribution of the household by housing characteristics and percentage of households owing selected durable goods,
according to residence, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Housing characteristic
Total
Rural
Residence
Urban
Electricity
Yes
No
80.4
19.4
75.9
23.9
94.0
5.9
Source of drinking water
Tap inside
Tap shared public
Hand pump/ bore well
Well covered
Well uncovered
River
Pond
Spring
Other
38.4
30.1
11.7
2.1
3.6
3.7
1.7
8.4
0.1
28.9
34.2
11.5
2.6
4.7
4.8
2.1
10.7
0.2
66.7
17.7
12.1
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.5
1.4
0.0
Sanitation facility
Own flush toilet
Own pit toilet / latrine
Shared toilet of any type
Public / community toilet
No toilet facility
29.7
36.6
10.6
1.7
21.1
18.7
41.0
12.7
1.7
25.7
62.7
23.5
4.5
1.8
7.3
Main type of fuel used for cooking
Liquid petroleum gas/ electricity
Kerosene
Wood
Other
37.6
12.2
42.5
7.5
27.3
14.1
49.3
9.1
68.4
6.5
22.3
2.7
Type of house
Kachcha
Semi - pucca
Pucca
16.0
50.6
33.2
18.8
57.2
23.7
7.8
30.8
61.4
Household assets
Fan
Radio/transistor
Sewing machine
Television
Telephone
Bicycle
Motor cycle/ scooter
Car / Jeep
Tractor
60.5
79.7
34.7
62.3
13.7
14.9
10.6
3.3
1.4
52.5
79.1
28.1
54.7
7.5
14.2
6.4
2.3
1.2
84.5
81.6
54.8
85.3
32.5
16.8
23.0
6.3
2.1
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
20.6
51.7
27.7
26.3
56.4
17.3
3.5
37.7
58.8
Number of households
15,088
11,310
3,777
Source of drinking water: 3 for Tap (own), 2 for Tap (shared), 1 for hand pump and well, and 0
for other;
Type of house: 4 for pucca, 2 for semi-pucca, and 0 for kachcha;
Source of lighting: 2 for electricity, 1 for kerosene, and 0 for other;
Fuel for cooking: 2 for LPG gas/electricity, 1 for kerosene and 0 for other;
Toilet facility: 4 for own flush toilet, 2 for own pit toilet, 2 for shared toilet and 0 for no toilet;
22

Ownership for items: 4 each for car and tractor, 3 each for television, telephone and
motorcycle/scooter, and 2 each for fan, radio/transistor, sewing machine and bicycle.
The total of the scores may vary from the lowest of a 0 to maximum of 40. On the basis of total
score, households are divided into three categories as;
a) Low – if total score is less than or equal to 9,
b) Medium – if total score is greater than 9 but less than or equal to 19 and
c) High – if total score is greater than 19.
The percentage of households with low standard of living index was 21 percent, 52
percent households were with medium standard of living index and 28 percent of the households
were with high standard of living index. The percentage of households with high SLI was 59
percent in urban areas, while percentage of households with medium SLI 56 percent in rural
areas.
2.9 Housing Characteristics by Districts
Table 2.9 gives selected housing characteristics by district in Jammu & Kashmir State. The
percentage of household with electricity was the highest (99.9 percent) in Baramula district,
followed by over 97 percent in Jammu district and the lowest (10 percent) in Poonch district,
while it was 80 percent for the state.
The percentage of household with drinking water facility was the highest (100 percent) in
Baramula district, followed by 98 percent in Jammu district and the lowest (18 percent) in
Poonch district, while it was 82 percent for the state. The percentage of households with toilet
facility was the highest (100 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 99.8 percent in Leh
district and the lowest (18 percent) in Kathua district, while it was 79 percent for the state.
Table 2.9 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS BY DISTRICT
Selected housing characteristics by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Districts
With
electricity
With
drinking
water 1
Percentage of households:
With toilet
facility
Using Liquid
petroleum
gas/
electricity
Living in
pucca
house
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
57.7
91.5
99.9
19.5
97.4
78.4
89.4
100.0
78.0
98.0
87.9
99.0
100.0
98.2
66.1
27.5
34.1
8.8
22.9
73.0
20.6
24.1
7.3
10.2
72.0
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
73.9
96.6
95.1
96.7
95.9
61.9
82.3
87.3
64.4
91.5
98.7
18.3
90.6
99.8
93.2
21.7
23.8
22.4
93.2
20.3
7.3
56.2
19.0
11.7
16.7
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
10.1
49.4
89.8
91.5
18.2
57.6
85.7
59.8
81.9
52.0
86.4
39.1
6.4
31.8
64.6
36.2
31.5
24.0
34.1
33.6
Jammu & Kashmir
80.4
82.3
78.7
37.6
33.2
1
That is piped or from a hand pump/bore well/ covered well
23

The percentage of households using liquid petroleum gas/electricity for cooking was the
highest (93 percent) in Leh district, followed by 73 percent in Jammu district and the lowest (six
percent) in Poonch district, while it was 38 percent for the state. The percentage of households
living in pucca houses was the highest (72 percent) in Jammu district, followed by 56 percent in
Kathua district and the lowest (seven percent) in Baramula and Kargil districts, while it was 33
percent for the state.
2.10 Iodization of Salt
Consumption of salt fortified with iodine is recommended to avoid miscarriages, brain disorders,
cretinism and retarded psychomotor development. As per the Prevention of Food Adulteration
Act, 1988, the minimum iodine content of edible salt is 30 parts per million (PPM) at the
manufacturing level.
In the DLHS-RCH survey, each interviewer was provided with a test kit to measure the
level of iodine content of salt consumed by the surveyed households. The test results (Table 2.10)
are classified by degree of ionization of salt and categorised by selected background
characteristics. It is observed that only 45 percent of households used salt that contained a minimum
Table 2.10 IODIZATION OF SALT
Percent distribution of household heads by degree of Iodization of salt, according to selected background characteristics,
Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Not
Total
Iodised 7ppm 15+ppm Other 1 percent
Number of
households
Place of Residence
Rural
Urban
8.1
1.1
53.3
31.9
37.9
66.5
0.8
0.5
100.0
100.0
11,310
3,777
Education of the household heads
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 and above
9.6
5.0
2.1
49.8
47.2
45.5
40.0
46.9
51.7
0.6
0.9
0.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
7,363
3,031
4,690
Religion of household head
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
0.7
9.5
0.7
0.0
0.0
46.0
50.3
35.4
2.5
50.7
51.4
40.1
63.3
97.5
47.5
1.9
0.1
0.6
0.0
1.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4,879
9,601
365
177
66
Caste/tribe of the household head#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
2.2
0.3
7.8
8.0
51.0
78.7
58.2
36.2
44.5
21.0
33.7
55.1
2.2
0.0
0.4
0.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,551
1,808
2,657
8,710
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
11.4
7.2
0.9
67.1
44.4
40.5
20.7
47.7
57.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
3,103
7,805
4,180
Total
6.3
47.9
45.0
0.7
100.0
15,088
Note: Table includes 2 household heads with missing information on education and 22 on religion who are not shown separately.
@ Literate persons with no years of schooling are also included. # Total number of cases may not add upto N due to do not know
and missing cases. 1 Includes salt not at home, salt not tested, refused and missing cases.
Ppm: Parts per million.
24

ecommended 15 ppm or higher level of iodine content and over six percent of households used
salt that is not iodized at all, while 48 percent used salt, which was inadequately iodized.
The percentage of households using non-iodized salt was over six percent in the state –
eight percent in rural areas and over one percent in urban areas. The percentage of households
using non-iodized salt was the highest (10 percent) for non-literate household heads and the
lowest (two percent) for household heads who had studied for 10 years and above, while it was
five percent for household heads who had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly, percentage of
households using non-iodized salt was the highest (over 11 percent) for households with low SLI
and the lowest (one percent) for households with high SLI, while it was seven percent for
households with medium SLI. More of Muslim (over nine percent) than Hindu (one percent)
households were using non-iodized salt. Again, more of OBC and other caste (eight percent each)
households were using non-iodized salt than SC/ST (around two percent) households.
Over 53 percent of the households in rural areas and 32 percent of the households in
urban areas were using inadequately iodised salt, while it was 48 percent for the state. The
percentage of households using inadequately iodized salt was over 50 percent for Muslims households
and those belonging to other religions, 46 percent for Hindus and 35 percent for Sikh
households, while it was over two percent for Buddhist households. The percentage of households
using inadequately iodized salt was the highest (79 percent) for scheduled tribe households,
followed by 58 percent for OBC households and the lowest (36 percent) for other caste
households. Further, percentage of the households using inadequately iodized salt was the
highest (50 percent) for non-literate household heads and the lowest (45 percent) for household
heads who had studied for 10 years and above, while it was 47 percent for household heads who
had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly, percentage of the households using inadequately iodized salt
was the highest (67 percent) for households with low SLI and the lowest (40 percent) for
households with high SLI, while it was 44 percent for households with medium SLI.
Over 66 percent of the households in urban areas as against 38 percent in rural areas were
using cooking salt with 15 ppm or higher iodine contents, while it was 45 percent for the state. The
percentage of households using cooking salt with 15 ppm or higher iodine contents was the highest
(97 percent) for Buddhist households, followed by 63 percent for Sikh households and the lowest
(40 percent) for Muslim households, while it was 51 percent for Hindu households. The percentage
of households using cooking salt with 15 ppm or higher iodine contents was the highest (55 percent)
for other castes households, followed by 44 percent for scheduled caste households and the lowest
(21 percent) for scheduled tribe households, while it was 34 percent for OBC households.
The percentage of households using cooking salt with 15 ppm or higher iodine contents
was the highest (52 percent) for household heads who had studied for 10 years and above and the
lowest (40 percent) for non-literate household heads, while it was 47 percent for household heads
who had studied for 0-9 years. The percentage of households using cooking salt with 15 ppm or
higher iodine contents was the highest (58 percent) for household with high SLI and the lowest (21
percent) for households with low SLI, while it was 48 percent for households with medium SLI
2.11 Iodization of Salt by District
Table 2.11 gives percent distribution of household heads by degree of iodization of salt by district
25

Table 2.11 IDOIZATION OF SALT BY DISTRICT
Percent distribution of household heads by degree of idoization of salt by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
District Not idoized 7ppm 15+ppm Other 1
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
11.8
12.3
6.3
0.0
1.1
51.4
27.1
10.0
100.0
26.4
36.8
60.3
83.7
0.0
71.2
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
1.3
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
1.7
1.1
21.3
0.0
20.1
20.5
49.3
19.4
0.7
19.6
77.4
41.8
59.2
99.3
60.1
0.4
7.8
0.2
0.0
0.2
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
96.1
97.7
94.3
74.6
3.9
1.5
5.6
25.4
0.0
0.9
0.1
0.0
Jammu & Kashmir
6.3
47.9
45.0
0.7
Note: Ppm: Parts per million. 1 Includes salt not at home, salt not tested, refused and missing cases
in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage of households using non-iodized salt was the highest
(21 percent) in Kupwara district, followed by 20 percent in Pulwama district and the lowest (zero
percent) in Doda, Leh, Poonch. Rajouri, Srinagar and Udhampur districts, while it was over six
percent for the state. The percentage of households using inadequately iodized salt was the
highest (100 percent) in Doda district, followed by 98 percent in Rajouri district and the lowest
(one percent) in Leh district, while it was 48 percent for the state. Further, percentage of the
households using iodized salt with 15 ppm or higher iodine contents was the highest (99 percent)
in Leh district, followed by 84 percent in Baramula district and the lowest (zero percent) in Doda
district, while it was 45 percent for the state (see Map-2).
2.12 Availability of Facility and Services to the Rural Population
The DLHS-RCH collected information about surveyed village from knowledgeable persons such
as, the ‘Sarpanch’ or ‘Pradhan’, (village head) or other village officials or other persons including
‘teacher’ in the villages on health and educational facilities and other services available in the village.
One important aspect was to know the distance of the village, if facility is not available within
the village, covering various types of education facilities, including primary school, middle school,
secondary school, higher secondary school, college, Gurujee scheme and ‘Madarsa’. Similarly
information on the distance of the village, if health facility not available within the village, covering
various types of health facility, including sub-centres, primary health centres (PHCs), community
health centres/ Rural Hospitals (CHCs/RHs), Government dispensary, hospital, private clinic or
hospitals and health facilities of Indian System of Medicine (ISM).
Table 2.12 gives percent distribution of household population by distance from the
nearest education facility in Jammu & Kashmir State. The data shows that 90 percent of the
primary schools were situated within the village and 10 percent outside the village. Sixty-six
percent of the middle schools were situated within the village and 23 percent outside the village
but within five kms. of the village and the remaining beyond five kms. from the village. Twenty-eight
percent of the secondary schools were situated within the village, 40 percent outside the village
26

Table 2.12 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST EDUCATION FACILITY
Percent distribution of rural household population by distance from the nearest education facility, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Distance from the village:
Education facility
Within
village
< 5 km 5-9 km 10+ km
Don’t know/
missing
Total
percent
Primary School
Middle School
Secondary School
Higher Secondary School
College
Gurujee Scheme
Madarsa
89.8
65.9
27.7
15.1
0.1
1.0
40.3
6.2
23.3
40.3
33.3
6.2
8.5
9.3
1.4
3.3
15.8
28.2
17.1
4.9
2.2
0.0
1.4
7.4
16.8
68.8
28.2
12.1
2.6
6.1
8.9
6.5
7.9
57.5
36.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Note: Table based on rural de jure population
but within five kms. of the village and 16 percent within 5-9 kms. of the village, while the remaining
schools were situated 10 or more kms. from the village. Only 15 percent of the higher secondary
schools were situated with the village, 33 percent outside the village but within five kms. of the
village, 28 percent within 5-9 kms. of the village the remaining higher secondary schools were
located 10 or more kms. of the village. Only over six percent of the colleges were located within
five kms. of the village and 17 percent within 5-9 kms. of the village, while 69 percent of the colleges
were locate 10 or more kms. of the village. Forty percent of the Madarassas were located within
the village and the remaining outside the village.
Table 2.13 gives percent distribution rural households population by distance from the
nearest health facility in the state. Forty-eight percent of Sub-centres were located within the
village and 24 percent outside the village but within five kms. of the village, while the remaining
Sub-centres were located beyond five kms. of the village. More than one-third (35 percent) of
the primary health centre were located within the village, 27 percent outside the village but within
five kms. of the village and 21 percent within 5-9 kms. of the village, while the remaining PHCs
were located 10 or more kms. of the village. More than one-half (58 percent) of the Sub- centre
or PHC were located within the village and 23 percent outside the village but within five kms. of
the village, while the remaining Sub-centres or PHC were locate beyond five kms. of the village.
Forty percent of the Community health centre/Referral hospitals were located within five kms. of
the village and the remaining beyond five kms. of the village. Fifty percent of the Government
Table 2.13 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAERST HEALTH FACILITY
Percent distribution of rural household population by distance from the nearest health facility, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Distance from the village:
Health facility
Within
village
< 5 km 5-9 km 10+ km
Rural household population
Don’t know/
missing
Total percent
Sub-centre
Primary health centre
Either sub-centre or PHC
Community health centre/
Referral hospital
Government dispensary
Government hospital
Private clinic
Private hospital
ISM health facility
48.1
35.4
58.2
14.3
48.6
6.2
29.4
15.0
3.3
24.1
27.4
22.7
25.9
28.5
18.4
17.9
5.0
9.6
14.9
20.7
12.1
20.4
9.7
24.1
12.6
15.8
20.1
8.2
10.8
3.3
25.9
6.7
44.0
27.8
44.5
32.7
4.7
5.7
3.8
13.6
6.5
7.2
12.3
19.7
34.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Note: Table based on rural de jure population
27

dispensaries were located within the village and over 28 percent outside the village but within
five kms. of the village, while the remaining dispensaries were located beyond five kms. from
the village. One-fourth of the Government hospitals were located within five kms. of the village
and the remaining beyond five kms. from the village. Twenty-nine percent of the private clinics
and 15 percent of the private hospitals were located within the village. Thirteen percent of the
ISM facilities were located within five kms. of the village and 33 percent were located 10 or more
kms, from the village.
Table 2.14 gives percentage of rural residents living in villages that have selected
services in Jammu & Kashmir State. Over 85 percent of the rural residents were living in villages
that have an anganwadi centres (a nursery school for children age 3-6 years) and 51 percent of
the rural residents living in villages having anganwadi workers (Anganwadi workers provide integrated
child development services) in the village.
Less than one-fourth (over 22 percent) of the rural residents live in villages that have a
private doctor, 13 percent live in villages with a visiting doctor, two percent with a homeopathy
doctor, 10 percent with a village health guide, 42 percent with a trained birth attendant and 12
percent with a traditional healer. More than one-half (55 percent) of the rural residents live in
villages that have a Dai (Dai provides the services for the delivery).
Table 2.14 AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES
Percentage of rural residents living in villages that have selected services, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Services
Percentage of rural Residents
Anganwadi centre
Anganwadi worker
Private doctor
Visiting doctor
Homeopathic doctor
Village health guide
Trained birth attendant
Traditional healer
Dai
84.5
50.6
22.5
13.0
2.0
9.8
42.0
12.0
55.0
Note: Table based on rural de jure population
2.13 Availability of Education Facility and Health Services by District
Table 2.15 gives selected facility and services of rural household population within village by district
in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage of the rural household population with primary or
middle school within the village was the highest (100 percent) in Badgam, Baramula, Kargil,
Kathua, Kupwara, Leh and Pulwama districts and the lowest (71 percent) in Doda district, while
it was 94 percent for the state. The percentage of rural household population having Sub-centre
within the village was the highest (100 percent) in Kargil district, followed by 95 percent in
Udhampur district and the lowest (16 percent) in Baramula district, while it was 48 percent for
the state. The percentage of rural household population having PHC within the village was the
highest (100 percent) in Leh district, followed by 74 percent in Kargil and Srinagar districs and
the lowest (six percent) in Baramula district, while it was 35 percent for the state. Further, percentage
of rural household population having any government health facility within the village was the
highest (100 percent) in Kargil, Leh and Udhampur districts, followed by 91 percent in Anantnag
district and the lowest (41 percent) in Rajouri district, while it was 75 percent for the state.
28

Table 2.15 AVAILABILITY OF FACILITY AND SERVICES BY DISTRICT
Selected facility and services of rural household population within village by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Districts
Primary or
middle school Sub-centre PHCs
Percentage of rural household population with:
Any government
Anganwadi
health facility 1 Doctor 2 TBA 3 worker
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
93.3
100.0
100.0
70.7
92.0
24.2
38.4
16.4
34.4
46.3
54.6
44.6
5.7
7.5
25.7
91.3
82.8
75.6
45.7
66.8
26.3
68.0
22.6
0.0
21.8
11.5
62.1
53.0
0.0
49.2
79.8
69.0
76.8
2.6
54.9
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
64.5
46.2
71.3
52.0
73.9
32.6
9.2
100.0
12.4
100.0
84.3
60.5
100.0
67.7
65.6
61.8
22.9
97.9
29.8
48.5
89.5
25.3
26.6
29.5
77.9
16.5
73.8
56.4
93.5
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
99.9
99.1
88.1
78.3
44.7
41.0
76.5
95.2
31.6
25.8
73.7
56.5
63.0
41.0
80.6
100.0
6.8
61.4
9.2
2.4
2.8
81.1
31.6
100.0
0.0
92.8
0.0
0.0
Jammu & Kashmir
93.6
48.1
35.4
74.9
27.3
42.0
50.6
1
Includes sub-center, primary health center, community health center or referral hospital, government hospital, and
government dispensary within the village 2 Either private or visiting doctor 3 Trained birth attendant
The percentage of the rural household population having been visited either by private or
by visiting doctors was the highest (98 percent) in Leh district, followed by 68 percent in Badgam
district and the lowest (zero percent) in Doda district, while it was 27 percent for the state. The
percentage of the rural household population having TBA within the village was the highest (100
percent) in Udhampur district, followed by 89 percent in Kathua district and the lowest (zero
percent) in Doda district, while it was 42 percent for the state. The percentage of the rural
household population having Anganwadi worker within the village was the highest (93 percent) in
Pulwama and Rajouri districts, followed by 80 percent in Anantnag district and the lowest (zero
percent) in Poonch. Srinagar and Udhampur districts, while it was 51 percent in the state.
29

Map – 1
Percent Girl Marrying Below Legal Age at Marriage
30

Map-2
Percentage of Households Using Salt that Contains 15ppm Level of Iodine
31

CHAPTER III
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN, HUSBANDS AND FERTILITY
The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme is targeted towards the underprivileged
section of the population, particularly, women and children. The utilization of RCH services provided
across the country depends to a large extent on the characteristics of women, their husbands and
episodes of pregnancies, miscarriages, abortions, number of children born to them and survival
status of children. Age of women, marital duration, educational attainment, social background and
living standard are important factors, which influence reproductive and child health. With this in
view, the DLHS-RCH data were collected on demographic characteristics, such as current age,
age at consummation of marriage and number of pregnancies, live births and surviving children
from eligible women respondents of selected representative households. Information regarding
household background characteristics was collected using a separate household questionnaire
that covered religion and caste of head of household, type of house, source of drinking water and
possession of consumer durables. Fertility preference of women in terms of timing and desire for
additional children in comparison to the number of living children provides information on the
need for reproductive and child health services.
This chapter provides a comprehensive outline of distribution of currently married women
by present age, age at consummation of marriage, duration of marriage, complete years of schooling,
pregnancy episodes, children ever born and children surviving, along with social and economic
characteristics of households the women represent.
3.1 Background Characteristics of Women
Table 3.1 gives percent distribution of currently married women aged 15-44 years by selected
background characteristics, according to residence in Jammu & Kashmir State. About 58 percent
of the currently married women were in the age group 20-34 years and a similar age distribution is
observed both for urban and rural areas. Forty-two percent women were aged 35 years and
above, while less than one percent women were aged below 20 years. Over 15 percent of women
consummated their marriage before reaching 18 years as against 85 percent of the women who
consummated their marriage at the age of 18 years and above in the state. Further, 12 percent of the
women in urban areas as against 16 percent of the women in rural areas started cohabiting before 18
years of age. Over 15 percent of the women were married for less than five years duration, 24
percent for each 5-9 years and 10-14 years, and 37 percent for 15 years or more of duration.
The distribution of the women by religion shows that 61 percent were Muslim as against
35 percent Hindu and three Sikh, while the remaining over one percent women were from other
religious groups. More of Hindu women are found in urban areas (57 percent) and more of Muslim
women in rural areas (69 percent). Over 41 percent of the women belong to scheduled castes (11
percent), scheduled tribes (13 percent) and other backward classes (17 percent) and 57 percent
women were from other castes, while about two percent of the women who said ‘don’t know’
were not sure about their caste. Sixty percent of women as against 34 percent of husbands were
non-literate in the state. Similarly, 22 percent of women as against 36 percent of husbands had
studied for 10 years and above in the state. These data have shown that there exists rural-urban
differential in female literacy and that husbands are educationally better placed than their wives.

Table 3.1 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN
Percent distribution of currently married women aged 15-44 by selected background characteristics, according to residence,
Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Total
Rural
Residence
Urban
Age group
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Age at consummation of marriage
Below 18 years
18 years & above
Marital duration
0-4
5-9
10-14
15+
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Christian
Sikh
Buddhist
Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other #
Don’t know
Education (Years of schooling)
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years & above
Missing
Husband’s education (Years of schooling)
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years & above
Don’t know
Missing
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
0.6
8.1
23.7
25.8
26.5
15.4
15.3
84.7
15.3
23.9
23.8
37.0
34.9
61.1
0.3
2.6
1.1
11.2
13.2
17.1
56.8
1.6
60.2
17.8
22.1
0.0
34.1
19.2
36.2
10.3
0.1
20.9
51.3
27.8
0.7
8.3
23.3
25.8
26.3
15.5
16.3
83.7
14.8
23.9
23.8
37.6
27.9
69.0
0.2
1.8
1.1
10.9
15.6
19.3
52.0
2.1
68.7
17.1
14.2
0.0
39.0
19.4
30.0
11.5
0.2
26.4
56.5
17.1
0.3
7.4
24.9
25.7
26.9
14.8
12.0
88.0
17.0
24.0
24.0
35.0
57.3
35.9
0.5
5.0
1.3
12.2
5.7
10.0
72.1
0.0
33.0
19.8
47.2
0.0
18.7
18.4
56.2
6.7
0.1
3.4
34.6
62.0
Number of women
10,308
7,851
2,457
# Not belonging to a scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and other backward class.
@ Literate persons with no year of schooling are included.
The distribution of according to their standard of living index (SLI) shows that 21 percent
women were with low SLI and 51 percent with medium SLI, while 28 percent women were with
high SLI. The percentage of women was the highest in urban areas with high SLI and with medium
SLI in rural areas.
3.2 Educational Level of Women
Table 3.2 gives percent distribution of currently married women aged 15-44 years by years of
schooling, according to selected background characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage
34

Table 3.2 LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN
Percent distribution of currently married women aged 15-44 by years of schooling, according to selected background
characteristics, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Years of schooling
Background
characteristic
Nonliterate
Literate
but no
schooling
1-5
years
6-8
years
9-10
years
11 or
more
years
Missing
Total
percent
Number
of women
Age group
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
56.4
47.9
52.3
57.8
67.8
69.9
1.6
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
11.4
8.5
4.6
6.0
5.2
7.4
10.8
13.3
10.9
9.1
7.3
6.1
15.6
20.6
17.1
14.2
10.5
8.3
4.2
9.3
15.1
12.8
9.2
8.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
63
834
2,444
2,657
2,727
1,583
Place of residence
Rural
Urban
68.7
33.0
0.1
0.1
5.8
6.2
8.4
10.5
10.7
22.5
6.2
27.8
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
7,851
2,457
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
32.0
77.9
15.5
70.2
(61.5)
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
(0.0)
11.1
2.9
7.7
0.7
(7.7)
15.3
5.0
18.5
2.5
(5.1)
21.5
8.2
29.4
15.2
(17.9)
19.9
5.7
28.9
11.0
(7.7)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
(0.0)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(100.0)
3,599
6,297
264
117
30
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
53.3
78.9
71.6
53.4
0.2
0.7
0.1
0.0
10.4
2.8
4.3
6.2
11.6
3.7
7.8
10.0
13.4
7.9
10.5
15.9
11.1
5.9
5.6
14.5
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,157
1,365
1,765
5,855
Husband’s education
Non-literate
1-5 years
6-8 years
9-10 years
11 or more years
96.1
60.7
48.9
40.1
19.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.2
25.7
18.7
7.0
1.4
1.0
6.1
20.3
19.6
5.7
1.1
6.1
9.0
27.6
26.8
0.4
1.1
2.9
5.7
47.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3,519
366
1,097
2,337
1,890
Total
60.2
0.1
5.9
8.9
13.5
11.3
0.0
100.0
10,308
# Total number may not add upto N due to don’t know and missing cases. Note 1: Table includes 1079 missing / do not know
cases on husband’s education who were not shown separately. Note 2: Total includes 22 women with husbands who are literate
but have no schooling were not shown separately.
of non-literate women was the highest (70 percent) in the age group 40-44 years, followed by 68
percent in the age group 35-39 years and the lowest (48 percent) in the age group 20-24 years,
while it was 60 percent in the state. One third of the women in urban areas as against 69 percent
in rural areas were non-literate – 36 percentage points rural-urban differential. The percentage of
non-literate women was the highest (78 percent) for Muslims, followed by 70 percent for Buddhist
and the lowest (15 percent) for Sikhs, while it was 32 percent for Hindus. Further, percentage of nonliterate
women was the highest (79 percent) for scheduled tribe women, followed by 72 percent
for OBC women and the lowest (53 percent) for scheduled caste and other castes women. Only
six percent women had 1-5 years of schooling, nine percent women had 6-8 years of schooling, over
13 percent women had 9-10 years of schooling, while 11 percent of women had schooling for 11 or
more years.
Further, 96 percent of the couples were non-literate and less than one percent of non-literate
men have married women who had schooling for 11 or more years. Similarly, 19 percent of the
men who had schooling for 11 or more years have married non-literate women. On the other hand,
35

47 percent of the couples had studied for 11 or more years. Similarly, 28 percent of the couples had
studied for 9-10 years. However, one-fifth of the couples had studied for 6-8 years and 26
percent of the couples had studied for 1-5 years.
3.3 Background Characteristics of Husbands of Eligible Women
Husbands of eligible women were also interviewed in DLHS-RCH. The response rate for husbands
is relatively low compared to that of eligible women. Table 3.3 gives percent distribution of husbands
of eligible women by selected background characteristics and by residence in Jammu & Kashmir
State. Eighty-six percent of the husbands were in the age group 25-44 years and 12 percent aged 45
years and above, while two percent were below 25 years. Sixty-two percent of the husbands were
Muslims, 33 percent Hindus and three percent Sikh, while about two percent were Christians and
Buddhist. Further, percentage of husbands was the highest (57 percent) for other castes, followed
Table 3.3 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF MEN
Percent distribution of husbands of eligible women by selected background characteristics, according to residence, Jammu &
Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Total
Rural
Residence
Urban
Age group
Below 25
25-34
35-44
45 +
1.8
34.7
51.3
12.2
1.9
35.1
50.9
12.1
1.5
33.2
52.7
12.6
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Christian
Sikh
Buddhist
33.2
62.2
0.3
2.9
1.4
25.9
70.1
0.2
2.4
1.3
56.2
36.8
0.5
4.6
1.9
Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other #
Don’t know
10.5
13.6
17.0
56.9
2.0
10.1
15.7
19.1
52.4
2.6
11.8
6.7
10.0
71.4
0.0
Education (Years of schooling)
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years & above
Missing
37.1
22.0
40.8
0.2
42.6
22.4
34.9
0.1
19.5
20.8
59.5
0.2
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
20.7
51.5
27.8
26.1
56.4
17.6
3.4
35.9
60.6
Number of living children
0
1
2
3
4+
8.2
15.3
28.5
27.0
21.0
8.1
15.1
26.5
27.2
23.2
8.7
16.1
35.0
26.2
13.9
Number of Men
10,239
7,801
2,438
# Not belonging to a scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and other backward class.
@ Literate persons with no year of schooling are included.
36

y 17 percent OBC and the lowest (10 percent) scheduled caste, while two percent of the
husbands who said don’t know were not sure about their caste. The percentage of husbands was
the highest (over 28 percent) for husbands with two living children, followed by 27 percent for
husbands with three living children and the lowest (15 percent) for husbands with one living
child, while husbands with no living children was eight percent.
The percentage of non-literate husbands was 37 percent as against 41 percent who had
studied for 10 years and above, while 22 percent of the husbands had studied for 0-9 years.
Similarly, 21 percent of the husbands were with low SLI as against 28 percent of the husbands with
high SLI, while over 51 percent of the husbands were with medium SLI. These data have shown that
the proportion of husbands who had studied for 10 years and above was highest (59 percent) in
urban areas and proportion of non-literate husbands was highest (43 percent) in rural areas. Similarly,
proportion of husbands with high SLI was the highest in urban areas and the proportion of husbands
with low and medium SLI was the highest in rural areas.
3.4 Educational Level of Husbands of Eligible Women
Table 3.4 gives percent distribution of husbands of eligible women by years of schooling and
selected background characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State. Forty-three percent of the husbands
in rural areas as against over 19 percent of the husbands in urban areas were non-literate, while it
was 37 percent in the state. The percentage of non-literate husband was 31 percent in the age
group below 25 years, 34 percent in the age group 25-34 years and around 39 percent in the age
Table 3.4 LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF MEN
Percent distribution of husbands of eligible women by years of schooling, according to selected background characteristics,
Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Background
characteristic
Nonliterate
Literate
but no
schooling
1-5
years
Years of schooling
6-8
years
9-10
years
11 or
more
years
Missing
Total
percent
Number of
men
Age group
Below 25
25-34
35-44
45 +
30.7
33.9
38.8
39.7
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.8
4.0
4.5
5.0
13.7
12.4
12.0
9.5
25.4
26.3
26.0
28.0
24.4
23.1
18.5
17.7
0.9
0.3
0.1
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
181
3,549
5,257
1,251
Place of residence
Rural
Urban
42.6
19.5
0.1
0.0
4.4
4.1
11.9
11.8
25.6
28.6
15.2
35.7
0.1
0.2
100.0
100.0
7,801
2,438
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
17.9
48.5
16.1
27.6
(39.5)
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
(0.0)
6.8
3.2
3.5
1.7
(2.6)
17.2
9.5
7.4
2.7
(7.9)
32.1
22.3
40.3
37.6
(34.2)
25.7
16.3
32.7
30.4
(15.8)
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
(0.0)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(100.0)
3,394
6,367
301
146
30
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
35.1
51.4
47.1
31.0
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.0
6.9
3.6
3.9
4.3
16.3
8.1
10.3
12.5
22.5
21.7
21.4
29.2
18.7
14.4
17.2
22.9
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,075
1,391
1,736
5,830
Total
37.1
0.1
4.4
11.9
26.3
20.1
0.2
100.0
10,239
# Total number may not add upto N due to don’t know and missing cases. ( ) Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
37

group 35 years and above. The percentage of non-literate husband was the highest (48 percent)
among Muslims, followed by 39 percent among other religious groups and the lowest (16 percent)
among Sikhs, while it was 28 percent for Buddhists. Again, percentage of non-literate husband was
the highest (51 percent) among scheduled caste, followed by 47 percent among OBC and the lowest
(31 percent) among other castes, while it was 35 percent among scheduled castes. Over four
percent of husbands had studied for 1-5 years, 12 percent for 6-8 years and 26 percent for 9-10
years, while 20 percent husbands had studied for 11 or more years of schooling.
The percentage of husband who had studied for 11 or more years was 20 percent in the state-
15 percent in rural areas and 36 percent in urban areas. The percentage of husband who had studied
for 11 or more years was around 23 percent among husbands aged upto 35 years and around 18 percent
among husbands aged 35 years and above. Again, percentage of husband who had studied for 11
or more years was the highest (33 percent) among Sikhs, followed by 30 percent among Buddhist
and the lowest (16 percent) among Muslims and others. The percentage of husband who had studied
for 11 or more years was the highest (23 percent) among other castes, followed by 19 percent
among scheduled caste and the lowest (14 percent) among scheduled tribe.
3.5 Children Ever Born and Surviving
Table 3.5 gives mean children ever born and children surviving by selected background
characteristics of currently married women age 15-44 years in Jammu & Kashmir State. On the
average a woman in the reproductive age group have given birth to 2.5 children – 1.3 male children
and 1.1 female children. The mean children ever born to women were 2.5 children in the state – 2.5
children in rural areas and 2.3 children in urban areas. Further, mean children ever born to women
in the age group 40-44 years was 3.4 in the state, which is close to her completed fertility. On the
average a woman gives birth to 3.4 children comprising of 1.9 male children and 1.5 female
children during her reproductive span of 15 years. Out of the 3.4 mean children ever born to women
in the age group 40-44 years an average of 3.3 children survived.
The data shows that mean children ever born increases with increase in the marital duration.
Mean children ever born was about one child for 0-4 years duration, 1.9 children for 5-9 years
duration and 2.8 children for 10-14 years duration, while it was 3.4 children for 15 or more years
of marital duration. The addition of 1.2 mean children ever born during the 5-9 years duration was
the maximum, which decreases subsequently in each marital duration group.
Mean children ever born to women was the highest (2.7 children) for Muslim women,
followed by 2.5 children for Buddhist women and the lowest (1.8 children) for Sikh women,
while it was 2.2 children for Hindu women. Mean surviving children remain unchanged. The
average children ever born were the highest (2.6 children) for OBC women, followed by 2.5
children for other caste women and the lowest (2.3 children) for scheduled caste and scheduled
tribe women. The mean children ever born was the highest (2.8 children) for non-literate women
and the lowest (1.8 children) for women who had studied for 10 years and above, while it was
2.2 children for women who had studied for 0-9 years. The mean children ever born were 2.6
children for women with low and medium SLI and 2.1 children for women with high SLI.
3.6 Completed Fertility by District
Table 3.6 gives mean children ever born and children surviving of currently married women
38

Table 3.5 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING
Mean children ever born (CEB) and children surviving (CS) by selected background characteristics of currently married women
aged 15-44 years, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Mean children ever born
Mean children surviving
Total Male Female Total Male Female
Number of
women
Age group (years)
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
0.1
0.9
1.7
2.5
3.2
3.4
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.4
1.7
1.9
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.5
1.5
0.1
0.9
1.7
2.5
3.1
3.3
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
1.9
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.5
63
834
2,444
2,657
2,727
1,583
Marital duration
0-4
5-9
10-14
15+
0.7
1.9
2.8
3.4
0.4
1.0
1.5
1.8
0.3
0.8
1.3
1.6
0.7
1.9
2.8
3.4
0.4
1.0
1.5
1.8
0.3
0.8
1.3
1.5
1,577
2,464
2,458
3,810
Residence
Rural
Urban
2.5
2.3
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.1
2.5
2.2
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.0
7,851
2,457
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
2.2
2.7
1.8
2.5
(3.0)
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.3
(1.9)
0.9
1.3
0.8
1.2
(1.1)
2.2
2.6
1.8
2.5
(2.9)
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.3
(1.8)
0.9
1.2
0.8
1.2
(1.0)
3,599
6,297
264
117
30
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1,157
1,365
1,765
5,855
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years & above
2.8
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.0
0.8
2.8
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.3
0.9
0.8
6,202
1,830
2,273
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
2.6
2.6
2.1
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.9
2.6
2.6
2.1
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.2
0.9
2,156
5,285
2,867
All women
2.5
1.3
1.1
2.5
1.3
1.1
10,308
Note: # Total number may not add upto N due to don’t know and missing cases. Table includes 2 women with missing
information on education who were not shown separately. @ Literate women with no year of schooling are included.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
aged 15-44 years by district in Jammu & Kashmir State. Mean children ever born was the highest
(4.4 children) in Baramula district, followed by 3.9 children in Kathua, Kupwara and Pulwama
districts and the lowest (2.7 children) in Doda and Leh districts. Further, mean children ever born
was equal to or higher than that of the state (3.4 children) in Anantnag, Kargil, Kathua, Kupwara,
Rajouri and Udhampur districts and in the remaining seven districts it was lower than that of the
state. In 10 out of 14 districts of the state mean children ever born were three or more children.
Again, mean children ever born and surviving is similar in 10 districts and in the remaining four
districts- Baramula, Kathua, Kupwara and Pulwama, difference is marginal, as the state average
also changed marginally.
39

Table 3.6 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING BY DISTRICT
Mean children ever born (CEB) and children surviving (CS) by district of currently married women aged 15-44, Jammu &
Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Mean children ever born
Mean children surviving
Total Male Female Total Male Female
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
3.7
2.8
4.4
2.7
2.8
1.8
1.8
2.2
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.0
2.2
0.9
1.2
3.7
2.8
4.3
2.7
2.8
1.8
1.8
2.1
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.0
2.2
0.9
1.2
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
3.8
3.9
3.9
2.7
3.9
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.2
2.0
3.8
3.5
3.8
2.7
3.7
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.2
1.9
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
3.1
3.6
3.0
3.4
1.9
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
3.1
3.6
3.0
3.4
1.9
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
Jammu & Kashmir
3.4
1.9
1.5
3.3
1.9
1.5
3.7 Birth Order
Table 3.7 gives percent distribution of births during three years preceding the survey by birth
order by selected background characteristics of women in Jammu & Kashmir State. This distribution
can be used as a measure of fertility in the absence of formal measures of fertility, such as, crude
birth rate and total fertility rate. The distribution of births by birth order shows that over 35 percent
births were first order birth, 32 percent births of second order birth, 18 percent births third order
birth and the remaining 14 percent births were fourth and higher order birth. In other words, onethird
of the births was third and higher order birth in the state
The percent of third and higher order birth was 32 percent in the state – 35 percent in
rural areas and 23 percent in urban areas. The percent of third and higher order birth was the
highest (79 percent) for women aged 35-39 years, followed by over 49 percent for women in the
age group 30-34 years and the lowest (five percent) in the age group 20-24 years, while it was 25
percent in the age group 25-29 years. The percent of third and higher order birth was 21 percent
for Hindu women as against 41 percent for Muslim women, while it was 13 percent for Sikh
women. The percent of third and higher order birth was the highest (45 percent) for OBC women,
followed by 37 percent for scheduled tribe women and the lowest (29 percent) for scheduled
caste and other caste women. Again, percentage of third and higher order birth was the highest
(45 percent) for non-literate women and the lowest (10 percent) for women who had studied for
10 years and above, while it was 29 percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years. The percent
of third and higher order birth was the highest (38 percent) for women with medium SLI and the
lowest (15 percent) for women with high SLI, while it was 37 percent for women with low SLI.
Figure 3.1 gives Birth order three and above by selected background characteristics.
3.8 Birth Order by District
Table 3.8 gives percent distribution of births during three years preceding the survey by birth order,
according to district in Jammu & Kashmir State. The third and higher order birth were the highest
40

Table 3.7 BIRTH ORDER
Percent distribution of births during three years preceding the survey by birth order by selected background characteristics,
Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Birth order
1 2 3 4+
Total
percent
Number of
births
Age of women
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
65.8
39.0
16.5
3.0
29.3
36.1
34.0
18.3
4.4
19.7
22.4
26.2
0.5
5.2
27.1
52.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
465
1,008
596
192
Place of residence
Rural
Urban
33.2
41.9
31.5
35.0
18.7
14.6
16.6
8.4
100.0
100.0
1,686
598
Education (Years of schooling)
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years & above
26.8
40.3
48.1
28.2
30.4
41.5
21.6
20.8
8.3
23.5
8.5
2.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,186
449
649
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
44.5
28.7
49.7
35.0
30.1
37.6
13.9
20.3
12.6
6.7
20.9
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
918
1,281
66
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
43.2
28.5
27.3
35.9
28.1
34.5
27.5
34.7
16.5
21.3
24.4
16.1
12.2
15.6
20.8
13.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
323
140
370
1,431
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
30.2
30.8
48.7
32.3
30.8
35.7
18.1
20.4
11.7
19.4
18.0
3.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
427
1,245
612
Total
35.5
32.4
17.7
14.4
100.0
2,285
Note: Total includes 1birth with missing information on mother’s education who were not shown separately. Total includes 6
children with mothers belonging to the age group 15-19, 18 with mothers belonging to the age group 40-44, 11 Buddhist and 10
in other religion who were not shown separately.
# Total number of births may not add upto N due to don’t know and missing cases.
(56 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 45 percent in Anantnag district and the lowest
(seven percent) in Poonch district. The percentage of third and higher order birth was higher than
that of the state (32 percent) in Anantnag, Baramula, Kargil, Kathua, Leh and Udhampur districts,
while in the remaining eight districts it was lower than that of the state. Figure 3.2 shows birth order
third and above by district.
3.9 Fertility Preference
Table 3.9 gives percent distribution of currently married women by desire for children, according
to number of living children in Jammu & Kashmir State. Out of the 864 women with no living child,
15 percent were currently pregnant and five percent were using spacing methods. Further, 25 percent
of the women wanted to have children within two years, over four percent women wanted to have
children after two years and 3 percent were undecided about the timing of birth, while 15 percent
of the women wanted to have no more children. The percentage of women who desired to have
additional children decreases with increase in the number of living children. It was the highest
41

Figure 3.1
Birth Order 3 & above by Selected Background Characteristic
Total
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-litertate
0-9years@
10 & above
Caste
Schedulde caste
Schedulde tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard
Low
Medium
High
10
16
23
29
29
29
32
35
37
38
38
45
45
0 10 20 Percent 30 40 50
@ Literate women with no years of schooling are also included
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Figure 3.2
Birth Order 3 & above by District
40+
29%
4 districts

Table 3. 8 BIRTH ORDER BY DISTRICT
Percent distribution of births during three years preceding the survey by birth order, according to district, Jammu & Kashmir,
2002-04
District
Birth order
1 2 3 4+
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
28.4
38.5
19.7
41.2
46.9
26.2
35.4
24.1
36.2
34.6
22.2
15.0
26.6
17.0
14.7
23.2
11.0
29.6
5.6
3.8
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
14.5
33.9
32.9
15.6
31.0
44.9
32.1
38.6
41.6
39.9
22.6
17.8
14.4
36.9
13.7
18.0
16.2
14.1
6.0
15.4
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
57.4
44.8
31.6
33.8
35.8
36.4
40.8
33.2
3.7
10.8
14.1
21.0
3.2
8.0
13.6
12.1
Jammu & Kashmir
35.5
32.4
17.7
14.4
matter’, that is, sex of the child is immaterial. However, 42 percent women said leave it to God.
The percentage of women who said ‘upto God’ increases with increase in parity of the women.
The preferred sex of the additional children was boy for 22 percent women as against only five
percent women desiring girl and over 16 percent women said ‘doesn’t matter’, while 51 percent of
the women said ‘upto God’. Figure 3.3 shows fertility preference of the women.
Figure 3.3
Fertility Preference
Wants no more
11%
Currently pregnant
4%
Other
21%
Currently users
27%
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Sterilized
27%
Wants another,
undecided when
2%
Wants another, after 2
years
2%
Wants another,
within 2 years
6%
3.10 Pregnancy Outcomes
Table 3.10 gives percent distribution of all pregnancies of currently married women aged 15-44
years by their outcomes three years preceding the survey by districts in Jammu & Kashmir State.
The percent of pregnancies that ended in live births was 98 percent, over one percent still birth,
less than one percent induced abortions and less than one percent spontaneous abortion. The
percentage of live birth was the highest (100 percent) in Baramula district and the lowest (78 percent)
43

Table 3.9 FERTILITY PREFERENCE
Percent distribution of currently married women by desire for children, according to number of living children, Jammu & Kashmir,
2002-04
Number of living children
Desire for children
Desire for additional child
Wants another soon 1
Wants another later 2
Want another, undecided when
Undecided
Up to God
Want no more
Sterilized
Currently users 3
Currently pregnant
Declared infecund
Missing
Total percent
25.1
4.5
2.7
4.6
16.6
14.6
2.0
5.4
15.1
5.3
4.0
100.0
0 1 2 3 4+
14.0
4.0
6.5
4.9
8.9
10.8
3.0
37.3
6.4
1.7
2.4
100.0
3.7
1.6
2.5
4.3
11.7
9.1
22.0
38.4
2.9
1.5
2.2
100.0
2.4
1.6
0.6
2.0
11.4
11.2
37.5
28.1
0.9
3.0
1.3
100.0
0.9
1.2
0.2
2.4
15.1
10.7
47.6
14.6
1.0
4.2
1.9
100.0
Total
6.2
2.2
2.1
3.4
12.3
10.7
26.9
27.7
3.5
2.8
2.1
100.0
Number of women
864
1,618
2,893
2,741
2,191
10,308
Preferred sex of additional children
Boy
Girl
Doesn’t matter
Upto God
Missing
23.1
0.6
28.1
41.6
6.6
24.6
8.3
19.4
43.7
4.0
24.5
6.6
14.9
48.1
5.9
21.4
4.7
12.5
55.4
6.0
16.6
2.4
6.7
70.1
4.1
22.4
4.9
16.5
50.9
5.3
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
464 622 690 495
438
1
Wants next births within 2 years. 2 Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years. 3 Other than sterilization.
2,709
in Poonch district. The percentage of stillbirth was the highest (22 percent) in Poonch district,
followed by six percent in Kargil district, and the lowest (zero percent) in Anantnag, Badgam, Baramula,
Leh and Pulwama districts. Pregnancy wastage due to abortions was negligible in all the districts.
Table 3.10 OUTCOMES OF PREGNANCY
Percent distribution of all pregnancies of currently married women aged 15-44 years by their outcomes three year preceding the
survey currently married women, according to districts, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Districts Live birth Stillbirth Induced abortion Spontaneous abortion Missing Total percent
State-Rural
State-Urban
State-Total
97.9
98.0
98.0
1.1
0.6
0.9
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.5
1.1
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
99.6
98.9
100.0
99.2
95.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
0.4
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
94.1
97.3
99.0
98.1
99.3
5.9
1.1
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.3
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.9
0.0
1.9
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
77.9
95.2
93.0
97.3
22.1
2.2
5.6
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.6
1.4
1.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
44

CHAPTER IV
MATERNAL HEALTH CARE
Provisions of maternal health care services to ensure safe motherhood is one of the major
components of the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme. The RCH programme
services for antenatal care, includes at least three antenatal care visits, iron prophylaxis for pregnant and
lactating women, at least one dose of tetanus toxoid vaccine, detection and treatment of anaemia
in mothers, and management and referral of high-risk pregnancies, natal care, that is
encouragement of safe delivery, post-natal care, and management of unwanted pregnancies. In
rural areas, the government delivers reproductive health and other health services through its
network of Sub-centres (SCs), Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and other health facilities. In
addition, pregnant women and children can get services from private maternity homes, hospitals,
private practitioners, and in some case non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and trust
hospitals. In urban areas, reproductive health services are available mainly through government or
municipal hospitals, Urban Health Posts (UHPs), Urban Family Welfare Centres (UFWCs),
hospitals and nursing homes operated by NGOs, and private nursing and maternity homes.
The National Population Policy (NPP), 2000 adopted by the Government of India
(Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2000) reiterates the Government’s commitments to the
safe motherhood programme within the wider context of reproductive health. Among the
national socio-demographic goals for 2010 specified by the policy, several goals pertain to safe
motherhood, that 80 percent of all deliveries should take place in institutions by 2010, hundred
percent deliveries should be attended by trained personnel, and the maternal mortality ratio
should be reduced to a level below 100 per 100,000 live births. Empowering women for improved
health and nutrition is one of the 12 strategic themes identified in the policy to be pursued either as
stand-alone programmes or as intersectoral programmes.
In DLHS-RCH Phase-I, to all the eligible women who had their last pregnancy after
January 1, 1999 a separate section on the status of maternal health and utilisation of maternal
health care services was canvassed. In Phase-II, the same section was canvassed to all the
eligible women who had their last pregnancy after January 1, 2001. The women whose last
pregnancy terminated into live/still birth were asked about the details of antenatal, natal and postnatal
care they received; pregnancy, delivery and post-delivery complications they suffered from and
the treatment seeking behaviour in case of complications. Women whose last pregnancy terminated
into abortion, either spontaneous or induced, were asked about the utilisation of safe abortion
services and the post-abortion complications they experienced. This chapter presents information on
antenatal, natal and postnatal care received by women whose last pregnancy had terminated
during the three years preceding the survey as live birth or as stillbirth.
4.1 Antenatal Check-Up
Women who had given a birth during the three years preceding the survey were asked whether they
had gone for antenatal check-up outside the home, and if they had, what type of service provider
had given them the check-up. They were also asked whether any health worker had visited them at
home to provide antenatal check-ups. Table 4.1 gives percentage of women who received any antenatal
check-up during pregnancy by source of antenatal provider, according to selected background

Table 4.1 ANTENATAL CHECK-UP
Percentage of women* who received any antenatal check-up (ANC) during pregnancy by source of antenatal provider, according
to selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Age group
20-34 years
35 years & above
Any 1 antenatal
check-up
88.1
84.5
Antenatal
check-up only
at home by
ANM
0.1
0.0
Doctor
83.6
80.7
Health personnel providing ANC 2
ANM/
Nurse/ LHV
6.3
6.4
Other health
professional Other 3
1.5
1.6
8.5
11.3
Number of
women
2,294
295
Children ever born
1
2
3
4+
88.7
87.0
88.1
86.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
84.7
81.4
84.5
82.3
7.7
6.2
5.9
5.0
1.6
2.0
1.1
1.1
6.6
6.7
12.5
13.0
801
842
518
432
Residence
Rural
Urban
85.6
93.9
0.1
0.0
80.6
91.4
7.3
3.5
1.8
0.8
9.4
7.3
1,965
631
Education
Non-literate
0-9 @ years
10 years & above
85.9
86.9
92.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
82.6
80.7
86.7
5.8
7.6
6.7
1.0
2.2
2.4
9.0
13.3
4.9
1,456
514
625
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
84.7
88.9
95.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
75.9
87.0
95.4
9.4
5.0
0.3
2.1
1.2
0.3
4.4
11.9
2.5
938
1,566
70
Caste/tribe#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
82.3
61.7
93.0
89.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
72.8
53.0
90.7
86.1
9.1
14.4
4.5
5.5
1.9
4.1
1.0
1.3
2.3
4.8
12.2
9.7
346
159
487
1,575
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
71.4
90.5
92.4
0.3
0.0
0.0
65.1
86.2
88.9
8.8
6.5
4.3
0.9
1.8
1.5
2.7
12.3
4.9
453
1,517
625
Availability of health facility 4
in the village
No
Yes
86.0
85.5
0.1
0.1
81.5
80.3
8.1
7.1
2.4
1.6
7.6
9.9
448
1,517
Total
87.6
0.0
83.2
6.4
1.5
8.9
2,595
* Women who had their last live/still birth since 1-1-1999/1-1-2001.
Note: Total includes 2 women with zero parity and 1 with missing information on education who were not shown separately. Total
includes 6 women below 20 years of age and 22 women with other religion who were not shown separately.
1
Antenatal check-ups either at home or outside from home at health facility.
2
Antenatal check-ups outside home and percentage add more than 100.0 due to multiple responses
3
Other also includes trained and untrained dai .
# Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases. @ Literate women with no years of schooling are also
included. 4 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and
government dispensary within the village.
characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State. About 88 percent of the women received antenatal
check-up during the three years preceding the survey, which is more than RCH Round I (58 percent).
Eighty-three percent of the women received antenatal check-up from the doctor, over six percent
from ANM/Nurse/LHV and over 11 percent from other health professional and others. However,
none of the women received ANC at home. Figure 4.1 shows source of antenatal care.
46

Figure 4.1
Source of Antenatal Care
Any ANC
88
ANC Provider
2
Doctor
83
ANM/Nurse/LHV
6
Other
9
0 20 40 60 80 100
Note: Based on last live/still
birth, born during three
Percent
years preceding the survey
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Eighty-six percent of the women in rural areas as against 94 percent of the women in
urban areas received antenatal check-up, while it was 88 percent in the state. Further, 88 percent of
the women aged 20-34 years as against over 84 percent women aged 35 years and above received
antenatal check-up. The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up was 85 percent
for Hindu women as against 89 percent for Muslim women and 96 percent for Sikh women.
Similarly, percentage of women who received antenatal check-up was 82 percent for scheduled
caste women as against 62 percent for scheduled tribe women and 93 percent for OBC women.
The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up was 86 percent for non-literate
women as against 87 percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years, while it was 92 percent
for women who had studied for 10 years and above. The percentage of women who received
antenatal check-up was 71 percent for women with low SLI as against over 90 percent for women
with medium SLI and 92 percent for women with high SLI. Further, percentage of women who
received antenatal check-up was around 86 percent for women living in villages irrespective whether
health facility exists in the village or not.
The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up from the doctor was 81
percent in rural and 91 percent in urban areas, while it was 83 percent for the district. Eighty-four
percent of the women aged 20-34 years as against 81 percent of the women aged 35 years and
above received antenatal check-up from the doctor. Eighty-one percent of women who had studied
for 0-9 years as against 87 percent of women who had studied for 10 years and above received
antenatal check-up from the doctor, while it was 83 percent for non-literate women. Seventythree
percent of scheduled caste women as against 53 percent of scheduled tribe women received
antenatal check-up from the doctor, while it was 91 percent for OBC women. The percentage of
women who received antenatal check-up from the doctor was 89 percent for women with high
SLI, 65 percent for women with low SLI and 86 percent for women with medium SLI. Only six
percent women received antenatal check-up from ANM/Nurse/LHV in the state.
4.2 Antenatal Check-Ups at Health Facility
DLHS-RCH asked women who had a birth during the three years preceding the survey whether
47

women had received antenatal check-up, and if they had, from where they had availed such
services. During pregnancy, women received antenatal check-up from multiple sources such as,
health workers providing ANC at home, Government health facility, private health facility, and
at Indian System of medicine etc. Women who received antenatal check-up both at home and
outside the home are categorised as having received care outside the home. Table 4.2 gives
percentage of women who received antenatal check-up during pregnancy by source and place of
antenatal check-up, according to selected background characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State.
Two-third of the women received antenatal check-up at the Government health facility, including
five percent through primary health centre and three percent through sub-centre, and 16 percent
at a private health facility. Further, about two percent of women received antenatal check-up at
the Government ISM health facility and over four percent at private ISM health facility, while over
one percent women had it from other health facility.
Seventy three percent of the women aged 35 years and above as against 66 percent of the
women aged 20-34 years received antenatal-check-ups at the government health facility. Sixty-six
percent women from rural areas as against 69 percent of women from urban areas availed
government health facilities for antenatal check-up. Sixty-six percent of non-literate women and
women who had studied for 10 years and above received antenatal check-up at Government
health facility, while it was 71 percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years. Sixty-nine
percent of Hindu women as against 66 percent of Muslim women received antenatal check-up
from government health facility, while it was 63 percent for Sikh women.
Fifteen percent women in rural areas as against 19 percent women in urban areas received
antenatal check-up from private health facility, while it was 16 percent for the state. The percentage
of women who received antenatal check-up at the private health facility was 17 percent for women
aged 20-34 years as against nine percent for women aged 35 years and above. The percentage of
women who received antenatal check-up at the private health facility was the highest (27 percent)
for OBC women, followed by 14 percent for other caste women and the lowest (10 percent) for
scheduled caste women. The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up at the private
health facility was 13 percent for Hindus as against 17 percent for Muslims and 24 percent for Sikhs.
The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up at the private health facility was the
highest (22 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (13
percent) for women who had studied for 0-9 years, while it was 14 percent for non-literate women.
Similarly, percentage of women who received antenatal check-up at the private health facility was
the highest (21 percent) for women with high SLI and the lowest (over four percent) for women
with low SLI, while it was 17 percent for women with medium SLI. Further, percentage of women
who received antenatal check-up at the private health facility was 17 percent for women living in
villages having no health facility in the village as against 14 percent for women living in villages
having health facility in the village.
4.3 Antenatal Check-Up by District
Table 4.3 gives percent of women who received any antenatal care by source and place of antenatal
check-up by district. The percentage of women who received any antenatal check-up was the highest
(98 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 97 percent in Kargil district and the lowest (55
percent) in Poonch district. The percentage of women who had any antenatal check-up was higher
than that of the state (88 percent) in Anantnag, Badgam, Baramula, Jammu, Kargil, Kupwara, Leh,
48

Table 4.2 PLACE OF ANTENATAL CHECK-UP
Percentage of women* who received any antenatal check-ups (ANC) during pregnancy by source and place of antenatal
check-ups, according to selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Antenatal
check-up
only at
home
Government
2
health
facility
Place of antenatal check-ups 1
Private 3
health
facility PHC SC
Govt.
ISM 4 facility
Private
Other
Number
of
women
Age group
20-34 years
35 years & above
0.1
0.0
66.2
72.9
16.6
9.3
4.9
6.3
2.5
5.3
1.7
2.1
4.5
3.1
1.3
1.6
2,294
295
Children ever born
1
2
3
4+
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
66.1
64.1
68.9
71.6
16.5
19.3
14.2
9.9
4.0
5.2
5.8
5.6
2.6
3.0
2.4
3.6
2.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
6.4
4.7
1.7
2.6
1.4
1.8
0.8
1.0
801
842
518
432
Residence
Rural
Urban
0.1
0.0
66.1
69.3
14.7
19.3
5.2
4.6
3.5
1.1
1.7
1.6
4.0
5.1
1.4
1.2
1,965
631
Education
Non-literate
0-9 @ years
10 years & above
0.0
0.2
0.0
66.2
70.6
65.6
14.1
12.6
22.4
4.6
5.8
5.3
3.0
4.0
1.8
1.6
1.9
1.8
3.0
5.4
6.3
1.1
1.5
1.7
1,456
514
625
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
0.1
0.0
0.0
68.6
65.9
62.9
13.3
17.0
23.7
7.7
3.5
0.5
4.4
2.1
0.3
1.9
1.6
1.5
5.9
3.2
11.0
1.9
1.1
0.3
938
1,566
70
Caste/tribe#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
72.4
55.0
62.6
67.8
9.9
10.9
27.1
14.3
9.6
10.7
1.9
4.6
2.9
13.9
1.3
2.5
1.6
7.1
0.8
1.5
3.7
5.6
3.2
4.6
1.2
4.7
0.8
1.3
346
159
487
1,575
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
0.3
0.0
0.0
61.8
69.1
65.2
4.5
17.1
21.0
5.2
4.9
5.2
6.0
2.8
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.6
4.1
3.7
5.8
1.3
1.5
0.9
453
1,517
625
Availability of health
facility 5 in the village
No
Yes
0.1
0.1
61.9
67.4
16.7
14.1
8.1
4.3
3.5
3.5
3.1
1.3
2.9
4.4
1.7
1.3
448
1,517
Total
0.0 66.9 15.8 5.0 2.9 1.7 4.3 1.3 2,595
* Women who had their last live/still birth since 1-1-1999/1-1-2001.
Note-1: Total includes 2 women with zero parity and 1 with missing information on education who were not shown separately.
Note-2: Total includes 6 women below 20 years of age and 22 women with other religion who were not shown separately.
# Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases. @ Literate women with no years of schooling are also
included. 1 Antenatal check-ups outside home and percentage add more than 100.0 due to multiple responses.
2 Includes subcentre,
primary health centre, community health centre or rural hospital, urban health centre/ urban health post/ urban family
welfare centre, government hospital or dispensary. 3 Includes Private hospital/clinic or non-governmental hospital/ trust
hospital or clinic. 4 Indian system of medicine. 5 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or
referral hospital, government hospital, and government dispensary within the village.
Pulwama and Udhampur districts, while in the remaining five districts it was lower than that of the
state. The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up from the doctor was the highest
(97 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 95 percent in Katgil district and the lowest (35 percent)
in Poonch district. The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up from the doctor was
higher than that of the state (83 percent) in Anantnag, Badgam, Baramula, Jammu, Kargil, Kupwara,
49

Table 4.3 ANTENATAL CHECK-UP BY DISTRICT
Percentage of women* who received any antenatal care (ANC), by source and place of antenatal check-ups by district, Jammu &
Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Any 1
antenatal
check-up
Antenatal
check-up only
at home by
ANM
Health personnel
providing ANC
Doctor
ANM/
Nurse
Place of antenatal check-ups
Government 2
Private 3 health
health facility facility
ISM 4 facility
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
89.4
88.9
97.9
56.5
88.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
89.2
86.7
97.3
47.7
84.4
3.2
6.1
0.6
15.7
3.1
80.6
76.9
64.7
48.0
76.4
7.4
11.9
32.7
12.4
10.4
4.1
7.8
0.7
4.6
3.9
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
96.9
73.7
92.8
92.0
94.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
94.6
57.2
90.7
92.0
92.4
7.9
18.5
7.4
0.0
5.1
93.3
61.3
6.3
92.0
79.7
5.6
10.2
6.8
0.0
13.6
5.3
5.9
2.7
0.0
1.2
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
54.8
64.2
87.0
89.6
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
34.9
37.0
80.9
80.5
16.6
42.3
15.4
11.9
47.4
54.5
69.8
53.0
4.6
35.8
12.2
16.5
3.1
41.1
9.2
5.3
Jammu & Kashmir
87.6
0.0
83.2
6.4
66.9
15.8
4.5
1
* Women who had last live/still birth during three years preceding the survey. Antenatal check-ups either at home or health
facility. 2 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or rural hospital, urban health centre/ urban health
post/ urban family welfare centre, government hospital or dispensary. 3 Includes Private hospital/clinic or non-governmental
hospital/ trust hospital or clinic. 4 Either government or private Indian system of medicine.
Leh and Pulwama districts, while in the remaining six districts it was lower than that of the state.
The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up from the ANM/Nurse was the highest
(42 percent) in Rajouri district, followed by over 18 percent in Kathua district and the lowest (zero
percent) in Leh district, while it was over six percent for the state.
The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up at the government health facility
was the highest (93 percent) in Kargil district, followed by 92 percent in Leh district and the lowest (six
percent) in Kupwara district. The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up at the
government health facility was higher than that of the state (67 percent) in Anantnag, Badgam, Jammu,
Kargil, Leh, Puwama and Srinagar districts, while in the remaining seven districts it was lower than
that of the state. The percentage of women who received antenatal check-up at the private health
facility was the highest (36 percent) in Rajouri district, followed by 33 percent in Baramula district and
the lowest (zero percent) in Leh district, while it was 16 percent for the state. The extent of antenatal
check-up received by women at the ISM health facility was the highest (41 percent) in Rajouri
district, followed by nine percent in Srinagar district and the lowest (zero percent) in Leh district,
while it was over four percent for the state.
4.4 Components of Antenatal Check-up
Women who received any kind of antenatal check-up were asked whether they received each of
the several components of antenatal check-up at least once during their pregnancy. Table 4.4
gives percentage of women who received any antenatal check-up by specific components of antenatal
check-up by residence in Jammu & Kashmir state. Except for X-rays (which are not recommended
as a standard component of antenatal care), all of the measurements and testes are part of essential
50

Table 4.4 COMPONENTS OF ANTENATAL CHECK-UPS
Percentage of women* who received an antenatal check-up by specific components of antenatal check-up, according to
residence, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Components of antenatal check-ups Total Rural Urban
Antenatal measurements/tests
Weight measured
Height measured
Blood pressure checked
Blood tested
Urine tested
Abdomen examined
Internal examined
Breast examined
X-ray
Sonography /ultrasound
Amniocentesis
59.2
22.2
89.0
92.5
89.2
75.1
39.5
26.9
12.2
10.9
9.8
53.5
23.1
90.8
93.4
90.3
76.3
38.5
26.5
13.2
10.5
10.0
75.5
19.7
83.8
89.9
86.0
71.5
42.4
28.0
9.4
11.9
9.4
Antenatal advice
Diet
Danger signs of pregnancy
Delivery care
Breast feeding
New born care
Family planning
83.8
38.4
70.2
50.5
52.9
30.9
83.7
35.1
73.8
53.0
53.3
31.4
84.2
47.8
59.7
43.3
51.9
29.6
Number of women who received
any antenatal check-up
2,274
1,682
592
* Women who had their last live/still birth since 1-1-1999/1-1-2001
obstetric care or are required for monitoring high-risk pregnancies.
Fifty-nine percent women were weighted, 89 percent women had their blood pressure
checked and 75 percent women had abdominal examination as the part of the antenatal check-up.
Other common components of antenatal check-up were blood test (92 percent), urine test (89
percent), height measurement (22 percent), internal examination (39 percent) and breast examination
(27 percent). About 11 percent women had sonography or ultrasound, 12 percent women had X-ray
and 10 percent women reported that they had amniocentesis test.
The type of advice received by women who had antenatal check-up shows that advice on
diet was given to 84 percent women irrespective of the residence. Thirty-eight percent women
received advice on danger signs of pregnancy in the state – 35 percent in rural areas and 48
percent in urban areas. Seventy percent women receive advice on delivery care in the state - 74
percent in rural areas and 60 percent in urban areas. Advice on breastfeeding was given to 50
percent women in the state – 53 percent in rural areas and 43 percent in urban areas. Advice on
newborn care was given to 53 percent women in the state irrespective of the residence. Advice on
family planning was given to 31 percent women in the state irrespective of the residence.
4.5 Antenatal Care Services
The Reproductive and Child Health Programme covers all pregnant women should be registered
in the first 12-16 weeks of the pregnancy (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 1997).
Accordingly, the first antenatal check-ups should take place at latest during the first trimester of
the pregnancy. It also includes the provision of at least three antenatal care visits, of at least one
tetanus toxoid injection, and supplementary iron in the form of IFA tablets daily for 100 days. To
51

assess whether the women had received all the care during pregnancy, information was collected
regarding number of antenatal visits, timing of the first visit, received tetanus toxoid injection and
supplement iron folic acid tablets.
Table 4.5 gives percent distribution of women who had live/still birth during three years
preceding the survey by number of antenatal check-up, the stage of pregnancy at the time of first
check-up, the number of TT injections received and were IFA tablets/syrup during pregnancy, and
percentage who received full antenatal check-up by selected background characteristics in Jammu
& Kashmir State. The percentage of women who made at least three antenatal check-up visits
was 80 percent in the state – 78 percent in rural areas and 88 percent in urban areas. The percentage
of women who made at least three antenatal check-up visits was 83 percent for women with three
or more children ever born as against around 79 percent for women with two and less children
ever born. The percentage of women who made at least three antenatal check-up visits was 72
percent for Hindu women as against 85 percent for Muslim women, while it was 89 percent for
Sikh women. Similarly, percentage of women who made at least three antenatal check-up visits
was the highest (85 percent) for OBC women, followed by 84 percent for other caste women and
the lowest (56 percent) for scheduled tribe women, while it was 66 percent for scheduled caste
women.
The percentage of women who made at-least three antenatal check-up visits was the
highest (84 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (74
percent) for women who had studied for 0-9 years, while it was 81 percent for non-literate
women. The percentage of women who made at-least three antenatal check-up visits was 62
percent for women with low SLI as against 84 percent for women with medium and high SLI.
Further, percentage of women who made at-least three antenatal check-up visits was 79 percent for
women living in villages having no health facility in the village as against 77 percent for women
living in villages having health facility in the village.
Data on timing of first antenatal check-ups shows that 63 percent women received their
first antenatal check-up in the first trimester of pregnancy, 23 percent in the second trimester, while
one percent women received their first check-up in the third trimester. The percentage of women
who had first antenatal check-up in the first trimester of pregnancy was the highest (67 percent)
for women having four or more children ever born, followed by 64 percent for women having
one child ever born and the lowest (61 percent) for women having two children ever born. Fiftythree
percent of Hindu women as against 69 percent of Muslim women had first antenatal checkup
in the first trimester, while it was 68 percent for Sikh women. The percentage of women who
had first antenatal check-up in the first trimester of pregnancy was the highest (74 percent) for
OBC women, followed by 66 percent for other caste women and the lowest (40 percent) for
scheduled tribe women, while it was 50 percent for scheduled tribe women.
The percentage of women who received their first antenatal check-up in the first trimester of
pregnancy was 59 percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years as against 66 percent for
women who had studied for 10 years and above, while it was 63 percent for non-literate women.
The extent of women who received their first antenatal check-up in the first trimester of pregnancy
was the highest (69 percent) for women with medium SLI and the lowest (45 percent) for women
with low SLI, while it was 63 percent for women with high SLI. The percentage of women who
received their first antenatal check-up in the first trimester of pregnancy was 58 percent for women
52

Table 4.5 ANTENATAL CARE
Percent distribution of women who had live/still births during three years preceding the survey by number of antenatal check-ups, the stage of pregnancy at the time of first checkup,
the number of tetanus toxoid injections received and were given iron folic acid (IFA) tablets/syrup during pregnancy, and percentage who received full antenatal check-ups by
some selected background characteristics, Jammu & Kashmir Statate, 2002-04
Antenatal care indicators
Total
Rural
Residence Education Children ever born
Urban
Nonliterate
0-9@
years
10 years &
above 1 2 3 4+
Number of ANC visits
No visit
1
2
3
4+
Missing
12.1
1.6
5.8
8.9
71.3
0.3
14.0
1.9
5.9
8.8
69.0
0.4
6.0
0.5
5.6
9.2
78.5
0.1
13.9
0.8
4.5
8.6
72.0
0.3
12.7
3.8
8.6
11.5
63.0
0.4
7.4
1.6
6.6
7.4
76.6
0.3
10.9
2.5
6.8
10.5
69.0
0.4
12.5
1.6
7.1
6.4
72.0
0.5
11.9
1.0
4.3
8.3
74.4
0.0
13.8
0.6
2.9
11.5
71.1
0.0
Stage of pregnancy at the time of the first antenatal check-up
No antenatal check-up
First trimester
Second trimester
Third trimester
Missing
12.2
63.2
23.4
0.9
0.3
14.2
61.8
22.5
1.2
0.4
6.0
67.4
26.4
0.0
0.1
13.9
63.4
22.4
0.1
0.3
12.9
59.4
24.8
2.4
0.4
7.6
65.7
24.9
1.5
0.3
11.0
63.8
23.5
1.3
0.4
12.6
60.7
25.0
1.2
0.5
11.9
63.4
24.0
0.6
0.0
13.8
66.8
19.4
0.0
0.0
Women who received TT
No TT
1
2+
Do not remember/missing
11.7
7.2
73.6
7.5
12.1
6.2
75.2
6.5
10.5
10.5
68.6
10.4
12.5
5.5
76.8
5.2
11.1
10.0
68.8
10.1
10.5
8.9
70.0
10.6
12.3
10.3
69.5
7.9
12.7
5.5
71.8
10.0
8.9
8.1
77.3
5.7
12.1
3.9
80.2
3.7
Women who received IFA tablets/syrup
No IFA/syrup
Received but not consumed
Consumed one IFA per day
23.4
1.8
27.5
26.6
1.3
24.0
13.5
3.7
38.3
24.8
1.3
20.1
24.5
2.2
31.1
19.4
2.7
41.7
24.1
2.3
31.9
24.8
1.0
31.4
17.9
2.8
25.4
26.2
1.4
14.2
Received 100+ IFA tablets/syrup
53.7
52.2
58.1
52.8
56.1
53.9
50.6
52.3
58.1
56.8
Percentage of women who received full 1 antenatal check-ups
44.4
43.9
46.2
45.2
43.8
43.1
39.4
40.3
52.0
52.8
Number of women
2,595
1,965
631
1,456
514
625
801
842
518
432
Note: Total includes 2 women with zero parity and 1 with missing information on education who were not shown separately.
@ Literate women with no years of schooling are also included.
1
At least three visits for antenatal check-ups, at least one TT injection received and was given adequate amount of IFA tablets/syrup.
Continued…
53

Table 4.5 ANTENATAL CARE (contd)
Percent distribution of women who had live/still births during three years preceding the survey by number of antenatal check-ups, the stage of pregnancy at the time of first check-up, the number of
tetanus toxoid injections received and iron and were given iron folic acid (IFA) tablets/syrup during pregnancy, and percentage who received full antenatal check-ups by some selected background
characteristics, Jammu & Kashmir State, 2002-04
Availability of health
Religion Caste# Standard of living index facility 2 in the village
Antenatal care indicators
Hindu Muslim Sikh
Scheduled
caste
Scheduled
tribe
Other
backward class
Other Low Medium High No Yes
Number of ANC visits
No visit
1
2
3
4+
Missing
14.5
2.2
10.7
10.5
61.3
0.8
11.1
1.3
2.8
7.4
77.4
0.0
4.4
0.0
6.7
19.6
69.3
0.0
16.9
1.7
14.1
11.2
55.2
0.7
38.3
1.0
4.4
9.2
47.1
0.0
6.9
3.6
4.5
8.0
76.9
0.0
10.0
1.0
4.6
8.8
75.3
0.3
28.0
1.3
8.3
8.5
53.3
0.6
9.3
1.6
4.8
8.7
75.4
0.2
7.4
1.8
6.4
9.7
74.5
0.2
13.7
0.1
6.6
12.2
67.1
0.3
14.1
2.4
5.7
7.7
69.6
0.4
Stage of pregnancy at the time of the
first antenatal check-up
No antenatal check-up
First trimester
Second trimester
Third trimester
Missing
14.8
53.1
29.9
1.4
0.8
11.1
68.9
19.5
0.5
0.0
4.4
68.4
24.5
2.8
0.0
16.9
49.9
30.1
2.3
0.7
38.3
39.6
20.4
1.7
0.0
7.2
73.7
18.7
0.4
0.0
10.1
66.1
22.9
0.7
0.3
28.0
44.9
25.8
0.7
0.6
9.5
68.7
21.1
0.5
0.2
7.4
63.1
27.4
1.9
0.2
14.2
57.8
26.5
1.1
0.3
14.1
63.0
21.3
1.2
0.4
Women who received TT
No TT
1
2+
Do not remember/missing
11.5
14.4
61.1
12.9
12.0
2.9
80.8
4.3
9.5
5.8
78.7
6.1
12.8
14.7
61.7
10.7
31.7
12.8
48.5
7.0
6.7
4.8
83.6
4.9
10.3
5.9
76.6
7.2
22.6
8.1
61.9
7.4
9.2
6.1
79.0
5.7
10.1
9.4
68.8
11.7
13.7
10.8
69.1
6.4
11.7
4.8
76.9
6.5
Women who received IFA tablets/syrup
No IFA/syrup
Received but not consumed
Consumed one IFA per day
25.5
2.8
43.5
22.7
1.4
16.4
16.8
0.0
63.6
28.7
2.8
43.2
44.2
0.6
24.2
15.0
1.2
24.6
23.0
1.8
25.6
45.0
0.2
28.7
19.9
2.0
21.2
16.4
2.7
41.7
29.6
0.9
21.9
25.7
1.4
24.6
Received 100+ IFA tablets/syrup
48.4
56.2
67.5
41.6
34.5
60.3
56.8
31.8
57.7
59.8
56.4
51.0
Percentage of women who received full 1
-antenatal check-ups
34.8
49.9
48.8
28.7
25.5
53.9
47.5
22.3
50.8
44.9
47.6
42.8
Number of women
938
1,566
70
346
159
487
1,575
453
1,517
625
448
1,517
Note: total includes 22 women in other religion who were not shown separately.
# Total figure may not add to N due to don’t know and missing cases.
1
At least three visits for antenatal check-ups, at least one TT injection received and was given adequate amount of IFA tablets/syrup.
2
Includes sub-center, primary health center, community health center or referral hospital, government hospital, and government dispensary within the village
54

living in villages having no health facility in the village as against 63 percent for women living
in villages having health facility in the village.
Nutritional deficiencies in women are often exacerbated during pregnancy because of the
additional nutrient requirements of foetal growth; therefore a pregnant woman needs six times
more iron than a non-pregnant woman. The information on receiving iron folic acid tablets/syrup
during pregnancy was also collected. The percentage of women who received IFA supplements was
77 percent in the state – 73 percent in rural areas and 86 percent in urban areas. The percentage of
women who received IFA supplements was the highest (82 percent) for women having three
children ever born and the lowest (74 percent) for women having four or more children ever
born, while it was 76 percent for women with one child ever born. The percentage of women who
received IFA supplements was 74 percent for Hindu women as against 77 percent for Muslim
women, while it was 83 percent for Sikh women. The percentage of women who received IFA
supplements was the highest (85 percent) for OBC women, followed by 77 percent for other caste
women and the lowest (71 percent) for scheduled caste women. The percentage of women who
received IFA supplements was 81 percent for women who had studied for 10 years and above
and around 75 percent for non-literate women and women who had studied for 0-9 years. The
percentage of women who received IFA supplements was the highest (84 percent) for women with
high SLI and the lowest (55 percent) for women with low SLI, while it was 80 percent for
women with medium SLI. Further, percentage of women who received IFA supplements was 70
percent women living in villages having no health facility in the village as against 74 percent for
women living in villages having health facility in the village. Fifty-four percent women received
100+IFA tablets/syrup in the state - 52 percent in rural areas and 58 percent in urban areas. More
of women with parity three or more than women with parity two or less received 100+IFA
tablets/syrup. More of Muslim women than Hind women had 100+ IFA tablets/syrup. More of
OBC and other caste women than SC/ST women had received 100+ IFA tablets/syrup. The
percentage of women who received 100+ IFA tablets/syrup was 56 percent for women who had
studied for 0-9 years and around 53 percent for non-literate women and women who had studied
for 10 years and above. The percentage of women who received 100+ IFA tablets/syrup was the
highest (60 percent) for women with high SLI and the lowest (32 percent) for women with low
SLI, while it was 58 percent for women with medium SLI.
For the last live birth or stillbirth during the three years preceding the survey, women
were asked whether they were given tetanus toxoid injection to prevent them and their baby from
getting tetanus. The percentage of women who received one or more tetanus toxoid injection was 81
percent in the state – 81 percent in rural areas and 79 percent in urban areas. The percentage of
women who received atleast one tetanus toxoid injection was around 85 percent for women with
three or more children ever born as against 77 percent for women with two children ever born,
while it was 80 percent for women with one child ever born. The coverage of at least one tetanus
toxoid injection was 75 percent for Hindu women as against 84 percent for Muslim and Sikh
women. The coverage of at least one tetanus toxoid injection was the highest (88 percent) for
OBC women, followed by 82 percent for other caste women and the lowest (61 percent) for
schedule tribe women. The percentage of women who received at-least one tetanus toxoid injection
was 82 percent for non-literate women as against 79 percent for literate women.
The percentage of women who received full antenatal care (that is, at-least three antenatal
check-ups, at least one tetanus toxoid injection and supplementary iron in the form of IFA tablets
55

daily for 100 days as recommended by the RCH programme,) was 44 percent in the state – 44
percent in rural areas and 46 percent in urban areas. Around 53 percent women with three or
more children ever born as against around 40 percent women with two or less children ever born
received full antenatal care. Coverage of full antenatal care was 35 percent for Hindu women as
against 50 percent for Muslim women, while it was 49 percent for Sikh women. The percentage
of women who received full antenatal care was the highest (54 percent) for OBC women, followed
by 47 percent for other caste women and the lowest (25 percent) for scheduled tribe women. The
percentage of women who received full antenatal care was 45 percent for non-literate women as
against 43 percent for literate women. The percentage of women who received full antenatal care
was the highest (51 percent) for women with medium SLI and the lowest (22 percent) for women
with low SLI, while it was 45 percent for women with high SLI. Further, percentage of women who
received full antenatal care was 48 percent for women living in villages having no health facility in
the village as against 43 percent for women living in villages having health facility in the village.
Figure 4.2 shows full antenatal care by background characteristics.
Figure 4.2
Full Antenatal Care by Background Characteristic
Total
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9 years@
10 & above
Caste
Schedulde Caste
Schedulde Tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of Living
Low
Medium
High
22
26
29
44
44
46
45
44
43
48
45
51
54
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percent
@ Literate mothers with no years of schooling are also included. Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
4.6 Antenatal Care Indicator by District
Table 4.6 gives percentage of women who received different type of antenatal care by district in
Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage of women who had antenatal check-up in the first
trimester of pregnancy was the highest (93 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 74 percent
in Anantnag district and the lowest (24 percent) in Poonch district, while it was 63 percent for the
state. Further, percentage of women who received three or more antenatal check-up was the highest
(98 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 96 percent in Kargil district and the lowest (33 percent)
56

Table 4.6 ANTENATAL CARE INDICATORS BY DISTRICT
Percentage of women* who received different type of antenatal care by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Percentage that received
an antenatal check-up in
the first trimester of
pregnancy
Percentage that
received three or
more antenatal
check-ups
Percentage that
received at least
one tetanus
toxoid injection
Percentage that
received
adequate
amount of IFA 1
Percentage
that received
full 2 antenatal
check-ups
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
74.3
56.9
93.2
36.0
63.8
84.2
88.5
97.6
52.7
81.8
98.3
61.4
97.3
51.6
78.7
37.1
35.3
95.5
33.9
64.6
33.0
25.9
93.8
22.6
46.2
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
65.2
29.5
64.3
68.2
60.8
95.8
38.5
91.2
89.6
91.8
93.2
72.6
85.0
87.5
88.4
38.9
7.6
41.7
58.7
44.3
37.6
6.6
32.2
58.7
37.0
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
24.4
41.3
28.8
41.8
33.4
53.8
66.8
81.7
34.4
43.9
39.0
78.3
33.6
49.9
25.9
39.0
9.8
20.0
10.6
29.7
Jammu & Kashmir
63.2
80.2
80.8
53.7
44.4
* Women who had their last live/still birth since 1-1-1999/1-1-2001
1
100 or more iron folic acid tablets including syrup
2
At least three visits for antenatal check-ups, at least one TT injection received and adequate amount of IFA
in Poonch district, while it was 80 percent for the state. The percentage of women who received
at-least one TT injection was the highest (98 percent) in Anantnag district, followed by 97
percent in Baramula district and the lowest (34 percent) in Poonch district, while it was 81 percent
for the state. The percentage of women who received adequate amount of IFA tablets/syrup was
the highest (95 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 65 percent in Jammu district and the
lowest (eight percent) in Kathua district, while it was 54 percent in the state. Again, The percentage
of women who had full antenatal check-up was the highest (94 percent) in Baramula district,
followed by 59 percent in Leh district and the lowest (seven percent) in Kathua district. The
percentage of women who had full antenatal check-up was the higher than that of the state (44
percent) in Baramula, Jammu and Leh district, while in the remaining 11 districts it was lower than
that of the state.
4.7 Pregnancy Complications and Treatment
Complications during pregnancy may affect both women’s health and the outcome of the pregnancy
adversely. Early detection of complications during pregnancy and their management are important
components of the safe motherhood programme. Table 4.7 gives percentage of women who had
live/still birth during three years preceding the survey by pregnancy complication and type of
complication during pregnancy by selected background characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir
State. The percentage of women who experienced any pregnancy complication was 40 percent in
the state – 36 percent in rural areas and 52 percent in urban areas. The percentage of women who
experienced any pregnancy complication was the highest (42 percent) for women aged 20-24 years,
followed by 40 percent for women aged 25-34 years and the lowest (19 percent) for women aged
40-44 years, while it was 39 percent for women aged 35-39 years. Coverage of such women was
42 percent for women with one child ever born and women with three children ever born and
57

Table 4.7 PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS
Percentage of women who had live/still births during three years preceding the survey by pregnancy complication and type of complication during pregnancy by some selected
background characteristics, Jammu & Kashmir State, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Percentage
of women
with any
pregnancy
complication
Swelling of
hands and
feet
Paleness
Type of pregnancy complication;
Visual
disturbances Bleeding Convulsion
Weak or no
movement
of foetus
Abnormal
position of
foetus
Other
Number
of
women
Age group (years)
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
42.1
40.1
40.4
38.6
(18.8)
32.8
29.4
31.9
29.1
(15.6)
13.9
14.3
7.9
9.7
(3.1)
4.8
3.8
4.6
2.9
(0.0)
13.1
8.9
8.2
7.3
(3.1)
4.3
2.3
1.8
3.3
(0.0)
9.3
10.7
16.5
19.2
(9.4)
8.5
7.7
13.3
14.1
(9.4)
1.6
2.2
0.9
1.6
(0.0)
421
1,131
742
266
29
Children ever born
1
2
3
4+
42.3
38.4
41.9
37.1
31.0
26.3
33.7
33.7
16.8
10.6
9.7
7.6
4.2
4.6
3.6
3.5
8.9
10.2
10.1
6.6
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.3
9.5
10.3
16.5
20.4
7.7
8.4
13.6
13.6
2.8
1.7
0.8
0.7
801
842
518
432
Residence
Rural
Urban
36.3
52.0
28.5
36.6
10.7
15.1
4.3
3.5
8.4
11.6
1.9
4.6
12.5
14.4
9.8
11.2
1.7
1.5
1,965
631
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
28.4
39.7
49.4
25.6
31.7
31.0
13.2
9.7
15.9
4.4
4.1
3.7
11.1
8.8
8.7
2.3
2.3
3.4
2.4
16.8
11.4
3.1
13.0
8.1
2.1
1.6
1.5
453
1,517
625
Received any ANC
Yes
No
42.9
20.5
32.6
15.8
12.9
4.0
4.5
0.9
9.8
4.6
2.7
1.8
14.4
2.8
11.3
2.0
1.7
1.9
2,274
314
Total
40.1
30.5
11.8
4.1
9.1
2.6
13.0
10.1
1.7
2,595
Note: Total includes 2 women with zero parity who were not shown separately. Total include 6 women in below 20 years of age who were not shown separately.
@ Literate women with no years of schooling are also included, 7 cases of missing in ANC received were not shown separately.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases .
58

around 38 percent for women with two children ever born and women with four and more
children ever born. The percentage of women who experienced any pregnancy complication
was the highest (49 percent) for women with high SLI and the lowest (28 percent) for women
with low SLI, while it was 40 percent for women with medium SLI. The percentage of women
who experienced any pregnancy complication was 43 percent for women living in villages
having health facility in the village as against over 20 percent for women having no health
facility in the village. Main pregnancy complications reported were ‘swelling of hands and feet’
(30 percent),‘paleness’ (12 percent),‘visual disturbances’ (four percent),‘bleeding’ (nine
percent),‘ convulsion’ (three percent),‘weak or no movement of foetus’ (13 percent) and ‘abnormal
position of foetus’ (10 percent). Figure 4.3 shows percentage of women with pregnancy
complication and by symptoms.
Figure 4.3
Percentage of women with Pregnancy Complication and by Symptoms
Any pregnancy complication
40
Swelling of hands and feet
31
Paleness
12
Visual disturbance
4
Bleeding
9
Convulsion
3
Weak or no movement of fetus
13
Abnormal postion of fetus
10
Other
2
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Percent
Women who reported at least one pregnancy related complication were asked whether
they had consulted someone or had sought treatment for their problem and also the source of
treatment. Table 4.8 gives percentage of women who had any pregnancy complications,
sought treatment and source of treatment by residence and availability of health services in
the village in the state. The percentage of women who had pregnancy complication and
sought treatment was 81 percent in the state – 84 percent in rural areas and 74 percent in
urban areas. Eighty-eight percent of women living in villages having health facility in the
village as against 83 percent of women living in villages having no health facility sought
treatment of pregnancy complication.
Among the women who sought treatment for pregnancy complications from the government
health facility was over 87 percent including primary health centre (13 percent) and sub-centre
(over one percent), from private health facility (10 percent), from ISM facility (seven percent)
and from other health facility (about two percent). In other words, six percent of the women
sought treatment from more than one facility. Further, among women who sought treatment
from the doctor was (96 percent), from ANM/Nurse/LHV (two percent) and less than one
percent women received treatment from other.
59

Table 4.8 TREATMENT FOR PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS
Percentage of women* who had any pregnancy complication, sought treatment and source of treatment according to residence
and availability of health facility in the village, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Treatment and source
Total
Availability of health
Residence
facility 5 in the village
Rural Urban No Yes
Percentage of women sought treatment who had any
pregnancy complication
81.0
84.1
74.3
87.8
82.9
Number of women
1,040
712
328
169
543
Percentage sought treatment at health facility
Government health facility 1
Primary health centre
Sub centre
87.5
13.0
1.5
91.5
16.1
1.9
77.6
5.4
0.7
91.6
33.3
0.5
91.5
10.3
2.3
Private health facility 2
10.0
7.4
16.5
7.8
7.2
ISM 3 facility
7.1
4.4
13.6
3.5
4.7
Other
1.6
0.8
3.5
0.5
0.9
Percent distribution of women who obtained
treatment from
Doctor
ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV
Other 4
Missing
95.8
1.7
0.4
2.1
95.2
2.3
0.5
1.9
97.3
0.2
0.0
2.5
97.1
1.6
0.0
1.4
94.6
2.6
0.7
2.1
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
843
599
244
149
450
1
Include municipal hospital, dispensary, urban health centre/urban health post/urban family welfare centre, community health
centre/rural hospital, primary health centre and sub centre 2 Include private hospital/clinic and non-governmental organization/
trust hospital 3 Either government or private Indian system of medicine 4 Other include Dai trained or untrained, other health
professional and ISM practitioner 5
Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or referral hospital,
government hospital, and government dispensary within the village
4.8 Delivery Care
4.8.1 Place of Delivery
One of the important thrusts of the Reproductive and Child Health Programme is to encourage
deliveries under proper hygienic conditions under the supervision of trained health professionals. The
provision of delivery services in the government health institutions is one of the components of the
RCH programme. For each live/still birth during three years preceding the survey, women were
asked where (place) their children were born, who assisted during the deliveries in case of home
deliveries, characteristics of delivery, and any problems that occurred during the delivery. Table
4.9 gives percent distribution of women who had given live/still births during three years
preceding the survey, by place of delivery according to selected background characteristics in the
state. The percentage of institutional deliveries was over 70 percent in the state – 68 percent in
rural areas and 78 percent in urban areas. Further, 56 percent deliveries were conducted at the
government health facility and about 15 percent in private health facility, while 28 percent
deliveries were home deliveries. The percentage of institutional deliveries rose from 44 percent
in Round-I to 70 percent in Round-II.
60

The percentage of institutional birth was 74 percent for women with one child ever born
that decreases with increase in parity to 64 for women with four or more children ever born. The
percentage of institutional deliveries was 57 percent for Hindu women as against 77 percent for
Muslim women, while it was 90 percent for Sikh women. Further, percentage of institutional
deliveries was the highest (77 percent) for OBC women, followed by 73 percent for other caste
women and the lowest (48 percent) for scheduled tribe women. The percentage of institutional
deliveries was the highest (81 percent) for women who had four or more antenatal check-up,
followed by 62 percent for women who had three antenatal check-up and the lowest (24 percent)
for women who had only one antenatal check-up, while it was 29 percent for women who no
antenatal check-up. The percentage of institutional deliveries was 68 percent for normal deliveries
as against 76 percent for assisted deliveries, while it was 98 percent for caesarean deliveries.
Extent of institutional deliveries was 61 percent for women living in villages having no health
facility in the village as against 70 percent for women living in villages having health facility in the
village. The percentage of institutional deliveries was 73-74 percent for women with medium and
high SLI as against 51 percent for women with low SLI. The percentage of institutional
deliveries was the highest (74 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above and
the lowest (64 percent) for women who had studied for 0-9 years, while it was 71 percent for nonliterate
women. Figure 4.4 shows place of delivery and assistance during delivery.
Figure 4.4
Place of Delivery and Assistance During Delivery
Place of Delivery
Assistance During Home Delivery
Public
56%
Private
15%
Untraine
d Dai
27%
Relative/
friends
22%
None
1%
Doctor
7%
ANM/
Nurse
2%
Other/
missing
1%
Home
28%
TBA
40%
Note: Percentage may add more than 100.0
due to rounding
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
The percentage of home deliveries was 28 percent in the state – 31 percent in rural areas
and 21 percent in urban areas. The percentage of home deliveries increases with increase in the
parity of women from 24 percent for women having one child ever born to 36 percent for women
with four or more children ever born. The percentage of home deliveries was 35 percent for women
61

Table 4.9 PLACE OF DELIVERY
Percent distribution of women who had given live/still births during three years preceding the survey, by place of delivery,
according to selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristics
Health institutions
Public Private
Home Other Missing
Total
percent
Number of
women
Age group (in years)
20-34
35 and above
Children ever born
1
2
3
4+
Residence
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years & above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
55.3
60.6
58.1
54.8
55.4
54.7
55.0
58.6
56.9
55.1
54.0
46.0
61.0
66.2
15.2
10.2
15.9
16.4
14.4
8.9
13.2
19.3
14.1
9.3
20.3
11.5
16.2
23.7
28.4
28.0
24.5
27.2
29.9
36.0
30.9
20.6
28.2
34.7
23.5
40.3
22.3
10.1
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.6
1.3
1.0
0.3
0.0
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.9
1.3
0.2
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2,294
295
801
842
518
432
1,965
631
1,456
514
625
938
1,566
70
Caste#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
Number of antenatal checkups
No check-up
1
2
3
4+
Delivery characteristics
Normal
Caesarean
Assisted
Availability of health facility 1
in the village
No
Yes
51.2
43.3
52.0
59.1
47.9
57.2
58.3
27.5
(22.0)
39.2
53.1
62.8
53.6
83.6
61.8
48.3
57.0
7.3
5.2
24.9
14.1
3.2
16.2
19.1
1.8
(2.4)
6.1
9.1
18.4
14.9
14.3
14.3
12.4
13.4
39.9
49.4
23.0
25.8
47.6
25.8
20.8
69.3
(75.6)
53.6
37.8
17.8
30.8
1.1
23.9
38.9
28.5
0.5
2.0
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.4
1.0
0.4
(0.0)
0.5
0.0
0.6
0.5
0.9
0.0
0.4
0.4
1.2
0.1
0.0
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.9
1.0
(0.0)
0.7
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
346
159
487
1,575
453
1,517
625
314
41
151
231
1,852
2,279
174
113
448
1,517
Total
55.9
14.6
28.4
0.5
0.6
100.0
2,595
Note: Total includes 2 women with zero parity, 1 with missing information on education, 7 on number of ANC visits and 30 on
delivery characteristics who were not shown separately. Total includes 6 women below 20 years of age and 22 women with other
religion who were not shown separately.
# Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases. @ Literate women with no years of schooling are also
included. 1 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and
government dispensary within the village () Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
who had studied for 0-9 years as against 23 percent for women who had studied for 10 years and
above, while it was 28 percent for non-literate women. The percentage of home deliveries was 49
percent for scheduled tribe women as against 40 percent for scheduled caste women and 23 percent
for OBC women, while it was 26 percent for other caste women. The percentage of home deliveries was
the highest (48 percent) for women with low SLI and the lowest (21 percent) for women with high
62

SLI, while it was 26 percent for women with medium SLI. Further, percentage of home deliveries
was the highest (76 percent) for women who had only one antenatal check-up, followed by 69 percent
for women who had no antenatal and the lowest (18 percent) for women who had four or more
antenatal check-up. The percentage of home deliveries was 39 percent for women living in villages
having no health facility in the village as against 28 percent for women living in villages having
health facility in the village.
4.8.2 Assistance During Home Delivery
Table 4.10 gives percent distribution of women who had given live/still birth during three years
preceding the survey by assistance during home delivery and percentage of safe deliveries by
selected background characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State. If more than one type of attendant
assisted during the delivery, then only the most qualified person has been considered. The data
shows that only seven percent home deliveries were attended by a doctor, three percent by ANM/
Nurse/LHV, 40 percent by TBA, 27 percent by untrained dai and 22 percent by relatives/friends
(Figure 4.4). The percentage of home deliveries attended by trained health professionals was higher
for women aged below 35 years than women aged 35 years and above. The health professionals
attended 47 percent of home deliveries in rural areas and 63 percent in urban areas. The percentage
of home deliveries attended by trained health professionals was the highest (60 percent) for women
with one child ever born, followed by 50 for women with three children ever born and the lowest
(44 percent) for women with two children ever born and women four or more ever born children.
The percentage of home deliveries attended by trained health professionals was 54
percent for Hindu women as against 44 percent for Muslim women. The percentage of home
deliveries attended by trained health professionals was the highest (54 percent) for OBC women,
followed by 51 percent of scheduled caste women and the lowest (37 percent) for scheduled tribe
women. The percentage of home deliveries attended by trained health professionals was the highest
(63 percent) for women who had two antenatal check-up, followed by 55 percent for women who
three antenatal check-up and the lowest (44 percent) for women who had no antenatal check up.
Further, percentage of home deliveries attended by trained health professionals was 28 percent
for women living in villages having no health facility in the village as against 54 percent for
women living in villages having health facility in the village. The percentage of home deliveries
attended by trained health professionals was the highest (57 percent) for women who had studied
for 0-9 years and the lowest (46 percent) for non-literate women, while it was 51 percent for
women who had studied for 10 years and above. Similarly, percentage of home deliveries
attended by trained health professionals was the highest (59 percent) for women with high SLI
and the lowest (45 percent) for women with low SLI, while it 49 percent for women with
medium SLI.
4.8.3 Delivery Assisted by Skilled Persons
The percentage of safe deliveries was 73 percent in the state – 70 percent in rural areas and
82 percent in urban areas. The percentage of safe deliveries was the highest (78 percent) for women
with one child ever born, followed by 74 percent for women with two children ever born and the
lowest (66 percent) for women with four or more children ever born. The percentage of safe
deliveries was 61 percent for Hindu women as against 79 percent for Muslim women. The percentage
of safe deliveries was the highest (78 percent) for OBC women, followed by 76 percent for other caste
63

Table 4.10 ASSISTANCE DURING HOME DELIVERY AND SAFE DELIVERY
Percent distribution of women who had given live/still births during three years preceding the survey, by assistance during home
delivery, and percentage of safe delivery, according to selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristics
Doctor
Attendant assisting during home delivery 1
ANM/
Nurse/
LHV TBA Untrained dai
Relative/
friends
Number of
women
Percentage of
safe 2 delivery
Age group (in years)
20-34
35 and above
Children ever born
1
2
3
4+
Residence
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years & above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
6.8
6.2
10.2
7.2
4.0
4.3
5.3
13.4
4.7
12.3
5.7
8.6
4.4
2.7
1.5
4.6
2.2
2.1
1.1
1.9
5.8
2.2
2.9
3.5
1.0
4.1
40.5
37.8
45.2
34.3
43.9
38.4
39.5
43.4
38.9
42.0
41.4
44.4
35.2
29.0
12.9
24.1
34.9
28.0
19.6
27.8
25.1
24.7
30.3
31.0
37.1
17.4
19.9
41.0
15.7
21.3
18.9
35.3
25.2
8.1
28.9
10.6
17.7
7.7
38.3
652
83
196
229
155
156
607
130
411
178
147
378
350
73.2
73.0
77.6
73.8
71.7
65.6
70.4
81.8
73.0
69.6
76.5
61.4
79.1
Caste#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
Number of antenatal check-ups
No check-up
2
3
4+
Delivery characteristics
Normal
Assisted
4.6
6.5
2.9
8.6
4.9
6.2
11.3
6.1
6.4
1.8
8.3
6.0
(14.7)
1.1
7.7
3.5
1.9
3.0
2.4
2.7
3.2
3.5
2.6
2.0
1.2
(51.5)
45.1
23.1
47.4
39.5
37.4
40.1
44.8
34.4
53.3
50.9
35.7
41.7
(11.8)
41.8
33.7
17.5
24.0
31.8
25.1
26.4
36.4
32.8
27.0
21.1
27.4
(20.6)
7.4
28.9
24.4
25.5
22.8
25.3
12.1
19.5
4.0
17.8
31.0
23.2
(1.5)
138
79
112
406
216
391
130
217
81
087
330
702
27
60.7
55.5
78.4
75.9
54.9
75.7
80.2
35.8
50.6
63.8
83.0
70.7
91.5
Availability of health facility 3 in
the village
No
Yes
3.7
5.9
1.7
2.0
22.9
46.1
23.2
29.6
48.4
15.9
174
433
62.8
72.6
Total
6.7
2.6
Note1: Total includes 1 woman with zero parity, and 6 with missing information on delivery characteristics who were not shown
separately.
Note 2: Total includes 2 women below 20 years of age, 7 Sikh women 2 with other religion, 21 having 1 antenatal check-up and 2
having caesarean delivery who were not shown separately.
@ Literate women with no years of schooling are also included.
# Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases
1
If the respondent mentioned more than one attendant, only the most qualified attendant is shown
2
Either institutional delivery or home delivery assisted by doctor/ANM/Nurse/LHV
3
Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and government
dispensary within the village
( ) Based on less than 50 unweighted cases
40.2
women and the lowest (55 percent) for scheduled tribe women. Further, percentage of safe deliveries
was the lowest (36 percent) for women who had no antenatal check up, which increases with increase
27.3
22.2
737
73.1
64

in the number of antenatal check-up and was the highest (83 percent) for four or more antenatal
check-up. The percentage of safe deliveries was 71 percent for normal deliveries as against 91 percent
for assisted deliveries. The percentage of safe deliveries was 63 percent for women living in villages
having no health facility in the village as against 73 percent for women living in villages having
health facility in the village.
The percentage of safe deliveries was 76 percent for women who had studied for 10 years
and above as against 70 percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years, while it was 73 percent for
non-literate women. The percentage of safe deliveries was the highest (80 percent) for women with
high SLI and the lowest (55 percent) for women with low SLI, while it was76 percent for women
with medium SLI. Figure 4.5 shows delivery assisted by skilled person by background characteristics.
Figure 4.5
Delivery Assisted by Skilled Person by Background Characteristic
Total
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9 years@
10 & above
Caste
Schedulde caste
Schedulde tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of Living
Low
Medium
High
56
55
61
73
70
82
73
70
77
78
76
76
80
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
4.9 Reasons for Not Going to Health Institutions for Delivery
Table 4.11 gives percent distribution of women who had given last live/still birth at home during
three years preceding the survey by the main reason for not going to health institution for delivery,
according to residence and availability of health facility in the village in Jammu & Kashmir State.
The main reason for not going to health institutions has been presented according to residence and
availability of health facility in the village. One-third of the women stated that it was not
considered necessary to deliver at the health institution. It is surprising to see that a higher
proportion of urban women (39 percent) than rural women (32 percent) felt this way. Further, 42
percent of women living in villages having no health facility in the village as against 28 percent of
65

Table 4.11 REASONS FOR NOT GOING TO HEALTH INSTITUTIONS FOR DELIVERY
Percent distribution of women who had given last live/still birth at home during three years preceding the survey by the main
reason for not going to health institution for delivery, according to residence and availability of health facility in the village,
Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Reason
Total
Availability of health
Residence
facility 1 in the village
Rural Urban No Yes
Not Necessary
Not customary
Cost too much
Health facility too far/ No transport
Poor quality service
No time to go
Family did not allow
Better care at home
Lack of knowledge
Other
33.5
3.6
3.0
10.7
2.0
4.5
6.3
17.1
1.0
1.7
32.4
3.6
1.7
12.9
2.4
4.1
4.3
16.1
1.2
2.0
39.0
3.6
8.8
0.2
0.3
6.8
15.3
21.7
0.2
0.2
42.3
2.8
1.2
12.2
3.1
2.1
3.5
22.7
2.7
0.0
28.4
3.9
2.0
13.2
2.2
4.8
4.6
13.4
0.6
2.8
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
737
607
130
174
433
1
Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and government
dispensary within the village.
women living in villages having health facility in the village said that it was not considered
necessary to deliver at the health facility. Only four percent of the women said that it was not
customary to deliver at the health institution. Other factors reported for not going to health institution
for delivery were, ‘cost too much’ (three percent), ‘health facility too far/no transport’ (11 percent),
‘poor quality service’ (two percent), ‘no time to go’ (over four percent), ‘family did not allow’ (six
percent), ‘better care at home’ (17 percent), and ‘lack of knowledge’ (one percent).
Forty-two percent of women living in villages having no health facility in the village as
against 28 percent of women living in villages having health facility in the village said that it
was not considered necessary to deliver at the health institution. Similarly, 23 percent women
living in villages having no health facility in the village as against 13 percent women living in
villages having health facility in the village said ‘better care at home’.
4.10 Delivery Characteristics by District
Table 4.12 gives place of delivery, assistance during home delivery and percentage of safe
deliveries by district in the state. The percentage of institutional delivery was the highest (95
percent) in Kargil district, followed by 93 percent in Badgam district and the lowest (23 percent) in
Poonch district. The percentage of institutional delivery was higher than that of the state (70
percent) in Anantnag, Badgam, Baramula, Jammu, Kargi, Leh and Srinagar districts, while in the
remaining seven districts it was lower than that of the state. Further, percentage of women who had
delivery at home was the highest (76 percent) in Poonch district, followed by (71 percent) in
Kathua district and the lowest (over four percent) in Kargil district, while it was 28 percent in the state.
The percentage of home deliveries assisted by skilled persons was the highest (52 percent) in
Leh district, followed by 38 percent in Poonch district and the lowest (zero percent) in Baramula
and Kargil districts, while it was nine percent for the state. The percentage of safe deliveries was
the highest (95 percent) in Kargil district, followed by 94 percent in Leh district and the lowest
(30 percent) in Kathua district, while it was 73 percent for the state. In one-half of the districts of
66

Table 4.12 DELIVERY CHARACTERISTICS BY DISTRICT
Place of delivery, assistance during home deliveries, and percentage of safe deliveries by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Districts
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
Percentage of women who
had institutional delivery
81.3
92.9
91.0
34.0
72.7
Percentage of women who
had delivery at home
18.7
7.1
9.0
64.4
26.0
Home delivery assisted
by skilled 1 persons
4.9
(0.0)
0.0
28.4
11.9
Percentage of
safe 2 delivery
82.2
92.9
91.0
52.3
75.8
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
94.6
26.8
63.0
89.6
64.5
4.4
71.0
36.2
7.7
34.9
(0.0)
4.4
5.1
(51.9)
5.3
94.6
29.9
64.9
93.6
66.4
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
23.2
30.2
72.5
50.1
75.8
65.4
24.9
42.3
38.5
7.3
(10.8)
22.2
52.4
35.0
75.2
59.5
Jammu & Kashmir
70.5
*Table includes last live/still birth since 1-1-1999/1-1-2001.
1
Includes Doctor/ANM/Nurse. 2 Either institutional delivery or home delivery assisted by skilled person. ( ) Based on less
number of cases.
the state three-fourth or higher percentage of deliveries were conducted by skilled professionals,
while in the remaining one-half districts of the state it was below 75 percent.
4.11 Complications During Delivery
Table 4.13 gives percentage of women who had given last live/still birth during three years
preceding the survey by delivery complication, according to selected characteristics in the state.
The percentage of women who had any delivery complication was 65 percent in the state – 65
percent in rural areas and 63 percent in urban areas. The percentage of women who had any
delivery complication was 64 percent for women aged 20–34 years as against 73 percent for
women aged 35 years and above. The percentage of women who had any delivery complication
was the highest (71 percent) for women with four or more children ever born, followed by 70
percent for women with three children ever born and the lowest (59 percent) for women with one
child ever born. The percentage of women who had any delivery complication was the highest
(71 percent) for women who received four or more antenatal check-up, followed by 60 percent
for women who received three antenatal check-up and the lowest (41 percent) for women who
had no antenatal check-up. The percentage of women who had any delivery complication was the
highest (88 percent) for caesarean deliveries and the lowest (35 percent) for assisted deliveries, while
it was 65 percent for normal deliveries. Further, percentage of women who had any delivery
complication was 73 percent for deliveries conducted in government health facilities as against
85 percent for deliveries conducted in private health facilities, while it was 37 percent for home
deliveries. Major problems reported were ‘premature labour’ (31 percent),‘excessive bleeding’
(24 percent),‘prolonged labour’ (29 percent),‘obstructed labour’ (13 percent) and ‘breech presentation’
(six percent), Figure 4.6 shows percentage of women with delivery complication and by symptoms.
28.4
4.12 Post Delivery Complications and Treatment
Table 4.14 gives percentage of women who had given live/still births during three years preceding
9.3
73.1
67

Table 4.13 DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS
Percentage of women who had given last live/still births during three years preceding the survey by delivery complication, according
to selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristics
Any delivery
complication
Premature
labour
Excessive
bleeding
Type of delivery complication;
Prolonged
labour
Obstructed
labour
Breech
presentation
Other
Number of
women
Age group (in years)
20-34
35 and above
63.6
72.7
30.7
34.5
25.2
19.9
27.0
41.1
13.2
10.6
6.1
6.2
2.6
3.1
2,294
295
Children ever born
1
2
3
4+
59.0
63.6
69.8
70.6
32.5
30.3
30.9
30.3
26.5
25.0
23.2
21.6
19.7
24.5
36.3
44.0
14.2
13.6
11.4
10.9
5.5
6.3
5.5
7.7
1.5
3.9
2.2
2.9
801
842
518
432
Residence
Rural
Urban
65.2
62.6
32.6
26.4
24.9
23.3
30.1
23.9
12.6
13.7
6.9
3.7
2.5
3.1
1,965
631
Number of antenatal checkups
No check-up
1
2
3
4+
40.8
(43.9)
42.8
60.1
71.0
26.0
(31.7)
30.0
41.2
30.7
17.4
(14.6)
20.3
33.6
25.3
12.2
(12.2)
8.4
19.6
34.5
5.3
(4.9)
14.7
18.7
13.6
4.9
(4.9)
5.4
7.2
6.4
2.4
(7.3)
1.2
1.5
2.8
314
41
151
231
1,852
Delivery characteristics
Normal
Caesarean
Assisted
64.9
87.7
35.5
30.9
43.6
21.3
22.8
55.6
18.0
28.0
48.7
15.7
12.2
26.5
8.5
5.6
14.5
5.1
1.7
9.4
12.1
2,279
174
113
Place of delivery
Government sector
Private sector
Home
73.2
85.3
37.4
37.6
22.2
22.7
30.7
19.0
15.4
30.9
53.7
11.4
15.1
15.3
7.5
7.3
3.9
5.0
3.8
0.0
1.8
1,450
380
737
Total
64.6
31.1
24.5
Note1: Total include 2 women with zero parity, 7 with missing information on number of ANC visits, 30 on delivery characteristics and
15 on place of delivery who were not shown separately.
Note2: Total include 6 women below 20 years of age and 14 in other place of delivery who were not shown separately.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
28.6
12.9
6.1
2.7
2,595
Figure 4.6
Percentage of women with Delivery Complication and by Symptoms
Any Delivery complication
56
Premature labor
Excessive bleeding
Prolnged labor
15
15
16
Obstructed labor
32
Breech presentation
Other
5
6
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percent
68

Table 4.14 POST DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS
Percentage of women who had given last live/still births during three years preceding the survey by post delivery complication,
according to selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background
characteristics
Age group (in years)
20-34
35 and above
Children ever born
1
2
3
4+
Residence
Rural
Urban
Delivery
characteristics
Normal
Caesarean
Assisted
Place of delivery
Government sector
Private sector
Home
Assistance during
home delivery
Doctor
TBA
Untrained dai
Relative/friends
Total
Any post
delivery
complication
47.6
45.6
49.3
45.3
47.4
47.4
45.8
51.9
44.9
78.0
47.9
57.0
41.3
31.8
13.6
29.9
30.2
42.9
47.3
High
fever
30.3
31.9
30.0
25.2
33.6
37.7
32.0
25.7
29.6
46.7
26.9
38.7
21.4
19.4
7.0
14.5
14.8
37.8
30.4
Lower
abdominal
pain
31.8
34.3
30.1
29.8
34.2
37.8
32.6
30.5
30.2
59.2
21.8
41.1
24.8
18.3
7.0
14.9
19.2
24.9
32.1
Type of post delivery complication;
Foul smelling
vaginal
discharge
3.9
2.6
3.5
3.6
4.8
3.2
3.6
4.2
2.8
11.2
11.0
5.2
1.9
1.8
0.0
0.8
3.5
0.3
3.7
Excessive
bleeding
Convulsion
Severe
headache
Other
Number of
women
Note: Total include 2 women with zero parity and 30 women with missing information on delivery characteristics, 15 on place of
delivery, 7 on assistance during home delivery who were not shown separately. Total include 6 women below 20 years of age, 14
in other place of delivery and 19 assisted by ANM/Nurse/LHV during home delivery who were not shown separately.
the survey by post delivery complication, according to selected background characteristics in the
state. The percentage of women who had any post delivery complications was 47 percent in the
state – 46 percent in rural areas and 52 percent in urban areas. Forty-eight percent of the women
aged 20-34 years as against 46 percent women aged 35 years and above had post-delivery
complication. Further, 49 percent of women with one child ever born as against 45 percent
women with two children ever born had post-delivery complication, while it was 47 percent for
women with three or more children ever born. The percentage of women who had any post
delivery complication was the highest (78 percent) for caesarean deliveries and the lowest (45
percent) for normal deliveries, while it was 48 percent for assisted deliveries. The percentage of
women who had any post-delivery complication was 57 percent for deliveries conducted at the
government health facility as against 41 percent for deliveries conducted at the private health
facility, while it was 32 percent for home deliveries. The proportion of post-delivery complication
was 43 percent for deliveries conducted by friends/relatives as against 14 percent for deliveries
conducted by doctors, while it was 30 percent for deliveries conducted by TBA and untrained dai.
13.0
10.2
14.0
11.8
12.4
12.1
11.8
15.1
11.3
28.3
16.8
15.4
14.1
6.8
9.8
5.8
2.2
12.7
12.6
3.0
4.3
3.2
3.4
2.9
3.0
2.7
4.6
1.9
15.2
10.0
4.3
1.7
1.5
1.8
0.7
1.7
1.2
3.2
26.3
29.4
23.4
24.8
28.0
34.7
26.1
28.1
26.3
34.9
26.4
31.9
23.9
18.2
6.9
18.0
10.8
32.8
26.6
3.6
3.8
3.9
3.0
3.1
4.7
3.6
3.6
2.9
9.6
9.2
4.3
4.6
1.6
4.2
1.0
0.8
1.8
3.6
2,294
295
801
842
518
432
1,965
631
2,279
174
113
1,450
380
737
Main post-delivery complications were ‘high fever’ (30 percent), ‘lower abdominal pain’ (32
50
296
201
164
2,595
69

percent),‘foul smelling vaginal discharge’ (four percent),‘excessive bleeding’ (13 percent),
‘convulsion’ (three percent) and ‘severe head ache’ (27 percent). Figure 4.7 shows percentage of
women with post-delivery complication and by symptoms.
Figure 4.7
Percentage of women with Post Delivery Complication
and by Symptoms
Any Post Delivery complication
47
High fever
Lower abdominal pain
30
32
Foul smelling vaginal discharge
4
Excessive bleeding
13
Convulsion
3
Severe headache
27
Other
4
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Percent
Table 4.15 shows the percentage of women who had last live/still births during three
years preceding the survey and who had any post delivery complication, sought treatment for the
problems and source of treatment according to residence and availability of health facility in the
village. Eighty–three percent of women who had any post delivery complication sought treatment of
their health problem in the state – 84 percent in rural areas and 79 percent in urban areas.
Further, percentage of women who had any post delivery complication sought treatment of their
health problem was 81 percent of women living in villages having no health facility in the village
as against 86 percent of women living in villages having health facility in the village.
The percentage of women who sought treatment of post delivery complications from the
government health facility was 86 percent, including primary health centre (12 percent) and subcentre
(over two percent), over 13 percent from private health facility, five percent from ISM
facility and three percent from other health facilities. However, 16 percent of the women living
in villages having no health facility in the village as against nine percent of the women living in
villages having health facility in the village sought treatment from private health facility. Over six
percent women living in villages having no health facility in the village as against three percent
women living in villages having health facility in the village sought from ISM health facility. In
other words, around seven percent of the women sought treatment of their post delivery complications
from more than one health facility. Further, among women who sought treatment from the doctor
was 95 percent, from ANM/Nurse/LHV four percent, while over one percent women received treatment
from other health professionals.
70

Table 4.15 TREATMENT FOR POST DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS
Percentage of women who had last live/still births during three years preceding the survey and who had any post delivery
complication, sought treatment for the problems, and source of treatment according to residence and availability of health
facility in the village, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Treatment and source
Total
Availability of health
Residence
facility 5 in the village
Rural Urban No Yes
Percentage of women sought treatment who had
any post delivery complication
83.1
84.5
79.1
81.1
85.6
Number of women
1,228
900
327
224
676
Percentage sought treatment at health facility
Government health facility 1
Primary health centre
Sub centre
86.1
12.0
2.5
87.8
13.8
3.1
81.0
6.7
0.8
83.8
28.6
3.1
89.0
9.2
3.1
Private health facility 2
13.5
11.1
20.5
16.4
9.4
ISM 3 facility
4.7
3.8
7.4
6.5
3.0
Other
3.0
3.7
1.1
6.6
2.7
Percent distribution of women who obtained
treatment from
Doctor
ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV
Other health professionals 4
94.6
4.2
1.2
95.7
2.7
1.6
91.4
8.6
0.0
97.1
0.4
2.5
95.3
3.4
1.3
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
1,020
761
259
182
579
1
Include municipal hospital, dispensary, urban health centre/urban health post/urban family welfare centre, community
health centre/rural hospital, primary health centre and sub centre 2 Include private hospital/clinic and non-governmental
organization/ trust hospital. 3 4
Either government or private Indian system of medicine Other health professionals include
Dai (trained or untrained), relative/friends and ISM practitioner. 5 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community
health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and government dispensary within the village
4.13 Obstetric Morbidity by District
The extent of health problems/ complications women suffer during pregnancy, delivery and post
delivery period indicates the state of obstetric morbidity. Table 4.16 gives extent of pregnancy,
delivery and post-delivery complications and treatment seeking behaviour by district in Jammu
& Kashmir State. The percentage of women who had complication during pregnancy was the
highest (58 percent) in Kargil district, followed by 56 percent in Anantnag district and the lowest
(four percent) in Kathua district, while it was 40 percent for the state. The percentage of women
who sought treatment of pregnancy complication was the highest (98 percent) in Baramula district,
followed by 94 percent in Kargil district and the lowest (10 percent) in Kathua district, while it
was 81 percent for the state. The percentage of women who had delivery complication was the highest
(99.7 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 91 percent in Anantnag and Srinagar districts
and the lowest (14 percent) in Poonch district, while it was 65 percent for the state. The percentage of
women who had post delivery complication was the highest (87 percent) in Kargil district,
followed by 82 percent in Anantnag district and the lowest (over five percent) in Kathua district,
while it was 47 percent for the state. Further, percentage of women who sought treatment for post
delivery complication was the highest (95 percent) in Kupwara and Pulwama districts, followed by 90
percent in Anantnag district and the lowest (zero percent) in Poonch district, while it was 83 percent for
the state.
71

Table 4.16 PREGNANCY, DELIVERY AND POST DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS
Extent of pregnancy, delivery and post delivery complications and treatment seeking behaviour by districts, Jammu &
Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Percentage of women 1
Who had
complication
during pregnancy
Sought 2 treatment
for pregnancy
complication
Who had
delivery
complication
Who had post
delivery
complication
Sought 3 treatment for
post delivery
complication
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
56.5
16.9
44.6
34.8
48.8
74.8
(90.4)
98.1
44.2
82.2
90.7
50.9
99.7
44.1
49.7
82.5
20.7
55.4
53.3
44.9
90.4
87.4
84.0
71.4
81.7
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
57.7
3.6
32.3
40.1
35.1
94.2
(76.1)
88.1
(78.9)
89.2
88.3
22.3
42.9
81.9
42.9
86.6
5.4
41.7
64.8
43.7
70.2
(75.0)
95.4
65.9
95.1
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
10.3
19.7
37.7
28.1
(10.1)
(66.5)
(82.8)
75.8
14.3
23.1
90.6
39.3
9.5
39.3
41.1
27.7
(0.0)
67.4
(68.2)
67.3
Jammu & Kashmir
40.1
81.0
64.6
47.3
83.1
1
Women who had last live/still birth during three years preceding the survey. 2 Women who reported at least one
complication of pregnancy. 3 Women who reported at least one post delivery complication. ( ) Based on less number of
cases.
72

Map-3
Percentage of Women Received Three or More Antenatal Check-Up
73

Map 4:
Percentage of Delivery Attended by Skilled Person
74

CHAPTER V
CHILD CARE AND IMMUNIZATION
Child health services under the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme include health
education to mothers on breast-feeding and services for immunization, Vitamin-A supplements
and Iron prophylaxis, treatment of diarrhoea and Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs). The
District Level Household Survey (DLHS) covered all the currently married women whose last
surviving child was born during three years preceding the survey, and information on those
breastfeeding currently and duration of breastfeeding. They were also asked about their awareness of
diarrhoea management and danger signs of pneumonia and practices followed in case of episodes
of diarrhoea and ARI among the children. Data on immunization, administering Vitamin-A
supplements and Iron prophylaxis was collected for the last two living children born after
January 1, 1999/2001. This chapter presents an analysis of the data collected on the above aspects.
5.1 Breastfeeding
Educating mothers on correct breastfeeding practices and child nutrition is one of the components of
the RCH programme. Infant feeding practices have significant effects on the health of both
mothers and children. Mothers are affected through the influences of breastfeeding on the period
of postpartum infertility, and hence on fertility levels and the length of birth intervals. These
effects vary according to the duration and intensity of breastfeeding. Proper infant feeding, starting
from the time of birth, is important for the physical and mental development of the child. Breastfeeding
improves the nutritional status of young children and reduces morbidity and mortality.
Breast milk not only provides important nutrients, but also protects the child against infection.
The timing and type of supplementary foods introduced in an infant’s diet have significant
effects on the child’s nutritional status.
As recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), breastfeeding should be
initiated immediately after birth and should be continued upto a minimum of six months. The
WHO also suggests that the yellowish milk, known as colostrums, should be given to the baby
because it provides protection against certain infections. Afterwards, it has to be supplemented with
other semi-solid and solid foods at the proper time intervals.
Table 5.1 gives percentage of children under age 3 whose mother started breastfeeding
within two hours of birth, within one day of birth and after one day of birth, and percentage
whose mother squeezed the first milk from her breast before breastfeeding by selected
background characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State. Fifty-nine percent children were breastfed
within two hours of birth and 87 percent were breastfed within one day of birth, while 11 percent
children were breastfed after one day of birth. As shown in Figure 5.1, 28 percent children were
breastfed within one day of birth but after two hours of birth, nine percent were breastfed 1-3 days of
birth and one percent after three days, while two percent children were never breastfed. Eighty-eight
percent of children in rural areas as against 83 percent children in urban areas were breastfed
with one day of birth. Over 78 percent of Hindu children as against 93 percent of Muslim children
were breastfed within one day of birth, while it was 94 percent for Sikh children. The percentage
of children breastfed within one day of birth was the highest (89 percent) for other caste children,
followed by 86 percent for OBC children and the lowest (71 percent) for scheduled tribe children.

Table 5.1 INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING
Percentage of children under age 3 whose mother started breastfeeding within two hours of births, within one day of birth, and
after one day of birth and percentage whose mother squeezed the first milk from her breast before breastfeeding by selected
background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir , 2002-04
Background characteristic
Residence
Rural
Urban
Percentage started breastfeeding
Within two hours of
birth
62.5
46.5
Within one
day of birth 1
88.4
82.9
After one day of
birth
10.5
11.8
Percentage whose
mother squeezed first
milk from breast
75.6
63.0
Number
of children
1,492
491
Mother’s education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 and above
70.5
46.9
42.9
92.2
82.0
80.3
7.0
13.6
16.5
73.0
73.0
71.1
1,064
400
518
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
33.5
76.2
53.1
78.5
92.6
94.0
16.9
6.7
6.0
67.5
76.4
70.0
770
1,141
57
Caste/tribe#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
36.7
36.6
74.7
60.2
84.3
71.0
86.5
89.0
15.1
22.3
10.6
9.1
72.2
32.1
70.7
76.3
282
105
354
1,225
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
51.5
65.9
47.0
84.1
90.7
80.8
14.2
8.6
13.5
61.0
77.8
68.6
344
1,131
508
Total
58.6
87.0
10.8
72.5
1,983
Note-1: Table based on youngest living child born during the three years preceding the survey. Total includes 1 child with missing
information on mother’s education who were not shown separately. Note-2: Total includes 15 children in other religion who were
not shown separately. 1 Includes children whose mother started breastfeeding within two hours of births. @ Literate mother with no
years of schooling are included. #Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
Figure 5.1
Initiation of Breastfeeding
1-3 days
9%
After 3 days
1%
Never
2%
After 2 hours, but
same day
28%
Within 2 hours
59%
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-
Further, percentage of children breastfed within one day of birth was the highest (92 percent) for
children having non-literate mother and the lowest (80 percent) for children whose mother had
studied for 10 years and above, while it was 82 percent for the children whose mother had studied
for 0-9 years. The percentage of children breastfed within one day of birth was the highest (91 percent)
76

for children with medium SLI and the lowest (81 percent) for children with high SLI, while it was
84 percent for children with low SLI.
The percentage of children women who squeezed out first breast-milk was 72 percent in the
state – 76 percent in rural areas and 63 percent in urban areas. Two-third of Hindu women as against
three-fourth of Muslim women squeezed out first breast-milk and it was 70 percent for Sikh women.
The percentage of women who squeezed out first breast-milk was the highest (76 percent) for other
caste women, followed by 72 percent for scheduled caste women and the lowest (32 percent) for
scheduled tribe women, while it was 71 percent for OBC women. The percentage of women who
squeezed out first breast-milk was the highest (78 percent) for women with medium SLI and the
lowest (61 percent) for women with low SLI, while it was 69 percent for women with high SLI.
The custom of squeezing the first breast milk before breastfeeding is widely practised in
every community/group. Women who had last live/still births during three years preceding the
survey were asked ‘Are you currently breast-feeding the child? If so, ‘How many months did you
breastfed the child exclusively? The exclusive breastfeeding means breastfeeding the child without
giving him/her anything including water. Table 5.2 gives percentage of children under age 3 years by
exclusive breastfeeding and child’s age in month in the state. Over 58 percent children under four
months of age were exclusively breastfed. The percentage of children exclusively breastfed drops
steadily from 71 percent for children under 2 months of age to 51 percent for children aged 6-7
months, while 88 percent of the children below six months were breastfed exclusively for four months.
Further, 63 percent of the children aged below four months were breastfed exclusively. The percentage
of children aged 4-6 months who received exclusive breastfeeding was 48 percent, while 91 percent of
them were breastfed exclusively for at least four months. Similarly, percentage of children aged 7-9
months who received exclusive breastfeeding was 32 percent, while 96 percent children received
exclusive breastfeeding for at least four months and 77 percent for at least six months.
Table 5.2 EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING BY CHILD’S AGE
Percentage of children under age 3 years by exclusive breastfeeding and child’s age in month, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Age in months
Below 2
2-3
4-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-21
22-23
24-25
26-27
28-29
30-31
32-33
34-35
Status of exclusive breastfeeding
Exclusive breastfeeding At least 4 months At least 6 months
71.1
58.5
45.6
51.0
23.4
23.1
25.1
25.4
22.6
9.9
9.9
17.1
12.8
14.3
6.8
11.3
7.4
(7.3)
*
*
88.3
97.4
96.0
88.1
90.3
89.3
95.3
92.3
88.6
81.6
81.7
94.2
98.8
96.4
90.0
(80.0)
*
*
*
77.2
76.3
57.9
68.5
70.6
74.6
72.4
58.6
56.6
65.4
71.4
81.2
80.6
74.4
(58.2)
Number of
children
64
119
127
103
102
70
110
152
95
120
62
71
91
162
202
200
84
48
Below 4 months
4-6 months
7-9 Months
62.9
47.6
32.3
Note: Table based on youngest living child born during the three years preceding the survey. () Based on less than 50 unweighted cases
*
91.5
95.7
*
*
77.3
182
176
156
77

5.1.1 Breastfeeding by District
Table 5.3 gives percentage of children under age 3 years who started breastfeeding within two
hours of birth, within one day of birth and after one day of birth, percentage whose mother
squeezed the first breast-milk before breastfeeding and percentage of children who were
exclusively breastfed by district in the state. The percentage of children who were breastfed within
two hours of birth was the highest (97 percent) in Anantnag and Baramula districts, followed by
72 percent in Badgam district and the lowest (eight percent) in Udhampur district, while it was 59
percent for the state. The percentage of children who were breastfed within one day of birth was
the highest (98 percent) in Anantnag and Baramula districts, followed by 92 percent in Badgam,
Kargil, Kupwara and Pulwama districts and the lowest (39 percent) in Poonch district, while it
was 87 percent for the state. The percentage of children who were breastfed after one day of birth
was the highest (61 percent) in Poonch district, followed by 48 percent in Leh district and the lowest
(two percent) in Anantnag district, while it was 11 percent for the state.
The percentage of children whose mother squeezed out first breast-milk was the highest (100
percent) in Baramula district, followed by 96 percent in Kupwara district and the lowest (three
percent) in Doda district, while it was 72 percent for the state. The percentage of children who
received exclusive breastfeeding was the highest (100 percent) in Srinagar and Baramula
districts, followed by 99 percent in Badgam district and the lowest (17 percent) in Doda district,
while it was 72 percent for the state.
Table 5.3 BREASTFEEDING BY DISTRICT
Percentage of children under age 3 who started breastfeeding within two hours of birth, within one day of birth and after one day
of birth, percentage whose mother squeezed the first milk from her breast before breastfeeding and percentage of children who
exclusively breastfeed by District, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Within two hours of
birth
Percentage started breastfeeding
Within one day
of birth 1
After one day
of birth
Percentage whose
mother squeezed first
milk from breast
Exclusive
breastfeeding 2
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
97.5
71.8
97.2
37.5
52.8
98.1
91.5
97.6
71.7
88.3
1.9
8.5
2.4
18.3
8.0
59.5
55.6
100.0
2.9
78.5
86.5
99.3
99.7
16.8
43.2
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
52.7
9.7
34.2
16.5
35.9
92.3
71.7
91.7
52.4
92.2
7.7
27.5
7.7
47.6
7.3
67.8
64.2
96.2
43.4
94.7
87.3
46.6
88.2
85.2
87.0
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
17.3
21.6
43.1
8.2
38.9
62.4
78.7
70.9
61.1
35.5
21.3
20.5
59.5
54.9
84.8
52.6
97.4
85.4
100.0
41.1
Jammu & Kashmir
58.6
87.0
Note: Table based on youngest living child born during the three years preceding the survey
1
Includes children who started breastfeeding within two hours of births. 2 Based on youngest children age 6 months and older at
the time of survey and breastfeed exclusively 6 months or more as mother reported.
10.8
72.5
72.0
5.2 Immunization of Children
The immunization of children against six serious but preventable diseases namely, tuberculosis,
78

diphtheria, pertusis, poliomyelitis and measles is the main component of the child survival
programme. As part of the National Health Policy, the National Immunization Programme is
being implemented on a priority basis. The Government of India initiated the Expanded Programme on
Immunization (EPI) in 1978 with the objective of reducing morbidity, mortality and disabilities among
children from six diseases.
The Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) was introduced in 1985-86 with the
objective of covering at least 85 percent of all infants against the six vaccine preventable diseases
by 1990. This scheme has been introduced in every district of the country. The standard immunization
schedule developed for the child immunization programme specifies the age at which each
vaccine should be administrated and the number of doses to be given. Routine vaccinations received
by infants and children are usually recorded on a vaccination card that is issued for the child.
In the first phase of Round-II, all the women with last and last but one living child born
after January 1, 1999 were asked whether the child/children had received the vaccination against
polio, tuberculosis (BCG), diphtheria, whooping cough (pertusis), tetanus (DPT) and measles,
and for the second phase, the reference period was from January 1, 2001. For Polio and DPT,
further information on polio at birth and number of doses was asked. Children who received
BCG, three doses of DPT and polio (excluding polio 0) and measles are considered to be fully
vaccinated. Information on the source of immunization for last dose and in case where immunization
was not given, the reason for not giving immunization was also compiled.
Table 5.4 gives percentage of children age 12-23 months who received vaccination
according to selected background characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State. The data shows that
only 32 percent children were fully immunised and three percent children did not at all received
any vaccination. In other words, 65 percent of the children were partially immunised in the state.
The percentage of children who were protected against all the six killer diseases shows that BCG
vaccination was given to over 91 percent children, while 78 percent children received Measles
vaccine in the state. Only 40 percent of the children received three doses of DPT vaccine, while
42 percent of the children received three doses of Polio vaccine in the state. Coverage of each
vaccination including Polio-0 is much higher than the percentage fully vaccinated. The first dose
of DPT vaccine was 74 percent, while its third dose was 40 percent-decline of 34 percent points.
Similarly, first dose of Polio vaccine was 78 percent, while its third dose was 42 percent - decline
of 36 percent points. Further, first dose of DPT and Polio, and Measles are quite close. Figure 5.2
shows percent of children age 12-23 months who have received specific vaccination in the state.
There has been some decline in full vaccination coverage in Jammu & Kashmir State
from over 50 percent in Round-I in 1998-99. These data indicate that despite the progress that
has been made in immunization coverage for children in the state, coverage levels are still low
and a large proportion of children who received some early vaccinations dropped out of the
programme before receiving all of the recommended vaccinations.
The data indicates that the coverage of each type of vaccine except Measles was more in
urban areas than in rural areas. Thirty percent of the children in rural areas as against 37 percent
in urban areas received full immunisation. Eighty-six percent of the children received polio-0 vaccine
at the time of birth in the state irrespective of place of residence. Ninety percent children in rural
areas as against 94 percent children in urban areas received BCG vaccination. Ninety percent male
79

Table 5.4 VACCINATION OF CHILDREN
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received vaccination according to some selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic Polio 0 BCG
DPT Polio
1 2 3 1 2 3
Measles
Full 1
vaccination
No
vaccination
Number
of
children
Residence
Rural
Urban
Sex of the child
Male
Female
Birth order
1
2
3
4+
Mother’s education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Caste/tribe#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
85.9
85.5
83.8
88.1
82.9
89.5
83.5
87.9
81.9
87.4
90.8
85.0
86.5
84.0
(72.9)
88.2
87.4
73.8
87.9
88.1
90.4
94.2
89.6
93.6
89.2
91.9
98.6
90.5
89.9
89.3
95.6
91.6
91.5
86.4
(84.7)
92.0
93.5
76.1
94.5
93.8
72.5
79.3
74.6
74.2
70.5
76.6
81.1
74.9
67.9
78.3
82.0
74.7
73.9
71.8
(50.8)
78.5
77.8
50.3
76.4
83.7
59.5
68.1
61.0
63.0
59.5
61.2
67.8
64.9
53.8
67.7
70.5
62.4
60.5
59.4
(42.4)
63.4
65.7
36.2
64.4
70.9
36.1
50.2
41.2
39.0
37.2
39.2
41.1
49.0
34.1
37.6
51.7
44.8
33.4
48.5
(23.7)
43.1
39.0
21.7
40.7
49.0
77.7
78.3
78.3
77.3
74.9
79.1
86.9
75.4
73.7
82.5
81.0
78.2
77.5
82.0
(40.7)
79.1
79.2
47.3
83.7
82.9
72.6
64.3
71.2
69.1
65.4
72.7
82.0
67.8
66.3
78.9
69.9
70.5
70.5
71.7
(35.6)
68.8
72.5
42.4
77.9
70.2
41.3
42.9
43.4
39.7
38.0
43.3
46.9
44.0
39.2
39.8
47.2
46.5
35.9
47.7
(25.4)
41.0
42.3
27.0
42.4
48.3
79.4
74.0
77.8
78.0
75.0
74.4
89.4
82.9
80.2
78.4
73.8
74.7
81.0
76.2
(74.6)
84.0
77.2
60.7
84.7
73.7
30.0
36.9
32.6
31.3
28.1
33.4
34.7
37.0
26.5
30.6
41.8
37.8
24.7
37.0
(13.6)
31.0
32.5
12.1
33.6
39.6
2.5
2.8
4.1
0.8
2.8
3.6
0.5
1.9
3.5
2.7
1.0
2.3
2.4
2.6
(3.4)
2.6
2.4
9.4
0.4
3.2
461
183
348
297
260
203
83
98
307
145
193
320
308
116
33
102
385
99
360
185
Total
85.8
91.5
74.4
61.9
40.2
77.9
70.2
41.7
77.9
32.0
2.6
644
Note-1: Table includes only last and last but one living child born since 1.1.1999/1.1.2001. Note-2: Total includes 16 children with other religion who were not shown separately. @
Literate mothers with no years of schooling are included. # Total figure may not add to N due to do not and missing cases.
1
BCG, three injection of DPT, three doses of Polio (excluding Polio 0) and measles.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases
80

81
Figure 5.2
Percentage of Chidren Age 12-23 months
who have Received Specific Vaccinations
BCG
92
DPT1
DPT2
DPT3
40
62
74
Polio1
Polio2
Polio3
42
70
78
Measles
78
All
None
3
32
=
0 19 38 57 76 95
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Percent
children as against 94 percent female children received BCG vaccination. The percentage of children
who received BCG vaccination was the highest (99 percent) for third order birth, followed by
92 percent for second order birth and the lowest (83 percent) for first order birth. The percentage
of children who received BCG vaccination was the highest (93 percent) for other caste children,
followed by 92 percent for OBC children and the lowest (85 percent) for scheduled tribe children.
Ninety-six percent of children whose mother had studied for 10 years and above as against over 89
percent of children having non-literate mother and children whose mother had studied for 0-9 years
had BCG vaccination. Seventy-six percent of children with low SLI as against 94 percent children
with medium and high SLI had BCG vaccination.
The percentage of children who received three doses of DPT vaccine was 40 percent in
the state - 36 percent in rural areas and 50 percent in urban areas. Forty-one percent of male
children as against 39 percent of female children received three doses of DPT vaccine. The
percentage of children who received three doses of DPT vaccine was the highest (49 percent) for
fourth or higher order births, followed by 41 percent for third order births and the lowest (37
percent) for first order births. Forty-five percent of Hindu children as against 33 percent of Muslim
children received three doses of DPT vaccine. The percentage of children who received three doses of
DPT vaccine were the highest (48 percent) for scheduled caste children, followed by 43 percent for
OBC children and the lowest (24 percent) for scheduled tribe children.
The percentage of children who received three doses of DPT vaccine was the highest (52
percent) for children whose mother had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (34 percent)
for children having non-literate mother, while it was 38 percent for children whose mother had
studied for 0-9 years. Similarly, percentage of children who received three doses of DPT vaccine
as the highest (49 percent) for children with high SLI and the lowest (22 percent) for children
with low SLI, while it was 41 percent for children with medium SLI.

82
The percentage of children who received three doses of Polio vaccine was 42 percent in the
state – 41 percent in rural areas and 43 percent in urban areas. Forty-three percent of male children
as against 40 percent of female children received three doses of Polio vaccine. Further, percentage
of children who received three doses of Polio vaccine was the highest (47 percent) for third order
births, followed by 44 percent for four or higher order births and the lowest (38 percent) for first
order births. Over 46 percent of Hindu children as against 36 percent of Muslim children received
three doses of Polio vaccine. The percentage of children who received three doses of Polio vaccine
was the highest (48 percent) for scheduled caste children, followed by 42 percent for other caste
children and the lowest (25 percent) for scheduled tribe children. The percentage of children who
received three doses of Polio vaccine was the highest (47 percent) for children whose mother had
studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (39 percent) for children having non-literate
mother, while it was 40 percent for children whose mother had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly,
percentage of children who received three doses of Polio vaccine was the highest (48 percent) for
children with high SLI and the lowest (27 percent) for children with low SLI, while it was 42
percent for children with medium SLI.
The percentage of children who received three doses of Measles vaccine was 78 percent in
the state – 79 percent in rural areas and 74 percent in urban areas. Seventy-eight percent of the
children received Measles vaccine in the state irrespective of sex. The percentage of children who
received Measles vaccine was the highest (89 percent) for third order births, followed by 83
percent for fourth or higher order births and the lowest (74 percent) for second order births. Seventyfive
percent of Hindu children as against 81 percent of Muslim children received Measles vaccine. The
percentage of children who received Measles vaccine was the highest (84 percent) for OBC children,
followed by 77 percent for other caste children and the lowest (75 percent) for scheduled tribe
children. The percentage of children who received Measles vaccine was the highest (80 percent)
for children having non-literate mother and the lowest (74 percent) for children whose mother had
studied for 10 years and above, while it was 78 percent for children whose mother had studied for
0-9 years. Similarly, percentage of children who received Measles vaccine was the highest (85
percent) for children with medium SLI and the lowest (61 percent) for children with low SLI,
while it was 74 percent for children with high SLI.
The percentage of children who received full vaccination was 32 percent in the state – 30
percent in rural areas and 37 percent in urban areas. Thirty-three percent of male children as against
31 percent of female children received full vaccination in the state. The percentage of children
who received full vaccination was the highest (37 percent) for fourth or higher order births, followed
by 35 percent for third order births and the lowest (28 percent) for first order births. Thirty-eight
percent of Hindu children as against 25 percent of Muslim children received full vaccination in the
state. The percentage of children who received full vaccination was the highest (37 percent) for
scheduled caste children, followed by over 32 percent for other caste children and the lowest (14
percent) for scheduled tribe children. Further, percentage of children who received full vaccination
was the highest (42 percent) for children whose mother had studied for 10 years and above and the
lowest (26 percent) for children having non-literate mother, while it was 31 percent for children
whose mother had studied for 0-9 years. The percentage of children who received full vaccination
was the highest (40 percent) for children with high SLI and the lowest (12 percent) for children
with low SLI, while it was 34 percent for children with medium SLI. These data suggest that there
exists positive association between percent of children fully vaccinated and education level and
standard of living index of the women (Figure 5.3).

83
Figure 5 .3
Percentage of Children Age 12-23 months
Who Have Received All Vaccination
Total
Rural
Urban
Sex of the Child
Male
Female
Caste
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Education
Non-literate
0-9 years@
10 & above
Standard of Living Index
Low
Medium
High
12
14
27
32
30
33
31
31
33
31
34
37
37
42
40
0 15 30 45
Percent
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
@ Literate mothers with no years of schooling are also included.
Table 5.5 gives percentage of children age 12-23 months and 24-35 months with a vaccination
card that was shown to the interviewer and percentage who received specific vaccinations by 12
months of age according to place of residence in Jammu& Kashmir State. The percentage of
vaccination card shown to the interviewer was 52 percent for children aged 12-23 months as
against 49 percent for children aged 24-35 months in the state. The percentage of vaccination card
shown to the interviewer was 53 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against over 49 percent
for children aged 24-35 months in rural areas of the state. Similarly, percentage of vaccination
card shown to the interviewer was 49 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 47
percent for children aged 24-35 months in urban areas of the state.
The percentage of children who received Polio-0 vaccination by 12 months of age was 86
percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 90 percent for children aged 24-35 months in
the state. The percentage of children who received Polio-0 vaccination by 12 months of age was
86 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 89 percent for children aged 24-35 months
in rural areas of the state. Similarly, percentage of children who received Polio-0 vaccination by
12 months of age was 85 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 94 percent for
children aged 24-35 months in urban areas of the state. Again, percentage of children who received

84
Table 5.5 CHILDHOOD VACCINATION RECEIVED BY 12 MONTHS OF AGE
Percentage of children age 12-23 months and 24-35 months with a vaccination card that was shown to the interviewer and
percentage who received specific vaccinations by 12 months of age according to residence, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Vaccination status
12-23
months
Total Rural Urban
24-35
months
12-23
months
24-35
months
12-23
months
24-35
months
Vaccination card shown to interviewer
51.6
49.0
52.6
49.5
48.9
47.2
Percentage vaccinated by 12 months of age
Polio 0
85.8
89.9
85.9
88.7
85.5
93.8
BCG
91.5
96.8
90.4
96.0
94.2
99.3
Polio doses
No Polio
1
2
3
Don’t remember
7.5
7.8
28.9
42.3
13.6
5.5
3.9
12.6
65.8
12.2
7.6
5.2
31.8
42.0
13.5
5.5
4.8
11.6
64.5
13.7
7.1
14.2
21.6
43.2
13.8
5.7
1.2
15.7
70.1
7.3
DPT injection
No DPT
1
2
3
Don’t remember/missing
9.4
12.7
22.1
40.8
14.8
3.7
7.1
23.4
53.2
12.6
10.3
13.3
23.8
36.9
15.6
4.3
8.0
24.3
50.4
13.1
7.2
11.3
18.0
50.6
12.9
1.7
4.1
20.7
62.6
10.9
Measles
77.9
86.7
79.4
87.5
74.0
84.1
Full 1 vaccination
32.0
43.2
30.0
39.9
36.9
54.2
No vaccination at all
2.6
0.8
2.5
1.0
2.8
0.0
Number of children
644
909
461
696
183
213
Note: Table includes only last and last but one living child born since 1.1.1999/1.1.2001
1
BCG, three injection of DPT, three doses of Polio (excluding Polio 0) and measles
BCG vaccination by 12 months of age was 91 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against
97 percent for children aged 24-35 months in the state. The percentage of children who received
BCG vaccination by 12 months of age was 90 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against
96 percent for children aged 24-35 months in rural areas of the state. Similarly, percentage of
children who received BCG vaccination by 12 months of age was 94 percent for children aged
12-23 months as against 99 percent for children aged 24-35 months in urban areas of the state.
The percentage of children who received three doses of Polio vaccination by 12 months of
age was 42 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 66 percent for children aged 24-35
months in the state. The percentage of children who received three doses of Polio vaccination by 12
months of age was 42 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 64 percent for children aged
24-35 months in rural areas of the state. Similarly, percentage of children who received three
doses of Polio vaccination by 12 months of age was 43 percent for children aged 12-23 months
as against 70 percent for children aged 24-35 months in urban areas of the state. Again, percentage
of children who received three doses of DPT vaccination by 12 months of age was 41 percent for
children aged 12-23 months as against 53 percent for children aged 24-35 months in the state. The
percentage of children who received three doses of DPT vaccination by 12 months of age was 37
percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 50 percent for children aged 24-35 months in rural

85
areas of the state. Similarly, percentage of children who received three doses of DPT vaccination
by 12 months of age was 51 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 63 percent for
children aged 24-35 months in urban areas of the state. Again, percentage of children who received
Measles vaccination by 12 months of age was 78 percent for children aged 12-23 months as
against 87 percent for children aged 24-35 months in the state. The percentage of children who
received Measles vaccination by 12 months of age was 79 percent for children aged 12-23
months as against 87 percent for children aged 24-35 months in rural areas of the state. Similarly,
percentage of children who received Measles vaccination by 12 months of age was 74 percent for
children aged 12-23 months as against 84 percent for children aged 24-35 months in urban areas
of the state. Further, percentage of children who received full vaccination by 12 months of age was
32 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 43 percent for children aged 24-35 months
in the state. The percentage of children who received full vaccination by 12 months of age was 30
percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 40 percent for children aged 24-35 months in
rural areas of the state. Similarly, percentage of children who received full vaccination by 12 months
of age was 37 percent for children aged 12-23 months as against 54 percent for children aged 24-35
months in urban areas of the state. Figure 5.4 gives child vaccination by age.
Figure 5.4
Child vaccination by age
54
Percent
32
30
37
43
40
Age 12-23 months
Age 24-35 months
Total Rural Urban Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
5.3 Source of Immunization
Table 5.6 gives percent distribution of children under three years of age who have received any
vaccination by the source of last vaccine, according to place of residence and availability of health
facility in the village. Over 91 percent of the children were immunized at the government health
facility, four percent at the private health facility and over two percent at the ISM and other
facility, while over percent were not sure about the place of immunization. Further, children who
were immunized at the government health facility received vaccination from ‘Government/Municipal
hospital’ (70 percent),‘Community/Primary health centre’ (11 percent),‘sub-centre’ (nine percent)
and ’RCH/MCP camp’ (one percent). The percentage of children receiving vaccination from the
private health facility was lower in rural areas (three percent) than in urban areas (nine percent).
Ninety percent of the children received their vaccination from the government health facility in
urban areas. Further, 93 percent of the children living in villages having no health facility in the
village as against 92 percent of the children living in villages having health facility in the village
received vaccination from the government health facility. Thus, the main source of vaccination of

86
Table 5.6 SOURCE OF CHILDHOOD VACCINATION
Percent distribution of children under age 3 who have received any vaccination by source of last vaccination, according to place
of residence and availability of health facilities in the village, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Source of vaccination
Total
Residence
Availability of health
facility 1 in the village
Rural Urban No Yes
Government health sector
Government/municipal hospital
Community/primary health centre
Sub-centre
RCH/MCP camp
69.8
11.4
9.4
0.9
67.2
11.8
11.9
1.2
77.4
10.2
2.1
0.0
64.6
14.6
11.0
2.8
67.9
11.0
12.2
0.8
Private health sector
Private hospital
Private doctor
1.8
2.4
1.6
1.2
2.5
6.2
0.6
1.4
1.8
1.1
ISM 2 health facility
Other
1.8
0.4
1.9
0.5
1.3
0.0
3.6
0.0
1.5
0.6
Do not remember
Missing
1.4
0.7
1.7
0.9
0.4
0.0
1.2
0.1
1.9
1.1
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of children
2,076
Note: Table includes last and last but one living children born in the three years preceding the survey
1
Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, Community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and government
dispensary within the village
2
Either government or private health facility of Indian System of Medicine
1,549
527
344
1,204
children was the government health facility in the Jammu & Kashmir State.
5.4 Vitamin A and IFA Supplements
Vitamin-A deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiency disorders in the world, affecting
more than 250 million children worldwide (Bolem et. al., 1997). The child survival programme also
includes administration of five doses of Vitamin-A for prevention of night blindness and
distribution of IFA for iron supplement. In Round-II, mothers of children born during three years
preceding the survey were asked whether their children had received a dose of Vitamin-A and
IFA tablets/syrup. Those who said that their children had received a dose of Vitamin-A and IFA
tablets/syrup were further asked how many doses were given. Table 5.7 gives percentage of
children age 12-35 months who received at least one dose of Vitamin-A and IFA tablets/syrup by
selected background characteristics in the state. Over 39 percent of the children received at least
one dose of Vitamin-A in the state – 37 percent in rural areas and 47 percent in urban areas. Over
37 percent of male children as against 42 percent of female children received at least one dose of
Vitamin-A in the state. The percentage of children who received atleast one dose of Vitamin-A
was the highest (45 percent) for first order births, followed by 41 percent for second order births
and the lowest (24 percent) for fourth or higher order births. Over 45 percent of Hindu children
as against over 33 percent of Muslim children received atleast one dose of Vitamin-A, while it
was 71 percent for Sikh children. The percentage of children who received atleast one dose of
Vitamin-A was the highest (44 percent) for other caste children, followed by 40 percent for
scheduled caste children and the lowest (29 percent) for OBC children. The percentage of children
who received atleast one dose of Vitamin-A was the highest (59 percent) for children whose mother
had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (30 percent) for children having non-literate

87
Table 5.7 VITAMIN A AND IFA SUPPLEMENTATION FOR CHILDREN
Percentage of children age 12-35 months who have received at least one dose of Vitamin A and iron folic acid tablets/syrup,
according to selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Percentage who received at
least one dose of vitamin A
Percentage who received
iron folic acid tablets/syrup
Number of
children
Age of the child
12-23 months
24-35 months
38.8
40.0
13.3
11.9
644
909
Sex of the child
Male
Female
37.5
41.9
8.9
16.8
847
707
Birth order
1
2
3
4+
45.0
41.2
37.4
24.3
14.3
15.4
8.4
5.8
576
505
243
229
Residence
Rural
Urban
36.8
47.4
8.8
23.2
1,157
396
Mother’s education
Non-literate
0-9 years@
10 years and above
29.7
41.2
58.7
6.5
12.7
24.6
841
303
408
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Other
45.5
33.5
70.7
20.3
7.6
6.3
604
893
57
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
40.2
29.3
28.7
44.4
10.1
18.6
7.2
14.2
217
103
277
939
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
34.5
33.6
57.2
9.2
8.1
25.2
286
888
379
Availability of health facility in the village 1
Yes
No
37.0
36.2
9.2
7.6
904
253
Total
39.5
12.5
1,553
Note-1: Table includes last and last but one living children born in the three years preceding the survey. Note-2: Total includes
4 children with missing information with mother education were not shown separately.
@ Literate mother with no years of schooling are also included here. # Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and
missing cases. 1 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, Community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital,
and government dispensary within the village.
mother, while it was 41 percent for children whose mother had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly,
percentage of children who received atleast one dose of Vitamin-A was 57 percent for children
with high SLI as against 34 percent for children with low and medium SLI. Further, 37 percent of
children living in villages having health facility in the village as against 36 percent of children
living in villages having no facility in the village received atleast one dose of Vitamin-A.
The percentage of children who received IFA tablets/syrup was over 12 percent in the
state – nine percent in rural areas and 23 percent in urban areas. Nine percent of male children as

88
against 17 percent of female children received IFA tablets/syrup. Twenty percent of Hindu children
as against eight percent of Muslim children received IFA tablets/syrup, while it was six percent
for other children. The percentage of children who received IFA tablets/syrup was the highest (19
percent) for scheduled tribe children, followed by 14 percent for other caste children and the
lowest (seven percent) for OBC children. The percentage of children who received IFA tablets/
syrup was the highest (25 percent) for children whose mother had studied for 10 years and above
and the lowest (over six percent) for children having non-literate mother, while it was 13 percent
for children whose mother had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly, percentage of children who
received IFA tablets/syrup was the highest (25 percent) for children with high SLI and the lowest
(eight percent) for children with medium SLI, while it was nine percent for children with low SLI.
5.5 Immunization Coverage by District
Table 5.8 gives percentage of children aged 12-23 months with a vaccination card that was shown
to the interviewer and percentage who received specific vaccinations by district. The percentage of
children who received Polio-0 was the highest (100 percent) in Anantnag, Kargil and Leh districts,
followed by 98 percent in Kupwara and Pulwama districts and the lowest (23 percent) in Poonch
district, while it was 88 percent for the state. The percentage of children who received BCG injection
was the highest (100 percent) in Anantnag, Kargil and Leh districts, followed by 97 percent in
Baramula Udhampur districts and the lowest (49 percent) in Poonch district, while it was 95 percent
for the state. The percentage of children who received three doses of DPT vaccine was the highest
(57 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 54 percent in Leh district and the lowest (five percent)
in Srinagar district, while it was 48 percent for the state. The percentage of children who received
three doses of Polio vaccine was the highest (56 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 54
percent in Jammu district and the lowest (five percent) in Srinagar district, while it was 56 percent
for the state. The percentage of children who received Measles vaccine was the highest (100
percent) in Kargil district, followed by 95 percent in Baramula district and the lowest (29 percent)
in Poonch district, while it was 83 percent for the state. Further, percentage of children who
received full immunization was the highest (50 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 44
percent in Jammu district and the lowest (five percent) in Srinagar district, while it was 39 percent
for the state (see Map-5). The percentage of children who received at least one dose of Vitamin-A
was the highest (76 percent) in Pulwama district, followed by 74 percent in Kupwara district and
the lowest (zero percent) in Balamula district, while it was 39 percent for the state.
5.6 Child Morbidity and Treatment
This section discusses the awareness, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and acute respiratory
infection (ARI). Mothers of surviving children born during three years preceding the survey were
asked if their children suffered from cough and cold or diarrhoea during the two weeks preceding
the survey, and if so, the type of treatment that had been given. Accuracy of all these measures is
affected by the reliability of the mother’s recall of when the diseases occurred.
5.6.1 Awareness of Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea is a major killer disease of children under five years of age. Deaths from acute diarrhoea
are mostly due to dehydration resulting from loss of water and electrolytes. An attempt was made
to collect data on awareness of diarrhoea management and the practice followed during the
episode of diarrhoea. Table 5.9 gives percentage of women who are aware of diarrhoea management,

89
Table 5.8 CHILDHOOD VACCINATION BY DISTRICT
Percentage of children age 12-23 months with a vaccination card that shown to the interviewer and percentage who received specific
vaccinations by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Percentage vaccinated
Polio 0 BCG DPT3 Polio3 Measles Full 1 None
Percentage received at least
one dose of Vitamin A 3
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
100.0
90.7
87.0
71.8
93.8
100.0
89.7
97.2
91.7
87.9
29.5
15.1
57.0
23.0
49.3
39.4
11.3
55.9
18.9
54.2
89.2
74.2
95.0
85.2
74.5
19.2
9.3
50.5
18.9
43.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
56.4
34.4
0.0
18.8
51.1
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
100.0
70.2
97.9
100.0
98.3
100.0
93.8
94.3
100.0
93.5
22.5
32.2
15.9
53.9
18.5
18.8
35.3
25.8
47.9
30.8
100.0
84.5
78.4
87.7
76.1
6.4
29.6
7.2
23.4
5.3
0.0
6.2
2.1
0.0
1.7
73.1
3.2
74.2
60.5
76.0
Punch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
22.7
71.7
70.7
69.0
48.9
89.1
76.0
97.5
41.1
19.4
5.3
40.4
45.2
25.0
5.3
39.1
29.3
69.2
76.0
55.4
13.4
9.5
5.3
20.2
14.4
0.0
19.0
0.0
9.6
12.6
7.7
4.6
Jammu & Kashmir 88.2 94.6 48.1 55.9 83.0 38.6
Note: Table includes only last and last but one living child born since 1.1.1999/1.1.2001
1
BCG, three injection of DPT, three doses of Polio (excluding Polio 0) and measles
1.5
39.5
type of practice followed if child gets diarrhoea, and percentage of women whose child suffered
from diarrhoea by selected background characteristics in Jammu& Kashmir State. The percentage
of the mothers who had child birth during three years preceding the survey and were aware of
diarrhoea management was 70 percent as compared to 48 percent in Round-I, and 60 percent
were aware of ORS, which was 38 percent points up from Round-I. Fifty-three percent women
were aware of salt and sugar solution; 19 percent women reported that they would continue normal
food, 26 percent women said continue breastfeeding and 27 percent women said give plenty of
fluids, while 30 percent women did not know what to give to a child who had diarrhoea.
The percentage of women aware of diarrhoea management was 70 percent in the state –
68 percent in rural areas and 75 percent in urban areas. Seventy-three percent of Hindu women
as against 68 percent of Muslim women were aware of diarrhoea management, while it was 80
percent for Sikh women. Sixty-seven percent of SC/ST women as against 76 percent of OBC
women were aware of diarrhoea management, while it was 69 percent for other caste women. The
percentage of women aware of diarrhoea management was the highest (85 percent) for women
who had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (63 percent) for women who had studied
for 0-9 years, while it was 66 percent for non-literate women. Similarly, percentage of women aware
of diarrhoea management was the highest (80 percent) for women with high SLI and the lowest
(60 percent) for women with low SLI, while it was 69 percent for women with medium SLI.
The percentage of women aware of ORS was 60 percent in the state – 58 percent in rural
areas and 64 percent in urban areas. Knowledge of ORS was higher among Sikh women (64
percent) than Hindu and Muslim women (over 59 percent). The percentage of women aware of
ORS was the highest (71 percent) for OBC women, followed by 59 percent for scheduled tribe
women and the lowest (52 percent) for scheduled caste women. The percentage of women aware
of ORS was the highest (77 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above and the
lowest (50 percent) for women who had studied for 0-9 years, while it was 56 percent for nonliterate
women. Similarly, percentage of women aware of ORS was the highest (68 percent) for

90
Table 5.9 AWARENESS OF DIARRHOEA
Percentage of women who are aware of diarrhoea management, type of practice followed if child gets diarrhoea, and percentage of
women whose child suffered 1 from diarrhoea by selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background
characteristic
Knowledge
of diarrhoea
management
Give ORS
Type of practices to be followed if child gets diarrhoea*
Salt and
sugar solution
Continue
normal food
Continue Give plenty
breastfeeding of fluids
Do not
know
Number of
women
Age
15-24
25-34
35-44
72.1
69.3
71.2
61.3
59.8
58.9
54.7
52.3
54.8
20.0
20.0
12.7
28.5
26.3
24.2
21.9
26.9
31.9
28.4
31.0
28.8
416
1,867
294
Residence
Rural
Urban
68.4
75.1
58.5
64.3
52.3
55.1
17.9
23.3
23.9
34.2
24.2
34.5
32.1
24.5
1,954
624
Mother’s education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 and above
66.2
62.9
84.8
56.1
50.2
77.1
54.3
41.4
59.9
17.2
13.4
28.7
26.7
19.9
31.3
28.0
16.7
32.0
34.1
37.3
15.1
1,444
517
616
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
72.8
67.8
79.6
59.5
59.9
64.3
48.0
56.4
44.9
19.7
19.1
16.2
23.3
28.0
36.6
21.3
30.0
27.1
27.9
32.6
11.3
926
1,561
70
Caste/tribe#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
67.5
67.0
75.6
69.1
52.5
58.6
70.6
58.1
44.3
49.4
63.5
52.4
18.2
23.8
16.4
20.0
20.2
18.0
31.6
27.3
18.3
25.3
28.3
28.2
32.5
35.8
25.4
30.8
340
155
489
1,565
Standard of living
index
Low
Medium
High
60.1
68.6
80.4
50.6
59.3
68.1
45.6
55.0
53.4
23.8
16.5
22.4
22.6
26.7
28.4
15.1
29.3
28.4
40.5
31.5
19.5
442
1,515
621
Availability of health
facility 2 in the village
Yes
No
68.6
67.6
59.7
54.5
53.8
47.6
17.2
20.0
23.8
24.2
20.7
36.1
31.8
32.9
1,511
443
Total
70.0
59.9
53.0
Note: Table based on women with living children born since 01.01.1999 for phase - I /01.01.2001 for phase - II. 1 Last two weeks
prior to survey. Total includes 1 woman with missing information on education who are not shown separately. Total includes 22
women in other religion who are not shown separately. @ Literate mother with no years of schooling are included. # Total figure
may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases. 2 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, Community health centre or
referral hospital, government hospital, and government dispensary within the village.
women with high SLI and the lowest (51 percent) for women with low SLI, while it was 59
percent for women with medium SLI. Further, 60 percent of the women living in villages having
health facility in the village as against 54 percent of the women living in villages having no health
facility in the village were aware of ORS.
5.6.2 Treatment of Diarrhoea
Table 5.10 gives percentage of women whose child suffered from diarrhoea and sought
treatment by source of treatment, according to place of residence and availability of health facility in
the village. The percentage of women whose child suffered from diarrhoea was eight percent in
the state – seven percent in rural areas and 12 percent in urban areas. The percentage of women
whose child suffered from diarrhoea was six percent for women living in villages having health
19.2
26.4
26.7
30.3
2,578

91
Table 5.10 TREATMENT OF DIARRHOEA
Percentage of women who sought treatment whose child suffered from diarrhoea and by source of treatment, according to place
of residence and availability of health facility in the village, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Availability of health
Residence
fcaility 2 in the village
Sought treatment/ source of treatment
Total
Rural Urban Yes No
Percentage of women whose child suffered1 from
diarrhoea
7.9
6.7
11.7
5.7
10.2
Number of women
2,578
1,954
624
1,511
443
Percentage of women whose child suffered1 from
diarrhoea treated with ORS
69.5
66.2
75.4
62.5
(71.4)
Percentage of women whose child suffered1 from
diarrhoea sought treatment
80.3
79.4
81.9
82.7
(65.7)
Number of women
205
132
73
87
45
Source of treatment
Government health facility
Hospital/dispensary
UHC/UHP/UFWC
CHC/ Rural hospital
Primary health centre
Sub centre
56.3
1.1
1.6
17.6
3.4
50.6
1.7
2.5
23.8
5.3
66.4
0.0
0.0
6.8
0.0
49.2
0.8
3.7
34.2
3.0
(56.5)
(4.3)
(0.0)
(4.3)
(4.3)
Private health facility
NGO/Trust hospital/clinic
Private hospital clinic
0.2
12.2
0.4
9.9
0.0
16.1
0.6
7.7
(0.0)
(17.4)
ISM3 facility
Home remedy
Other
42.8
0.6
2.6
28.3
0.9
4.1
68.3
0.0
0.0
30.5
1.3
4.4
(26.1)
(0.0)
(4.3)
Percent distribution of women who seek
treatment by
Doctor
ANM/Nurse/LHV
Relative/friends
Chemist/medical shop
87.2
7.3
1.4
4.0
82.3
9.1
2.3
6.4
95.9
4.1
0.0
0.0
82.0
9.9
0.0
8.1
(78.3)
(8.7)
(8.7)
(4.3)
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
164
105
60
72
33
Note: Table based on women with living children born since 01.01.1999 for phase - I /01.01.2001 for phase- II.
1
Last two weeks prior to survey. 2 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, Community health centre or referral hospital,
government hospital, and government dispensary within the village. 3 Either government or private health facility of Indian
System of Medicine () Based on less than 50 unweighted cases
facility in the village as against 10 percent for women living in villages having no health facility
in the village. Further, percentage of women whose child suffered from diarrhoea and treated
with ORS was over 69 percent in the state – 66 percent in rural areas and 75 percent in urban areas.
The percentage of women whose child suffered from diarrhoea and treated with ORS was over 62
percent of the women living in villages having health facility in the village as against 71 percent
of women living in villages having no health facility in the village. More of the women living in
villages having no health facility in the village whose child suffered from diarrhoeas treated the
child with ORS.
Further, percentage of women whose children suffered from diarrhoea-sought treatment was

92
80 percent in the state – 79 percent in rural areas and 82 percent in urban areas. Eighty-three
percent of women living in villages having health facility in the village as against 66 percent of
women living in villages having no health facility in the village whose children suffered from
diarrhoea sought treatment. The percentage of women who sought treatment from government
health facility was 80 percent, from private health facility 12 percent, from ISM facility 43
percent and from other health facility three percent, while one percent women treated the child
with home remedy. In other words, more than one-third women sought treatment from more than
facility. Eighty-seven percent women sought treatment from the doctor, seven percent from ANM/
Nurse/LHV and four percent from chemist/medical shop, while over percent from relatives/friends.
5.6.3 Awareness of Pneumonia
Another major killer disease among infants and children is Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI)
including pneumonia. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can prevent a large proportion
of ARI/pneumonia deaths. An attempt was made to understand the awareness level of pneumonia,
and the proportion of children who had suffered from pneumonia during the last two weeks
before the survey and their health seeking behaviour. Table 5.11 gives percentage of women who
are aware of danger signs of pneumonia by signs by selected background characteristics and
availability of health facility in the village in the state. Only 31 percent of the women were aware
of danger signs of pneumonia in the state – 28 percent in rural areas and 38 percent in urban areas.
The figure was slightly up from over 26 percent in Round-I. Knowledge of danger signs of pneumonia
was highest (35 percent) for women aged 35-44 years and lowest (23 percent) for women aged
15-24 years. Over 36 percent of Hindu women as against 28 percent of Muslim women were aware
danger signs of pneumonia, while it was 25 percent for Sikh women. The percentage of women
aware of danger signs of pneumonia was the highest (34 percent) for scheduled caste women,
followed by 32 percent for other caste women and the lowest (27 percent) for scheduled tribe women.
The percentage of women aware of danger signs of pneumonia was the highest (42 percent) for
women who had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (25 percent) for non-literate women,
while it was 34 percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years. The percentage of women aware
of danger signs of pneumonia was the highest (37 percent) for women with high SLI and the lowest
(21 percent) for women with low SLI, while it was 31 percent for women with medium SLI.
Further, percentage of women aware of danger signs of pneumonia was 26 percent for women living
in villages having health facility in the village as against 38 percent for women living in villages
having no health facility in the village.
Women, who were aware of the danger signs of pneumonia, were further asked about
danger signs of pneumonia. Danger signs reported were ‘difficulty in breathing’ (89 percent),‘chest indrawing’
(37 percent),‘not able to drink or take a feeding’ (63 percent),‘excessive drowsy and difficulty
in keeping awake’ (37 percent),‘pain in chest and productive cough’ (62 percent),‘condition get worse
than before’ (41 percent), ‘wheezing/whistling’ (17 percent) and ‘rapid breathing’ (28 percent).
5.6.4 Treatment of Pneumonia
Table 5.12 gives percentage of women whose child suffered from pneumonia and sought treatment
and source of treatment according to place of residence and availability of health facility in the
village. The percentage of women whose child suffered from cough, cold and difficulty in breathing
was 20 percent in the state – 20 percent in rural areas and 19 percent in urban areas. Further, percentage

Table 5.11 AWARENESS OF PNEUEMONIA
Percentage of women who are aware of danger signs of pneumonia by signs by selected background characteristics and availability of health facility in the village, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background
characteristic
Percentage
of women
aware of
danger
signs of
pneumonia
Number of
women
Difficulty in
breathing
Chest indrawing
Not able to
drink or
take a
feeding
Danger signs of ARI
Excessive
drowsy and
difficulty in
keeping
awake
Pain in
chest and
productive
cough
Conditions
get worse
than before
Wheezing/
whistling
Rapid
breathing
Number of
women
Age group (in years)
15-24
25-34
35-44
Residence
Rural
Urban
Mother’s education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 and above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Caste/tribe#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
Availability of health
facility 2 in the village
Yes
No
22.8
32.0
34.9
28.4
38.4
24.9
34.5
41.7
36.5
28.1
25.0
33.7
27.2
28.1
31.8
20.9
31.3
36.9
25.6
38.2
416
1,867
294
1,954
624
1,444
517
616
926
1,561
70
340
155
489
1,565
442
1,515
621
1,511
443
84.7
89.9
86.8
89.6
87.1
91.0
87.9
86.4
83.0
93.1
*
95.5
78.1
96.5
86.5
89.4
89.3
87.6
88.4
92.5
42.1
37.4
27.9
37.1
36.0
35.2
21.1
49.8
35.2
37.2
*
47.6
41.6
32.6
34.7
57.7
28.8
44.6
39.1
32.5
61.0
61.6
72.8
67.3
53.0
72.4
67.1
47.0
44.7
78.5
*
44.5
47.6
68.4
67.4
49.0
75.8
42.1
61.6
80.3
36.0
37.4
34.9
42.3
24.4
51.5
22.0
26.8
20.9
50.2
*
21.9
43.3
44.6
37.9
44.3
45.1
17.0
32.6
64.3
64.2
60.7
67.5
56.5
74.7
60.8
73.8
55.6
57.5
66.1
*
56.1
51.5
79.7
59.7
66.7
64.2
55.5
63.6
40.5
39.2
40.6
46.5
48.7
23.7
55.7
29.4
29.0
26.5
53.4
*
23.6
50.1
47.4
42.9
56.3
46.2
24.7
44.1
59.1
18.1
18.1
6.9
12.5
26.4
11.7
11.3
27.4
25.3
9.0
*
32.7
15.6
6.0
16.1
16.9
11.3
27.7
11.4
15.0
24.0
27.7
35.6
28.3
28.4
23.1
37.8
28.9
24.8
31.1
*
37.0
42.3
25.3
26.1
22.3
26.7
34.1
28.1
28.6
95
597
103
556
239
360
178
257
338
439
17
115
42
137
498
92
474
229
386
169
Total
30.8
2,578
88.9
36.7
63.0
36.9
62.0
41.2
16.7
28.3
795
Note-1: Total includes 1 woman with missing information on education who is not shown separately. Note-2: Total includes 22 women in other religion who were not shown separately
Note-3: Table based on women with living children born since 01.01.1999 for phase - I /01.01.2001 for phase - II. 1 Last two weeks prior to survey.
@ Literate mother with no years of schooling are included. # Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
2
Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, Community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and government dispensary within the village.
Total includes 4 women with missing information on education who are not shown separately.
* Percentages not shown: based on few cases. () Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
93

Table 5.12 TREATMENT OF PNEUEMONIA
Percentage of women who sought treatment whose child suffered 1 from cough and cold and source of treatment, according to
place of residence and availability of health facility in the village, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Availability of health
Residence
fcaility 2 in the village
Sought treatment/ source of treatment
Total Rural Urban Yes No
Percentage of women whose child suffered from
cough, cold and difficulty in breathing
19.7
19.8
19.4
18.6
24.2
Number of women
2,578
1,954
624
1,511
443
Percentage of women sought treatment whose
child suffered from cough and cold
95.2
94.6
97.4
96.2
90.2
Number of women
502
382
120
277
105
Source of treatment
Government health facility
Hospital/dispensary
UHC/UHP/UFWC
CHC/ Rural hospital
Primary health centre
Sub centre
77.0
0.7
1.5
10.4
3.5
77.0
0.8
1.8
13.2
4.2
77.0
0.4
0.4
1.6
1.2
77.4
0.4
1.2
9.3
2.5
75.9
1.9
3.5
24.4
9.1
Private health facility
NGO/Trust hospital/clinic
Private hospital clinic
0.7
10.9
0.8
7.6
0.4
21.0
0.3
7.6
1.9
7.6
ISM3 facility
Home remedy
Other
6.1
2.3
0.5
6.5
2.4
0.6
4.8
2.0
0.4
6.8
1.2
0.1
5.6
5.7
1.9
Percent distribution of women who seek
treatment by
Doctor
ANM/Nurse/LHV
Dai (trained or untrained)
Relative/friends
Chemist/medical shop
96.6
2.4
0.7
0.2
0.1
96.9
1.8
0.9
0.3
0.2
95.8
4.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
95.8
2.4
1.2
0.4
0.2
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
478
362
117
267
95
Note: Table based on women with living children born since 01.01.1999 for phase - I /01.01.2001 for phase - II.
1
Last two weeks prior to survey. 2 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, Community health centre or referral hospital,
government hospital, and government dispensary within the village.
3
Either government or private health facility of Indian System of Medicine
of women whose child suffered from cough, cold and difficulty in breathing was 19 percent for
women living in villages having health facility in the village as against 24 percent for women
living in villages having no health facility in the village.
The percentage of women whose child suffered from cough, cold and difficulty in breathing
who sought treatment was 95 percent in the state – 95 percent in rural areas and 97 percent in urban
areas. The percentage of women whose child suffered from cough, cold and difficulty in breathing
who sought treatment was 96 percent for women living in villages having health facility in the
village as against 90 percent for women living in villages having no health facility in the village.
The percentage of women whose child suffered from cough, cold and difficulty in breathing sought
treatment from government health facility was 93 percent, from private health facility 12 percent,
94

from ISM facility six percent and less than one percent from other health facility, while over two
percent women tried home remedy. In other words, eleven percent women sought treatment from
more than one health facility. Ninety-seven percent women sought treatment from the doctor, over
two percent from ANM/Nurse/LHV and the remaining one percent sought treatment other facilities.
5.6.5 Awareness of Diarrhoea, ORS and Pneumonia and Incidence of Diarrhoea and Pneumonia
by District
Table 5.13 gives percentage of women by awareness of diarrhoea management, ORS, danger
signs of pneumonia and whose child suffered from diarrhoea and pneumonia during last two
weeks prior to survey by district in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage of women aware of
diarrhoea management was the highest (100 percent) in Anantnag district and the lowest (28
percent) in Kathua district, while it was 70 percent for the state. The percentage of women aware
of ORS was the highest (93 percent) in Anantnag district and the lowest (19 percent) in Kathua
district, while it was 60 percent for the state. The percentage of women whose child suffered
from diarrhoea was the highest (19 percent) in Srinagar district and the lowest (one percent) in
Kathua district, while it was eight percent for the state. Further, percentage of women aware of
danger signs of pneumonia was the highest (46 percent) in Baramula district and the lowest (over
five percent) in Leh district, while it was 31 percent for the state. The percentage of women whose
child suffered from pneumonia was the highest (41 percent) in Baramula district and the lowest (two
percent) in Anantnag district, while it was 20 percent for the state.
Table 5.13 KNOWLEDGE OF DIARRHOEA MANAGEMENT AND PNEUMONIA BY DISTRICT
Percentage of women by awareness of diarrhoea management, ORS, danger signs of pneumonia and whose child had suffered
from diarrhoea and pneumonia during last two weeks prior to survey by district, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
Percentage of women aware of
Percentage of women
Diarrhoea
Management ORS
whose child suffered 1
from diarrhoea
100.0
41.8
65.7
58.6
90.5
93.3
26.4
60.4
49.6
75.1
2.4
14.8
2.5
15.9
13.1
Percentage of women aware
of danger signs of
pneumonia
28.7
8.3
46.2
33.8
44.0
Percentage of women
whose child suffered 1 from
pneumonia
1.9
17.5
40.9
21.5
14.3
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
98.8
28.2
41.5
89.0
42.1
85.7
19.0
31.8
80.0
32.2
7.5
1.1
5.7
14.4
6.5
14.1
8.3
16.0
5.5
15.7
7.6
26.0
10.8
5.0
12.5
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
84.9
61.5
73.2
63.2
77.3
58.9
51.3
41.6
3.9
5.2
18.7
7.7
11.7
42.8
13.3
18.5
22.0
13.6
28.0
17.7
Jammu & Kashmir 70.0
59.9
7.9
30.8
19.7
Note: Table based on women with last and last but one living children born since 01.01.1999 /01.01.2001. 1 Last two weeks prior to survey.
95

Map-5
Percentage of Children (Age 12-23 Months) Who Have Received Full Vaccination
96

CHAPTER VI
FAMILY PLANNING
The Reproductive and Child Health Programme has been implemented with a new philosophy and
direction to meet the health care needs of women and children. It envisages the provision of
couples to control their fertility and have sexual relations free from the fear of pregnancy.
Provision of free contraceptive services to all the needy couples is one of the components of the
RCH programme. In DLHS-RCH a separate section on family planning was canvassed to all the
eligible women to assess the knowledge and practice of various family planning methods. The
information on source of currently adopted contraceptive method, source of supply of the method
and health problems related to contraceptive use were collected from current users. The current
non-users were asked about the past status of contraceptive use, reason for not using
contraceptives currently and future intention to adopt a family planning method.
An attempt was made to understand why male methods of family planning especially that
of vasectomy was not in common use. The husbands of sampled eligible women were asked about
the contraceptive method they would recommend to a couple who was not desirous of any
additional children. They were also asked about the reasons for not preferring male methods and
their knowledge about the no-scalpel vasectomy. This chapter presents the results of data on
contraceptive practices collected from both the sampled women and their husbands.
6.1 Knowledge of Family Planning Methods
Lack of knowledge of various contraceptive choices can be a major barrier in the promotion and
use of contraceptives among couples. In DLHS-RCH information on knowledge of contraceptives was
obtained by asking a question, “Which are the family planning methods are you aware of?” to each
sampled women. The knowledge of no-scalpel vasectomy was also asked to the husbands of eligible
women. If the respondent did not recognise the name of the family planning method, he was given
a brief description on how a particular method was to be used. The DLHS-RCH assesses the
knowledge of female sterilisation, male sterilisation including NSV, IUD, Pills, condom and
traditional methods along similar lines.
Table 6.1 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years who know any
contraceptive methods by specific method and selected background characteristics in Jammu &
Kashmir State. The data shows that knowledge of any method including any modern contraceptive
method was almost universal in the state. The knowledge of any modern method among the eligible
women was 96 percent in the state – 96 percent in rural areas and 99 percent in urban areas.
Further, knowledge of any modern spacing method among eligible women was 82 percent in the
state – 79 percent in rural areas and 91 percent in urban areas. The knowledge of all modern
method among eligible women was 32 percent in the state – 28 percent in rural areas and 43
percent in urban areas. The difference in the knowledge of any modern methods and all modern
methods is 64 percentage points.
The extent of knowledge about female sterilisation was 88 percent – 42 percent for
Tubectomy and 22 percent for Laparoscopy. Similarly, knowledge about male sterilisation was 67
percent in the state – 21 percent for vasectomy and eight percent foe No-scalpel-vasectomy. The

Table 6.1 KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Percentage of currently married women age 15-44 years who know any contraceptive method by specific method and
selected background characteristics, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Contraceptive methods
Total
Availability of health facility in
Residence
the village 3
Rural Urban No Yes
Any method
Any modern method
Any modern spacing method 1
All modern methods 2
97.3
96.5
82.3
32.1
96.9
95.9
79.4
28.5
98.8
98.8
91.3
43.5
97.2
97.2
80.4
35.7
96.7
95.4
79.1
26.0
Female sterilization
Tubectomy
Laparoscopy
88.0
41.6
21.9
85.4
40.2
21.9
96.2
46.2
21.9
89.9
38.6
18.4
83.8
40.8
23.1
Male sterilization
Vasectomy
No-scalpel vasectomy
67.4
21.4
8.2
63.2
20.9
8.5
80.8
23.1
7.4
74.2
23.0
12.1
59.3
20.1
7.2
IUD/Loop
54.2
49.9
67.8
56.4
47.5
Pills
Daily
Weekly
Condom/Nirodh
Sponge (today)
Injectables
Norplant
Contraceptive herbs
Any traditional method
Any other Indian system of
medicinal contraceptives
63.2
38.8
36.2
67.1
10.6
8.1
4.3
4.2
19.2
3.0
61.8
39.5
36.7
63.5
9.7
7.6
3.9
3.5
19.3
2.9
67.9
36.6
34.7
78.6
13.8
9.6
5.7
6.2
18.7
3.6
67.8
39.1
32.4
64.8
5.5
8.2
1.7
1.7
19.3
1.5
59.6
39.6
38.2
63.0
11.1
7.4
4.6
4.2
19.4
3.3
Number of women
10,308
7,851
2,457
2,086
5,765
1
Include IUD, pills and condom. 2 Include Female sterilization, Male sterilization, IUD, pills and condom
3
Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and
government dispensary within the village.
Figure 6.1
Knowledge of Family Planning Method
Any modern
97
Any modern spacing
82
All modern
32
Any tradtional
19
Female sterilization
88
Male sterilization
67
IUD
54
Pills
63
Condom
67
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Percent
98

extent of knowledge among eligible women about spacing methods was 54 percent for IUD/Loop,
63 percent for Pills, 67 percent for condom/nirodh. Knowledge about Daily Pills was 39 percent as
against 36 percent for Weekly Pills. The knowledge about other contraceptive methods was 11
percent for Sponge (today), eight percent for Injectables and four percent for Norplant. Further, extent
of knowledge of any traditional method was 19 percent, contraceptive herbs four percent and any
ISM contraceptives three percent. Figure 6.1 shows knowledge of family planning method.
6.1.1 Knowledge of Family Planning Methods by District
Table 6.2 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years who know any
contraceptive method by specific method in Jammu & Kashmir State. In eight out of 14 districts
knowledge about any contraceptives method was 99 percent or more and it was the lowest (89
percent) in Srinagar district. The extent of knowledge about any modern method was 99 percent or
more in Anantnag, Badgam, Baramula, Jammu, Kargil, Kupwara, Leh, Pulwama and Rajouri
districts and it was the lowest (88 percent) in Srinagar and Udhampur districts. The extent of
knowledge about any modern spacing method was the highest (over 99 percent) in Anantnag and
Doda districts, followed by 98 percent in Baramula and Leh districts and the lowest (27 percent) in
Badgam district, while it was 82 percent for the state. The percentage of women having knowledge
about all modern methods was the highest (73 percent) in Pulwama district, followed by 72 percent
in Kupwara district and the lowest (less than one percent) in Badgam district. The percentage of
women having knowledge about all modern methods was higher than that of state (32 percent) in
Baramula, Jammu, Doda, Kupwara and Pulwama districts and in the remaining nine districts it was
lower than that of the state.
Table 6.2 KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS BY DISTRICT
Percentage of currently married women age 15-44 years who know any contraceptive method by specific method and district,
Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Districts
Any
method
Any
modern 1
method
Any
modern
spacing 2
method
All modern 3
methods
Male
sterilization
Female
sterilization IUD Pill
Condom
/Nirodh
Any
traditional
method
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
96.8
99.2
26.7
97.7
99.8
92.1
30.9
0.5
59.1
39.8
35.1
71.7
29.8
99.7
98.8
70.8
99.9
100.0
100.0
99.4
77.8
49.5
8.0
95.7
49.7
68.2
94.5
19.3
96.4
90.5
60.3
85.6
10.3
59.4
93.9
82.3
54.4
25.3
0.0
0.1
26.2
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
99.8
95.7
99.4
99.8
99.6
99.7
95.7
99.2
99.3
99.6
97.4
55.4
89.6
97.6
96.8
18.5
13.2
71.9
1.9
72.9
37.1
71.4
92.1
8.7
97.9
99.0
95.0
98.9
78.9
99.3
53.3
33.2
83.1
56.1
83.7
94.7
17.1
85.2
95.0
88.6
82.7
51.1
79.2
78.2
86.9
19.8
8.2
26.5
12.2
29.5
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
93.9
99.5
89.3
93.8
93.3
99.5
87.9
87.7
69.7
48.9
70.8
77.2
13.2
24.3
5.7
18.3
65.6
45.9
18.2
45.1
75.9
98.7
58.2
69.2
41.7
33.8
25.8
28.2
40.4
39.7
40.7
43.3
39.7
43.9
58.2
59.0
9.1
5.0
12.1
13.3
Jammu & Kashmir
97.3
96.5
82.3
32.1
67.4
88.0
54.2
63.2
67.1
19.2
1
Includes Female sterilization, Male sterilization, IUD, Pills and Condom. 2 Includes IUD, Pills and Condom. 3 Includes Female
sterilization & Male sterilization & IUD & Pills and Condom.
The extent of knowledge among eligible women about male sterilization was the highest
(100 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 99 percent in Doda district and the lowest (nine
99

percent) in Leh district, while it was 67 percent for the state. Similarly, the extent of knowledge
among eligible women about female sterilization was 90 percent or more in nine districts and the
lowest (58 percent) in Srinagar district. The percentage of eligible women having knowledge about
IUD/Loop was the highest (96 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 84 percent in Pulwama
district and the lowest (eight percent) in Badgam district, while it was 54 percent for the state.
The extent of knowledge among eligible women about Pills was the highest (96 percent) in Baramula
district, followed by 95 percent in Kargil and Leh districts and the lowest (17 percent) in Kathua
district, while it was 63 percent for the state. The extent of knowledge among eligible women about
condom was the highest (94 percent) in Doda district, followed by 87 percent in Pulwama district
and the lowest (10 percent) in Badgam district, while it was 67 method percent for the state. Further,
the extent of knowledge among eligible women about any traditional method was the highest (54
percent) in Anantnag district, followed by 29 percent in Pulwama district and the lowest (zero
percent) in Baramula district, while it was 19 percent for the state.
6.1.2 Knowledge of No-Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV)
Table 6.3 gives percentage of husbands having knowledge of no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) by
residence and availability of health facility in the village. Only 12 percent of the husbands had
knowledge of NSV in the state – 11 percent in rural areas and 15 percent in urban areas. The
percentage of husbands who had knowledge of NSV was eight percent for husbands living in
villages having no health facility in the village as against 12 percent for husband living in villages
having health facility in the village. The percentage of husbands who said that NSV is simpler than
conventional vasectomy was 71 percent in the state – 66 percent in rural areas and 83 percent in
urban areas. The percentage of husbands who said that NSV does not lead to any complication was
71 percent in the state – 70 percent in rural areas and 74 percent in urban areas. The percentage
of husbands who said that NSV does not affect man’s sexual performance was 54 percent in the
state – 58 percent in rural areas and 44 percent in urban areas. Sixty-three percent of the husbands
living in villages having no health facility in the village as against 56 percent of husbands living
in villages having health facility in the village said that NSV does not affect sexual performance.
Table 6.3 KNOWLEDGE OF NO-SCALPEL VASECTOMY (NSV)
Husbands knowledge of NSV by residence and availability of health facility in the village, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Knowledge of NSV
Percentage of husband who had knowledge about NSV
Total
12.2
Availability of health
Residence
facility in the village 1
Rural Urban No Yes
11.1
15.4
8.2
12.2
Number of husbands
10,239
7,801
2,438
2,067
5,734
Who know that NSV is simpler than conventional vasectomy
71.0
66.0
82.7
71.6
64.6
Who feel that NSV does not lead to any complication
71.1
69.8
74.1
76.0
68.3
Who feel that NSV does not affect man’s sexual performance
53.6
57.7
44.2
62.6
56.5
Number of husbands
1,245
868
377
171
698
1
Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and
government dispensary within the village.
6.1.3 Knowledge of No-Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV) by District
Table 6.4 gives percentage of husband of eligible women by knowledge of NSV by district in the
100

Table 6.4 NO-SCALPEL VASECTOMY BY DISTRICT
Percentage of husband of eligible women by knowledge of NSV by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Districts
Knowledge about
NSV
NSV is simpler than
conventional method
Who reported NSV does
not lead to any
complication
Who reported NSV does not
affect man’s sexual
performance
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
9.9
24.7
0.5
0.1
17.0
81.0
70.4
42.0
0.0
68.3
42.0
68.2
42.0
100.0
67.7
37.6
42.8
100.0
0.0
44.8
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
26.6
14.3
8.9
37.1
10.0
37.0
89.6
88.5
62.5
87.7
27.7
92.1
62.1
39.6
63.5
42.4
84.8
13.3
47.8
13.7
Punch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
19.5
0.1
24.8
3.3
23.4
100.0
70.8
64.9
72.8
100.0
88.0
82.4
22.0
0.0
85.0
18.1
Jammu & Kashmir
12.2
71.0
71.1
53.6
state. The percentage of husbands having knowledge about NSV was the highest (37 percent) in
Leh district, followed by 27 percent in Kargil district and the lowest (less than one percent) in
Baramula, Doda and Rajouri districts, while it was 12 percent for the state. The percentage of
husbands who know NSV is simpler than conventional method was the highest (100 percent) in
Rajouri district, followed by 90 percent in Kathua district and the lowest (zero percent) in Doda
district, while it was 71 percent for the state. The percentage of husbands who know about NSV and
reported that it does not lead to any complications was the highest (100 percent) in Doda and
Rajouri districts, followed by 92 percent in Kathua district and the lowest (28 percent) in Kargil
district, while it was 71 percent for the state. The percentage of husbands who reported that NSV
does not affect a man’s sexual performance was the highest (100 percent) in Baramula district,
followed by 85 percent in Kathua and Srinagar district and the lowest (zero percent) in Doda
district, while it was 54 percent for the state.
6.2 Current use of Family Planning Methods
Table 6.5 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years currently using any
contraceptive method by selected background characteristics in the state. The percentage of
women using any modern method was 52 percent in the state – 49 percent in rural areas and 62
percent in urban areas. The current use of modern methods is four points up from Round-I. Use of
modern method was reported by 52 percent of the women – 25 percent any modern spacing method
and 27 percent any sterilization method. The most preferred among the users of sterilization
methods was female sterilization by 25 percent women and male sterilization by two percent males.
The use of any traditional method was three percent in the state – one percent women were using
Rhythm/periodic abstinence method and two percent women were using withdrawal method.
Figure 6.2 shows practice of family planning methods.
Current use of contraception was 57 percent for scheduled caste women and also women
from other castes as against 31 percent for scheduled tribe women, while it was 48 percent for
OBC women. The current use of contraception was 51 percent for women living in villages
101

Table 6.5 CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE RATE
Percentage of currently married women age 15-44 years currently using any contraceptive method by selected background characteristics, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Method
Any
method
Any
modern 1
method
Any modern
spacing
method 2
Any
sterilization
Male
sterilization
Female
sterilization
IUD/
Loop
Pill
Condom
/ Nirodh
Any
traditional
method 3
Rhythm
/periodic
abstinence
Withdrawal
Number of
women
Residence
Rural
Urban
50.9
67.1
48.7
62.4
20.7
38.4
27.9
24.0
1.8
1.3
26.1
22.7
2.1
3.5
4.3
4.9
14.3
30.0
2.2
4.9
0.4
1.7
1.8
3.2
7,851
2,457
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years & above
51.3
59.3
60.4
49.0
56.0
56.8
17.0
33.8
39.5
31.9
22.1
17.3
1.6
1.6
2.0
30.3
20.5
15.3
1.8
2.7
3.9
4.5
4.3
4.7
10.7
26.8
30.9
2.3
3.5
3.7
0.3
1.5
1.1
2.0
2.0
2.6
6,202
1,830
2,273
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
63.3
48.6
66.8
91.4
(74.4)
59.6
46.3
63.8
90.0
(71.8)
41.0
14.3
37.5
73.9
(38.5)
18.5
32.0
26.3
16.1
(30.8)
1.6
1.8
0.4
0.6
(0.0)
16.9
30.1
25.9
15.5
(30.8)
3.4
1.0
8.0
35.0
(5.1)
3.1
4.8
6.7
24.8
(5.1)
34.6
8.4
22.9
14.1
(28.2)
3.6
2.4
3.0
1.4
(2.6)
1.0
0.4
1.8
0.0
(0.0)
2.6
1.9
1.2
1.4
(2.6)
3,599
6,297
264
117
30
Caste/tribe#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
59.6
31.7
49.3
60.5
57.2
30.8
47.7
56.8
34.7
18.9
17.5
26.3
22.2
11.8
30.1
30.5
1.4
0.8
1.2
2.0
20.9
11.0
28.9
28.5
4.1
4.1
1.1
2.1
2.1
7.4
5.4
4.1
28.5
7.4
11.1
20.0
2.2
1.0
1.6
3.7
0.6
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.7
0.9
1.6
2.7
1,157
1,365
1,765
5,855
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
41.1
53.3
67.8
39.7
51.2
62.6
13.6
21.1
40.5
26.0
30.0
22.0
0.4
1.7
2.6
25.6
28.3
19.4
1.1
2.4
3.4
2.4
4.9
5.3
10.1
13.8
31.8
1.3
2.1
5.2
0.2
0.4
1.6
1.1
1.8
3.6
2,156
5,285
2,867
Availability of health facility
in the village4
No
Yes
45.2
53.0
43.0
50.7
17.6
21.9
25.3
28.8
1.9
1.8
23.4
27.0
1.6
2.2
4.3
4.4
11.8
15.2
2.2
2.1
0.2
0.4
1.9
1.7
2,086
5,765
Total
54.8
51.9
24.9
26.9
1.7
25.3
2.4
4.5
18.1
2.8
0.7
2.1
10,308
Note: Total includes 2 women with missing information on education who were not shown separately.
1
. Include Female sterilization, Male sterilization, IUD, Pills and Condom. 2. Include IUD, Pills and Condom. 3 . Include Rhythm/Periodic abstinence, Withdrawal and Other traditional method. @
Literate women with no years of schooling are also included. #Total figure may not add to N due to don’t know and missing cases. 4 Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health
centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and government dispensary within the village.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases
102

Figure 6.2
Practice of Family Planning Methods
Pills
5%
IUD
2%
Condom
18%
Male sterilization
2%
Not using any method
45%
Female sterilization
25%
Note: Total percent may add more
than 100.0 due to rounding Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Any tradional
method/other method
3%
having health facility in the village as against 43 percent for women living in villages having no
health facility in the village. The current use of contraception was 49 percent for non-literate
women as against about 57 percent for literate women. The current contraceptive use was the highest
(63 percent) for women with high SLI and the lowest (40 percent) for women with low SLI,
while it was 51 percent for women with medium SLI. The current use of contraception was 60
percent for Hindu women as against 46 percent for Muslim women, 64 percent for Sikh women
and 90 percent for Buddhist women, while it was 72 percent for other women. Further, current
use of any spacing method was 21 percent in rural areas as against 38 percent in urban areas. The
use of any spacing methods was the highest (39 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years
and above and the lowest (17 percent) for non-literate women, while it was 34 percent for
women who had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly, use of any spacing method was the highest (40
percent) for women with high SLI and the lowest (14 percent) for women with low SLI, while it
was 21 percent for women with medium SLI.
The use of female sterilization was 26 percent in rural areas as against 23 percent in urban
areas. The use of female sterilization was 17 percent for Hindu women as against 30 percent for
Muslim women, 26 percent for Sikh women and 31 percent for other women, while it was the
lowest (15 percent) for Buddhist women. The use of female sterilization was 21 percent for scheduled
caste women as against 11 percent for scheduled tribe women, while it was 29 percent for OBC
and other caste women. The use of female sterilization was 23 percent for women living in villages
having no health facility in the village as against 27 percent for women living in villages having
health facility in the village. The use of female sterilization was the highest (30 percent) for nonliterate
women and the lowest (15 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above,
while it was over 20 percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly, use of female
sterilization was the highest (28 percent) for women with medium SLI and the lowest (19
percent) for women with high SLI, while it was 26 percent for women with low SLI.
6.2.1 Current Use of Family Planning Methods by District
Table 6.6 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years currently using any
103

Table 6.6 CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE RATES BY DISTRICT
Percentage of currently married women age 15-44 years currently using any contraceptive method by district, Jammu & Kashmir,
2002-04
Districts
Any
method
Any
modern 1
method
Any modern
spacing 2
method
Male
sterilization
Female
sterilization
IUD
Pill
Condom/
Nirodh
Any
traditional 3
method
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
78.1
40.8
32.5
16.4
73.2
77.6
35.8
32.5
16.2
69.7
20.1
2.3
5.9
8.4
55.7
(0.4)
(0.9)
(0.5)
(0.4)
(2.1)
57.1
32.2
26.0
7.5
11.5
(1.7)
(0.0)
(2.2)
(1.3)
(5.4)
4.8
(0.0)
3.4
(1.6)
4.2
13.6
(2.3)
(0.3)
5.5
46.1
(0.5)
(4.9)
(0.0)
(0.1)
3.5
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
86.6
48.4
71.1
90.7
72.0
83.4
45.6
64.4
90.5
65.1
53.9
14.2
16.3
75.6
16.7
(0.3)
(0.8)
5.2
(0.5)
6.1
29.2
30.6
42.8
14.4
42.2
10.6
(0.9)
(0.8)
39.2
(0.5)
30.7
(0.8)
11.6
23.3
11.9
12.6
12.5
3.9
13.1
4.3
(3.2)
(2.8)
6.7
(0.2)
6.9
Punch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
51.8
22.7
45.5
55.1
51.5
22.6
41.7
50.9
5.4
6.9
27.3
34.0
(0.3)
(0.2)
(3.0)
(1.4)
45.7
15.6
11.4
15.4
(0.4)
(0.8)
(0.0)
(1.5)
(0.8)
(1.5)
6.0
(2.5)
4.2
4.6
21.3
30.0
(0.3)
(0.0)
(3.8)
3.7
Jammu & Kashmir
54.8
51.9
24.9
1.7
25.3
2.4
4.5
18.1
2.8
1
Include Female sterilization, Male sterilization, IUD, Pills and Condom 2 Include IUD, Pills and Condom
3
Include Rhythm/Periodic abstinence, Withdrawal and Other traditional method. ( ) Based on less than 25 cases
contraceptive method by district. The percentage of eligible women using any contraceptive
method was the highest (91 percent) in Leh district, followed by 87 percent in Kargil district and
the lowest (16 percent) in Doda district, while it was 55 percent for the state. The percentage of
eligible women using any modern contraceptive method was the highest (90 percent) in Leh district,
followed by 83 percent in Kargil district and the lowest (16 percent) in Doda district, while it 52
percent for the state. The percentage of eligible women using any modern spacing method was the
highest (76 percent) in Leh district, followed by 56 percent in Jammu district and the lowest (over
two percent) in Badgam district, while it was 25 percent for the state. The use of male sterilization
was higher than that of the state (two percent) in Jammu, Kupwara, Pulwama and Srinagar
districts and in the remaining 10 districts it was lower than that of the state. The percentage of eligible
women using female sterilization was the highest (57 percent) in Anantnag district, followed by
46 percent in Poonch district and the lowest (over seven percent) in Doda district, while it was 25
percent for the state.
Further, use of IUD/Loop among the eligible women was the highest (39 percent) in Leh
district, followed by 11 percent in Kargil district and the lowest (zero percent) in Badgam and
Srinagar districts. The use of Pills among the eligible women was the highest (31 percent) in Kargil
district, followed by 23 percent in Leh district and the lowest (zero percent) in Badgam district,
while it was over four percent for the state. The use of condom/nirodh was the highest (46 percent)
in Jammu district, followed by 30 percent in Udhampur district and the lowest (less than one
percent) in Badgam district, while it was 18 percent for the state (see Map-6).
6.2.2 Current Use and Ever Use of Family Planning Methods by Women
Table 6.7 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years by current use and
ever use of contraception by selected demographic characteristics in the state. The percentage of
104

Table 6.7 USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY WOMEN
Percentage of currently married women age 15-44 years by current use and ever use of contraception according to selected
demographic characteristics, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Demographic
Characteristic
Any modern
method 1
Percentage of women/husbands using
Any
traditionalmethod 2
Any
method
Percentage of women / husbands
by contraceptive status
Not using
any method Ever used Never used
Number
of
women
Age-group
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
7.2
23.5
41.5
54.0
64.9
59.1
0.0
1.3
2.7
2.6
2.6
4.4
7.2
24.8
44.0
56.7
67.7
63.6
92.8
74.6
55.7
43.1
32.2
36.4
12.8
33.6
49.5
62.6
72.0
67.5
87.2
65.0
49.2
36.9
27.3
31.9
63
834
2,444
2,657
2,727
1,583
Surviving children
0
1
2
3 or more
6.8
37.2
58.1
61.2
1.1
2.7
3.1
3.0
7.9
39.9
61.1
64.3
91.8
59.6
38.8
35.5
15.1
49.8
67.7
67.0
84.2
48.9
31.2
32.5
871
1,637
2,922
4,879
Surviving sons
0
1
2 or more
28.0
55.8
61.3
2.6
2.9
2.8
30.6
58.7
64.1
69.1
41.0
35.8
38.8
64.2
67.8
60.3
34.8
31.6
2,260
3,839
4,209
Surviving daughters
0
1
2 or more
38.1
59.1
57.5
2.6
2.9
2.9
40.7
62.0
60.5
59.1
37.9
39.3
48.4
66.3
64.5
50.7
32.8
34.8
3,269
3,879
3,160
All women
51.9
2.8
54.8
45.0
60.1
39.1
10,308
1
Include Female sterilization, Male sterilization, IUD, Pills and Condom.
2
Include Rhythm/Periodic abstinence, Withdrawal and Other traditional method.
currently married women using any modern method was seven percent in the age group 15-19 years,
23 percent in the age group 20-24 years, 41 percent in the age group 25-29 years, 54 percent in the
age group 30-34 years, 65 percent in the age group 35-39 years, which declines to 59 percent in the
age group 40-44 years. These data have shown that use of contraception increases with increase in
age of the women, and it attains it a peak at 65 percent in the age group 35-39 years and declines
thereafter to 59 percent in the age group 40-44 years. The use of any traditional method was the
lowest (zero percent) in the age group 15-19 years and the highest (over four percent) in the age
group 40-44 years. However, percentage of never users was 87 percent in the age group 15-19 years,
which steadily declines to 27 percent in the age group 35-39 years and increases to 32 percent in the
age group 40-44 years.
It is crucial to understand the association between the number of living children and
contraceptive use. The contraceptive use is high among the women who have three or more surviving
children invariably of methods in the state. The percentage of women having never used any
method of contraception was 84 percent for the women having no surviving children, 49 percent
for women having one surviving child, 31 percent for women having two surviving children and 32
percent for women having three or more surviving children. These data show that percentage of
women who have never used contraception decreases with increase in the number of surviving children.
In other words, percentage of women currently using contraception increases with increase in the
number of surviving children.
105

Further, percentage of women never using contraception was 60 percent for women
having no surviving sons as against 51 percent women having no surviving daughters. On the
other hand, 61 percent women having two or more surviving sons as against 57 percent women
having two or more surviving daughter were currently using contraception. The lower level of
contraception among women having no surviving sons than those women having no surviving
daughters is perhaps due to desire to have a male progeny.
6.2.3 Current Use and Ever Use of Family Planning Methods as Reported by Husbands
Table 6.8 gives percentage of husbands of currently married women by current use and
ever used of contraception by selected demographic variables in the state. The current use of any
method of contraception among the husbands was 21 percent in the age group below 25 years, 39
percent in the age group 25-34 years, 55 percent in the age group 35-44 years and 56 percent in
the age group 45 years and above. These data have shown that use of contraception increases
steadily with increases in the age of husband.
Table 6.8 USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY MEN
Percentage of husband of currently married women by current use and ever use of contraception by selected demographic
variables, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04.
Demographic
Percentage of husbands/women using
Characteristics
Any modern method 1 Any traditional method 2 Any method Not using any method
Number of men
Age-group

37 percent husbands having no surviving daughters. Similarly, use of contraception among
husbands was 56 percent for husbands having two or more surviving sons as against 54 percent
husbands having two or more surviving daughters. The lower level of contraception among husbands
having no surviving sons is perhaps due to their desire to have a male progeny.
6.3 Reasons for Not Using Male Methods
The DLHS-RCH asked husbands of currently married women about the contraceptive methods that
he or his wife was using currently. The husbands who were not using male methods were further
asked the reasons for it. Table 6.9 gives percentage of husbands with their choice of family planning
methods and reasons for not using male methods by residence in the state. The percentage of
husbands who reported female methods was 54 percent in the state – 59 percent in rural areas
and 44 percent in urban areas. The reasons given for not preferring the male methods were ‘fear
of impotency’ (six percent), ‘lack of sexual pleasure’ (five percent), ‘fear of method failure’ (five
percent), ‘fear of operation’ (13 percent), ‘fear of weakness’ (29 percent) and ‘female methods
are more popular’ (65 percent). The main reasons for not using male methods are ‘fear of operation’
and ‘fear of weakness’.
Table 6.9 REASONS FOR NOT USING MALE METHODS
Percentage of husbands with their choice of family planning methods and reasons for not accepting male methods according to
residence, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Female method users and reason for not accepting male methods
Total
Rural
Residence
Urban
Percentage of husband who have reported female methods
54.4
59.0
44.2
Number of men
5,378
3,713
1,665
Reasons for not accepting male methods*
Fear of impotency
Lack of sexual pleasure
Fear of method failure
Fear of operation
Fear of weakness
Female methods are more popular
Other
5.6
5.2
5.1
12.8
28.8
65.2
5.1
5.2
4.9
4.5
12.2
28.4
65.6
4.9
6.7
6.1
6.8
14.7
29.9
63.8
5.6
Number of men
2,927
* Percentages may add to more than 100.0 because multiple responses could be recorded.
2,191
736
6.4 Source of Contraceptive Methods
Table 6.10 gives percent distribution of current users of modern contraceptive methods by
method and source of supply in the state. These services are provided by government health
institutions, private hospitals and clinics, as well as by non-government organisations (NGOs). The
data shows that 88 percent female sterilizations were performed at the government health facility, 11
percent at the private health facility and the remaining at other health facility. Similarly, 85 percent
of male sterilizations were performed at the government health facility, 11 percent at the private
health facility and the remaining at other health facility. More than 90 percent sterilization operations
performed at the government health institutions were performed at the ‘Government/Municipal
hospitals’. Among the IUD/Loop users, 45 percent reported the source as government/municipal
hospital and 25 percent from the CHC/PHC and six percent from FP/RCH camp and sub-centre.
Sixty-four percent of the acceptors received their supplies and services from government health
107

facility, eight percent from private health facility and 24 percent from chemist and others. Figure
6.3 gives source of family planning among current users of modern contraceptive methods.
Figure 6.3
Source of Family Planning Among Current
Users of Modern Contraceptive Methods
Other
1%
Don't
know/missing
3%
Chemist
23%
Private
8%
Government
64%
Note: Total percent may add more
than 100.0 due to rounding
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Table 6.10 SOURCE OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Percent distribution of current users of modern contraceptive methods by method and source of supply, Jammu &
Kashmir, 2002-04
Source
Government medical centre
Government/Municipal hospital
CHC/PHC
Sub-centre
Government doctor
Government nurse/ ANM
Family planning/RCH camp
Mobile clinic
Female
sterilization
87.6
77.4
2.8
1.8
0.3
0.0
4.8
0.5
Male
sterilization
Contraceptive method
85.4
67.6
8.3
0.0
0.0
1.1
8.4
0.0
IUD/
Loop
76.2
45.0
25.0
0.7
3.4
0.6
1.5
0.0
Pills
44.6
23.0
11.9
4.7
0.2
0.7
3.1
0.9
Condom
/ Nirodh
31.6
18.9
5.2
4.2
1.0
0.4
1.8
0.2
All modern
methods 1
63.8
50.5
5.6
2.8
0.7
0.3
3.6
0.4
Private medical centre
Private hospital
Private doctor
Private nurse
10.6
7.8
2.8
0.1
10.6
6.0
4.5
0.0
20.4
8.6
8.4
3.4
5.4
0.9
4.5
0.0
3.1
1.1
1.5
0.5
8.0
4.8
2.8
0.4
Chemist
Other
Do not know
Missing
NA
1.5
0.2
0.2
NA
2.4
1.6
0.0
NA
3.0
0.0
0.4
47.5
1.5
0.6
0.3
55.5
0.9
7.5
1.3
23.4
1.4
2.8
0.6
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of users
2,603
174 248 463 1,861 5,349
1
Includes female sterilization, male sterilization, IUD, Pills or condom. CHC: Community health centre, PHC: Primary
health centre. NA: Not applicable.
6.5 Problems with Current Use of Contraceptive Methods
Women who were using a modern contraceptive method were asked if they had experienced any
108

problems related with the current methods they are using. Table 6.11 gives percentage of women
informed about side effects, had side effects with the method by use of method in the state.
The percentage of women who were informed about all the available methods was 52 percent in
the state. The percentage of women who were informed about the side effects before adoption was 43
percent for female sterilization, 50 percent for IUD/Loop and 53 percent for Pills. Further, percentage
of women who had side effect/health problem due to use of method was 12 percent for female
sterilization, 12 percent for IUD/Loop and over three percent for Pills. The most common health
problems experienced by sterilized women ‘weakness/inability to work’ (51 percent), ‘body ache/
backache’ (86 percent), ‘cramps’ four percent), ‘weight gain’ (14 percent), ‘dizziness’ (one percent),
nausea/vomiting’ (less than one percent), ‘breast tenderness’ (one percent), ‘irregular periods’ (three
percent), ‘excessive bleeding’ (over two percent), ‘spotting’ (less than one percent) and ‘white
discharge’ (one percent). Similarly, most common health problems experienced by IUD/Loop users
were ‘weakness/inability to work’ (32 percent), ‘body ache/backache’ (42 percent), ‘weight gain’ (21
percent), ‘dizziness’ (26 percent), ‘nausea/vomiting’ (five percent), ‘irregular periods’ (five percent)
and ‘excessive bleeding’ (five percent).
Table 6.11 HEALTH PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTION
Percentage of women informed about side effects, had side effects with the method by use of method, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Health problems/side effect
Type of method
Female sterilizations IUD/loop Pill
Women who were informed about all the available methods
51.9
0.0
0.0
Women who were informed about the side effects before adoption of the method
43.4
50.2
53.2
Women who had side effect/health problem due to use of contraceptive method
12.2
11.8
3.3
Number of current users
2,603
248
463
Type of health problems/side effects 1
Weakness/inability to work
Body ache/ backache
Cramps
Weight gain
Dizziness
Nausea/vomiting
Breast tenderness
Irregular periods
Excessive bleeding
Spotting
White discharge
Other
51.3
86.0
3.9
14.0
0.7
0.3
0.9
2.7
2.5
0.4
0.9
0.6
(31.6)
(42.1)
(0.0)
(21.1)
(26.3)
(5.3)
(0.0)
(5.3)
(5.3)
(0.0)
(0.0)
(0.0)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Number of users with side effects
317
29
15
1
Percentages may add to more than 100.0 because multiple problems could be recorded.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases. * Percentages not shown: based on few cases.
6.6 Treatment for Health Problems with Current Use of Contraception
Table 6.12 gives percentage of women who had side effects and sought treatment, follow-up
and satisfaction with the method by use of method in the state. The percentage of women who had
follow-up visit by health worker after adoption of the method was 11 percent for female sterilization
users, 16 percent for IUD/Loop users and eight percent for Pills users. Further, percentage of women
who were satisfied with method of current use was 94 percent for female sterilization users, 90
percent for IUD/Loop users and 94 percent for Pills users. The percentage of women who sought
109

Table 6.12 FOLLOW-UP VISIT AND SOUGHT TREATMENT FOR HEALTH PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT USE OF
CONTRACEPTION
Percentage of women who had follow-up visit, satisfaction with the method of current use and sought treatment of side effects due
to use of method, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Health problems/side effect
Type of method
Female sterilizations IUD/loop Pill
Women who had follow up visit by health worker after adoption of method
10.7
16.0
7.6
Women who are satisfied with method of current use
93.6
90.3
94.4
Number of current users
2,603
248
463
Women who sought treatment for the health problem
85.3
(73.7)
*
Number of women with side effects
317
29
15
Source of treatments
Government health facility
Government hospital/dispensary
UHC/UHP/UFWC
CHC/Rural hospital
PHC
Sub-centre
90.7
0.8
0.4
6.5
1.4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Private health facility
Private hospital/clinic
15.3
*
*
ISM health facility 1
Chemist/Medical shop
Home remedy
9.7
6.8
1.6
*
*
*
*
*
*
Number of women with side effects
270
24
12
1
Either government or Private. * Percentages not shown: based on very few cases. () Based on less than 50 unweighted cases
treatment for the health problem was 85 percent for female sterilization users, 74 percent for
IUD/Loop users, while none of the Pills users sought treatment of their health problem.
The percentage of women using female sterilization who sought treatment for contraceptive
use related problems from government health facility was 100 percent, from private health facility
15 percent, from ISM facility 10 percent and seven percent from chemist/medical shop, while two
percent women tried home remedy. In other words, one-third of the women sought treatment of
their problems from more than one health facility. However, none of the IUD/Loop and Pills users,
who experienced contraceptive use related problem, sought treatment of health problem.
6.7 Advice to Non-Users to Use Contraception
Table 6.13 gives percentage of current non-users who were advised by the ANM/health worker to
use contraception by suggested method according to place of residence and availability of health
facility in the village in the state. The percentage of currently non-users advised by ANM/health
worker to use contraceptive method was six percent in the state – six percent in rural areas and
seven percent in urban areas. The percentage of current non-users advised by ANM/health worker
to use contraceptive method was three percent for the non-users living in villages having no health
facility in the village as against seven percent for the non-users living in villages having health
facility in the village. The percentage of women who were advised to use contraception were advised
female sterilization (41 percent), male sterilization (22 percent), IUD/Loop (10 percent), Pills (12
percent) and condom/nirodh (eight percent). The rural-urban differential in the contraceptive methods
advised to women is apparent for all the methods.
110

Table 6.13 ADVICE ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE
Percentage of current non-users* who were advised by the ANM/health worker to use contraception by suggested method
according to place of residence and availability of health facility in the village, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Advise/future intension to use
Percentage of current non-users advised by ANM/ health
worker to use of contraceptive method
Total
5.9
Availability of health
Residence
facility in the village 1
Rural Urban No Yes
5.6
7.3
3.1
6.6
Number of non-users
4,306
3,558
749
1,056
2,502
Percent distribution of women who were advised by method
Female sterilization
Male sterilization
IUD/loop
Pill
Condom/Nirodh
Rhythmic /periodic abstinence
Missing
41.0
22.5
9.7
11.6
8.0
0.8
6.3
46.5
21.5
7.7
14.3
3.6
1.0
5.4
21.2
26.2
17.1
1.8
23.8
0.0
9.9
(42.3)
(11.5)
(15.4)
(15.4)
(7.7)
(3.8)
(3.8)
48.1
24.1
6.4
13.4
2.9
0.8
4.4
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of non-users
252
198 55
32
* Exclude women in menopause or those who have undergone hysterectomy.
1
Includes sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre or referral hospital, government hospital, and
government dispensary within the village. ( ) Based on les than 50 unweighted cases.
165
6.7.1 Future Intentions
Table 6.14 gives percentage of current non-users who intended to use contraception in future by
preferred method by residence in the state. The percentage of women who intend to use
contraceptive in future was 15 percent in the state irrespective of place of residence. Similarly,
percentage of husbands who intend to use contraceptive in future was 15 percent in the state - 14
percent in rural areas and 20 percent in urban areas.
Table 6.14 FUTURE INTENTION TO USE
Percentage of current non-users* who were intended to use contraception in future by preferred method according to place of
residence, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Future intention to use/method
Percentage of respondents who intend to use
contraceptive in future
Women
Husband
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
14.7
14.7
15.0
14.9
13.9
20.2
Number of non-users
4,306
3,558
749
4,797
4,024
772
Percent distribution of non-user who were preferred to
use family methods by preferred method
Female sterilization
Male sterilization
IUD/copper-T/loop
Oral pills
Condom/Nirodh
Rhythm/periodic abstinence
Withdrawal
Other
Missing
75.3
4.7
2.7
3.5
10.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.7
75.4
4.4
2.5
4.2
9.9
0.1
0.0
0.1
3.2
74.5
6.0
3.8
0.0
14.8
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.5
64.6
7.8
1.7
1.0
18.3
0.8
2.3
1.7
1.8
67.9
8.5
1.4
1.3
13.9
0.8
2.9
1.5
1.9
52.8
5.3
2.6
0.0
33.9
1.0
0.1
2.6
1.8
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of non-users
611
500
111
702
548
154
* Exclude women who are in menopause or those who have undergone hysterectomy.
111

Among the women who intended to use permanent methods of contraception, 75 percent
preferred female sterilization as against five percent who preferred male sterilization. In case of
temporary methods, the preferred methods by women were IUD/Loop (three percent), Oral pills
(over three percent), condom/nirodh (11 percent), rhythm/periodic abstinence (less than one percent),
withdrawal (less than one percent) and other (less than one percent).
Among the husbands who intended to use contraception in the future, 65 percent preferred
female sterilization as against eight percent who preferred male sterilization. In case of temporary
methods, the preferred methods by husbands were IUD/Loop (two percent), Oral pills (one percent),
condom/nirodh (18 percent), rhythm/periodic abstinence and withdrawal (less than one percent).
The female sterilization appears to be the most preferred method for use in future both
by women and men. Among the spacing methods, condom/nirodh appears to be the most preferred
method for use in future both by men and women.
6.7.2 Future Intention to Use Among Women by Number of Living Children
Currently married women who were not using any contraceptive method at the time of survey
were asked about their intentions to use a method in the future. Those women who intended to use
contraceptives in the future were further asked about preferred methods. This type of information
helps the managers and programmers to identify the potential groups of future users and to provide
the type of contraceptives that are likely to be in demand. Table 6.15 gives the percentage
distribution of currently married women who were not currently using ant contraceptive method
by intention to use in future, according to number of living children and residence in the state.
Among the current non-users, only four percent women intended to use contraception within the
next 12 months; three percent women wanted to use within one to two years and eight percent
women intended to use contraceptive method after two years. Over 54 percent women were not
sure of their intention to use, while over 31 percent women do not intend to use contraception in
future. Further, 59 percent of the women who have no living children said that they are yet to
decide about the use of contraceptives.
6.8 Reasons for Discontinuation and Non-Use of Contraception
Currently married non-pregnant women who were not using any contraceptive method at the
time of survey were categorised as past users and never users according to their contraceptive
experience. In DLHS-RCH, women who had discontinued contraceptive use were asked about
the main reason for discontinuation. And women who had never used contraceptives were asked
about the main reason for not doing so. Table 6.16 gives percent distribution of women who were
past users by reasons for discontinuation of the contraceptive method by place of residence in the
state. The main reason for the discontinuation of contraception was ‘wanted child’ for 69 percent
of the women in the state – 63 percent in rural areas and 84 percent in urban areas. Other reasons
for discontinuation of contraception were ‘method failed/became pregnant’ (one percent), ‘weakness/
inability to work’ (over one percent),‘body ache/backache’ (two percent),‘dizziness’ (over one percent),
‘breast tenderness’ (five percent), ‘irregular periods’ (three percent), ‘spotting’ (one percent), ‘lack of
pleasure’ (10 percent) and ‘method was inconvenient’ (two percent).
112

Table 6.15 FUTURE USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY NUMBER OF LIVING CHILDREN
Percent distribution of currently married women* who were not currently using any contraceptive method by intention to use in the
future, according to number of living children and residence, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Intention to use in the future
Intends to use in next 12 months
One to two years
More than two years
Does not intend to use
Not yet decided
Missing
1.3
2.1
1.8
35.7
58.9
0.2
Number of living children
0 1 2 3 4+
2.2
3.6
10.5
24.2
59.1
0.3
Total
4.0
3.6
9.0
28.3
55.1
0.1
4.8
3.1
8.4
33.8
49.9
0.0
6.2
1.9
9.2
39.5
43.2
0.0
Total
3.6
3.0
8.0
31.5
53.7
0.1
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
Intends to use in next 12 months
One to two years
More than two years
Does not intend to use
Not yet decided
Missing
751
1.3
2.3
2.2
33.7
60.3
0.2
939
1.7
3.7
10.5
24.8
59.0
0.4
1,067
Rural
2.6
3.8
9.0
29.5
55.1
0.0
845
4.9
2.8
8.8
32.8
50.6
0.0
703
5.8
1.5
10.1
39.4
43.1
0.0
4,306
3.2
2.9
8.4
31.6
53.7
0.1
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
Intends to use in next 12 months
One to two years
More than two years
Does not intend to use
Not yet decided
Missing
568
1.3
1.7
0.6
41.4
54.9
0.0
740
4.4
3.6
10.6
22.0
59.5
0.0
894
Urban
10.8
2.5
8.6
22.3
55.0
0.8
731
3.9
4.7
5.8
39.8
45.6
0.1
624
8.9
4.7
2.5
39.7
44.1
0.0
3,558
5.5
3.2
6.1
31.4
53.6
0.2
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
183
199
173
* Exclude women who are in menopause or those who have undergone hysterectomy.
115
79
749
Table 6.16 REASONS FOR DISCONTINUATION OF CONTRACEPTION
Percent distribution of women who were past users (current non-users) by reason for discontinuation of the contraceptive method
according to place of residence, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Reasons
Reason for discontinuation
Wanted child
Method failed/became pregnant
Supply not available
Difficult to get method
Weakness/inability to work
Body ache/ Backache
Cramps
Dizziness
Breast tenderness
Irregular periods
Spotting
White discharge
Lack of pleasure
Method was inconvenient
Other
Missing
Total percent
Number of past users
Total
68.7
0.7
0.4
0.2
1.5
2.2
0.3
1.4
5.2
3.1
0.6
0.4
10.1
1.9
2.8
0.7
100.0
553
Rural
Place of residence
63.1
0.8
0.5
0.3
0.3
3.0
0.4
1.9
6.1
3.4
0.8
0.3
13.7
0.7
3.8
1.0
100.0
407
Urban
84.2
0.3
0.1
0.0
5.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.9
2.1
0.0
0.5
0.0
5.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
146
113

6.8.1 Reasons for Not Using Contraceptive Methods
Table 6.17 gives percentage of current non-users who were currently not using contraceptive
method by reason according to place of residence in the state. The percentage of women and
husbands who were currently not using any contraception reported main reasons for not using
contraceptives were as ‘lack of knowledge about FP method’ (2-5 percent), ‘against the religion’
(41-54 percent), ‘opposed to family planning’ (4-14 percent), ‘not like existing method’ (0-3
percent), ‘afraid of sterilization’ (2-3 percent), ‘can not work after sterilization’ (0-2 percent),
‘worry about side effects’ (8-13 percent), ‘cost too much’ (0-1 percent), ‘ health does not permit
(0-1 percent), ‘inconvenient to use method’ (0-2 percent) and ‘difficult to become pregnant’ (3-7
percent). Rural-urban differentials are serious in respect of ‘against the religion’, ‘opposed to
family planning’ and ‘worry about side effects’.
Table 6.17 REASON FOR NOT USING CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD
Percentage of current non-users who were currently not using contraceptive method by reason according to place of residence,
Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Reason
Lack of Knowledge about FP method
Against the Religion
Opposed to family planning
Not like existing method
Afraid of sterilization
Can not work after sterilization
Worry about side effects
Costs too much
Health does not permit
Hard/inconvenient to get method
Inconvenient to use method
Difficult to become pregnant
Wife is pregnant1
Other
Missing
Women
Husband*
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
4.9
41.2
13.9
2.1
2.1
1.3
12.2
0.3
1.0
0.1
1.3
6.7
-
11.0
1.9
4.5
44.2
14.6
2.5
1.2
1.3
11.4
0.1
0.7
0.0
0.6
5.2
-
11.6
2.0
7.0
25.4
10.0
0.2
6.6
1.6
16.8
0.9
2.5
0.3
5.3
14.3
-
7.7
1.4
2.8
53.6
4.5
0.1
2.3
0.0
8.5
0.4
0.3
0.
0.2
3.6
0.1
1.2
22.5
2.8
56.4
4.4
0.1
2.5
0.0
8.2
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.0
2.6
0.0
1.1
21.2
2.6
35.0
5.1
0.0
1.5
0.0
10.5
0.0
0.5
0.0
1.6
10.1
0.6
1.2
31.4
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of current non-users
2,750
2,311
439
1,839
1,598
241
1
Not applicable for women. * Excluding not decided cases on timing of next child.
6.9 Unmet Need for Family Planning Services
Unmet need for family planning is one of the indicators to assess the effectiveness of the family
planning programme. Policy makers and family planning programme administrators use this to
know the demand for family planning services/supplies. Unmet need is defined separately for
limiting and spacing. Unmet need for spacing includes the proportion of currently married women
who are neither in menopause nor had hysterectomy nor are currently pregnant and who want more
children after two years or later and are currently not using any family planning method. The
women who are not sure about whether and when to have next child, are also included in unmet
need for spacing. The women who are not sure about the timing of the next child are also
included in the unmet need for spacing. Unmet need for limiting includes the proportion of
currently married women who are neither in menopause nor had hysterectomy nor are currently
pregnant and do not want any more children but are currently not using any family planning
method. Total unmet need refers to the totality of unmet for limiting and spacing.
114

Table 6.18 gives percentage of currently married women with unmet need for family
planning services by selected background characteristics. The unmet need for family planning
was 25 percent in the state – 27 percent in rural areas and 17 percent in urban areas. Further,
unmet need for spacing family was 14 percent in the state – 15 percent in rural areas and 11
percent in urban areas. Similarly, unmet need for limiting family was 11 percent in the state – 12
percent in rural areas and six percent in urban areas.
Table 6.18 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES
Percentage of currently married women with unmet need for family planning services by selected background characteristics,
Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Background Characteristic
Age
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Residence
Rural
Urban
Education
Illiterate
0-9 @ years
10 years and above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Others
Caste/tribe#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Others
Number of living children
0
1
2
3
4+
Standard of living Index
Low
Medium
High
All women
Unmet need for FP
Spacing 1 Limiting 2 Total
5.4
20.9
18.6
16.2
11.1
5.4
15.0
11.0
15.6
11.9
11.8
8.8
17.6
7.7
2.6
(7.7)
9.5
8.6
18.7
14.8
9.8
18.6
14.8
11.0
15.5
10.3
18.4
8.9
14.1
16.8
12.6
8.3
10.4
9.6
15.5
12.2
6.0
12.9
8.7
6.2
7.9
12.8
3.2
0.6
(5.1)
9.4
33.9
10.7
5.8
14.4
10.6
9.1
11.3
10.7
20.1
10.0
4.9
10.7
22.2
33.5
27.0
26.6
20.7
21.0
27.2
17.0
28.5
20.6
18.0
16.7
30.4
10.9
3.2
(12.8)
18.9
42.5
29.4
20.6
24.2
29.2
23.9
22.3
26.1
30.4
28.4
13.8
24.8
Number of
women
63
834
2,444
2,657
2,727
1,583
7,851
2,457
6,202
1,830
2,273
3,599
6,297
264
117
30
1,157
1,365
1,765
5,855
871
1,637
2,922
2,750
2,129
2,156
5,285
2,867
10,308
Note: Total includes 2 women with missing information on education who were not shown separately.
1
Unmet need for spacing includes the proportion of currently married women who are neither in menopause or had
hysterectomy nor are currently pregnant and who want more children after two years or later and are currently not using any
family planning method. The women who are not sure about whether and when to have next child are also included in unmet
need for spacing.
2
Unmet need for limiting includes the proportion of currently married women who are neither in menopause or had hysterectomy
nor are currently pregnant and do not want any more children but are currently not using any family planning method. Total
unmet need refers to unmet for limiting and spacing.
@ Literate women with no years of schooling are also included. # The total figure may not add to N due to do not know and
missing cases. ( ) Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
115

Unmet need for family planning was the highest (33 percent) for women aged 20-24 years,
followed by 27 percent for women aged 25-29 years and the lowest (21 percent) for women aged 35
years and above, while it was 25 percent for the state. Unmet need for family planning was 17
percent for Hindu women as against 30 percent for Muslim women, 11 percent for Sikh women and
13 percent for other women, while it was only three percent for Buddhist women. The unmet need
for family planning was the highest (42 percent) for scheduled tribe women, followed by 29 percent
for OBC women and the lowest (19 percent) for scheduled caste women. The unmet need for family
planning was the highest (29 percent) for women with one living child, followed by 26 percent for
women with four or more living children and the lowest (22 percent) for women with three living
children, while it was it was 24 percent for women with no living children.
The unmet need for family planning was the highest (28 percent) for non-literate women
and the lowest (18 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above, while it was 21
percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly, unmet need for family planning was
the highest (30 percent) for women with low SLI and the lowest (14 percent) for women with
high SLI, while it was 28 percent for women with medium SLI. These data suggest that there
exists negative association between percentage of unmet need for family planning and education
and standard of living index of the women
6.9.1 Unmet Need for Family Planning Services by District
Table 6.19 gives percentage of currently married women with unmet need by district in Jammu
& Kashmir State. The unmet need for spacing of family was the highest (53 percent) in Baramula
district, followed by 22 percent in Kathua district and the lowest (less than one percent) in
Poonch and Rajouri districts. The unmet need for limiting family was the highest (60 percent) in
Doda district, followed by 43 percent in Rajauri district and the lowest (less than one percent) in
Kargil and Leh districts. The unmet need for family planning was the highest (66 percent) in
Doda district, followed by 59 percent in Baramula district and the lowest (three percent) in Leh
district, while it was 25 percent for the state.
Table 6.19 UNMET NEED BY DISTRICT
Percentage of currently married women with unmet need by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Districts
Unmet need for
Spacing Limiting Total
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
5.8
20.4
52.8
6.3
4.8
2.3
2.9
6.5
59.6
3.4
8.2
23.3
59.3
65.9
8.1
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
7.6
22.1
8.9
2.7
9.1
0.3
7.8
3.3
0.5
3.3
7.9
29.9
12.2
3.1
12.4
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.4
0.5
14.4
11.2
30.7
43.0
5.7
9.2
31.2
43.6
20.1
20.4
Jammu & Kashmir
14.1
10.7
24.8
116

Map-6
Current Use of Any Family Planning Method
117

118

CHAPTER VII
ACCESSIBILITY AND PERCEPTION ABOUT GOVERNMENT
HEALTH FACILITIES
The government health facilities at all the levels provide various RCH services. Auxiliary Nurse
Midwife (ANM), family planning worker or male health worker play a key role in delivering
the services to the community. Health workers are expected to make regular visits to all the
households in their assigned area. During these contacts, the health workers are supposed to
monitor various aspects of health of the women and children, provide information related to
health and family planning, counsel and motivate to adopt appropriate health and family planning
practices, and deliver other selected services. These contacts are also important as they enhance
the creditability of services and establish necessary rapport with the clients. In order to assess
the extent of utilisation of government health facilities by all eligible women and to find out
whether ANM/health workers reach the households for providing RCH services, a separate
section in the women’s questionnaire was canvassed to all the eligible women. This chapter
deals with accessibility and opinion of women about the services provided by the government
health workers. The quality of care offered by the government health programme as perceived
by currently married women is also presented.
7.1 Home Visit by Health Workers
Table 7.1 gives percentage of women who had home visit by a doctor, ANM/LHV or male
health worker during three months prior to the survey. The health worker home visited only
three percent of the women at least once in the last three months preceding the survey in the
state – about four percent in rural areas and over one percent in urban areas. Over two percent
of women aged 15-24 years as against over three percent of women aged 25 years and above
were home visited by the health worker. The health worker home visited more of Hindu women
than women from other religious group. Similarly, health worker home visited more of scheduled
caste women than women from other caste groups. The health worker home visited four percent
of women who had studied for 0-9 years as against three percent of non-literate women and
also women who had studied for 10 years and above. Again, health worker home visited over
four percent of women living in villages having no health facility in the village as against one
percent of women living in villages having health facility in the village.
Women who reported a home visit during the three months preceding the survey were
asked who visited their household during the past three months and whether they were satisfied
with the kind of services/advice received, and the time spent by these health workers. Among
women who received services at home, doctor visited 13 percent women, ANM/LHV visited
54 percent women and male health worker visited 37 percent women. Doctor visited more of
women in urban areas and male health worker visited more of women in rural areas. Seventysix
percent of women who received services at home were satisfied with the time spent with
them and 90 percent of women were satisfied with the services or advice given to them.
The percentage of women who were satisfied with the amount of time spent, and advice
provided by health workers varied across various background characteristics. Eighty-three percent
of women aged 25-34 years as against 66 percent women aged 35-44 years reported satisfaction

Table 7.1 HOME VISIT BY HEALTH WORKER
Percentage of women who had home visit by a doctor, ANM/LHV, or male health worker in the 3 months preceding the
survey, among women who had home visit, satisfied with time spent by health workers and with services provided by selected
background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Percentage
with home
visit
Number
of
women
Doctor
Home visit by 1
ANM /
LHV
Male
health
worker
Percentage of
women satisfied with
Amount
of time
Services/
advices
Number
of
women
Age
15.24
25-34
35-44
2.3
3.2
3.1
897
5,101
4,310
*
9.2
18.4
*
61.5
44.1
*
32.0
44.0
*
83.3
65.6
*
92.7
85.1
20
161
132
Residence
Rural
Urban
3.6
1.4
7,851
2,457
10.5
34.5
54.2
55.6
39.0
19.8
79.2
49.7
90.4
86.3
280
33
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 and above
2.8
3.9
3.0
6,202
1,830
2,273
13.4
6.7
19.1
44.2
66.0
68.2
46.5
33.8
15.4
78.8
83.1
61.5
89.9
93.0
86.9
174
72
67
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Christian
Jain
4.2
2.4
2.3
1.3
0.8
3,599
6,297
264
117
30
10.2
14.6
*
*
*
76.1
32.1
*
*
*
16.8
58.0
*
*
*
75.6
77.3
*
*
*
94.2
85.8
*
*
*
152
153
6
1
0
Caste/tribe#
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
4.1
1.5
2.3
3.1
1,157
1,365
1,765
5,855
1.9
*
8.5
14.1
76.3
*
30.7
61.3
22.8
*
66.9
27.5
85.7
*
90.7
76.3
95.9
*
94.1
92.1
48
21
40
184
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
Availability of health
facility2 in the village
3.1
3.1
2.8
2,156
5,285
2,867
16.0
9.9
17.1
66.3
55.1
43.2
23.3
38.5
44.8
69.3
81.1
71.3
81.7
91.0
94.5
66
166
81
No
Yes
4.5
1.0
5,764
2,086
9.9
*
53.9
*
39.8
*
78.6
*
89.8
*
260
21
Total
3.0
10,308
13.1
54.4
36.9
76.1
89.9
314
Note: Total includes 2 women with missing information on education who were not shown separately.
1
Percentage add to more than 100.0 due to multiple responses. @ Literate mother with no years of schooling are included.
# Total number may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
2
Includes sub-center, primary health center, Community health center or referral hospital, government hospital, and
government dispensary within the village.
* Percentages not shown: based on few cases.
with the time spent by health workers. Similarly, 93 percent of women aged 25-34 years as
against 85 percent women aged 35-44 years reported satisfaction with services/advices given
by the health workers during home visit. Seventy-nine percent women in rural areas as against
50 percent women in urban areas were satisfied with the time spent by health workers during
home visits. Similarly, 90 percent women in rural areas as against 86 percent women in urban
areas were satisfied with the time spent by health workers during home visits. The time spent
by health workers during home visit was the highest (83 percent) for women who had studied
120

for 0-9 years and the lowest (61 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above,
while it was 79 percent for non-literate women. The time spent by health workers during home
visit was the highest (81 percent) for women with medium SLI and the lowest (69 percent) for
women with low SLI, while it was 71 percent for women with high SLI. The percentage of
women who were satisfied with services/advices given by health workers during home visit
was 93 percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years as against 87 percent for women
who had studied for 10 years and above, while it was 90 percent for non-literate women.
Similarly, percentage of women who were satisfied with services/advices given by health
workers during home visit was 94 percent for women with high SLI as against 91 percent for
women with medium SLI, while it was 82 percent for women with low SLI.
7.2 Home Visit by Health Workers by District
Table 7.2 gives percentage of women who had home visit by a doctor, ANM/LHV, or male
health worker during three months preceding the survey, among women who had home visit,
satisfied with time spent and with services provided by health workers and district in the state.
The percentage of women who were home visited was the highest (10 percent) in Udhampur
district, followed by over eight percent in Srinagar district and the lowest (zero percent) in
Baramula and Kathua districts. The percentage of women who were home visited by the
doctor was the highest (66 percent) in Leh district, followed by 42 percent in Rajouri district
and the lowest (zero percent) in Anantnag, Badgam and Kargil districts, while it was 13 percent
for the state. Similarly, percentage of women who were home visited by ANM/LHV was the
highest (100 percent) in Anantnag and Kargil districts, followed by 84 percent in Kupwara
district and the lowest (five percent) in Srinagar district, while it was 54 percent for the state.
Again, percentage of women who were home visited by the male health worker was the
highest (100 percent) in Anantnag district, followed by 78 percent in Srinagar district and the
lowest (11 percent) in Jammu, Kupwara and Pulwama districts, while it was 37 percent for the
state. Figure 7.1 shows distribution of districts by home visit by health worker.
Figure 7.1
Distribution of Districts by Home Visit by Health Worker
Below 10
14%
2 District
20 & above
66%
10 District
10-19.9
20%
3 District
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Further, percentage of women home visited by the health workers who were satisfied with
the time spent with them was the highest (100 percent) in Kargil and Poonch districts, followed
121

Table 7.2 HOME VISIT BY HEALTH WORKER BY DISTRICT
Percentage of women who had home visit by a doctor, ANM/LHV, or male health worker in the 3 months preceding the
survey, among women who had home visit, satisfied with time spent by health workers and with services provided by district,
Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
Percentage with
home visit
0.1
1.7
0.0
0.6
5.3
1.0
0.0
2.3
1.6
2.4
1.6
0.8
8.5
9.6
Home visit by 1
Percentage of women satisfied with
Doctor ANM / LHV Male health worker Time spent Service
(0.0)
(0.0)
-
(38.8)
9.0
(0.0)
-
(4.6)
(66.0)
(9.4)
(14.3)
(41.6)
18.5
6.0
(100.0)
(74.6)
-
(53.0)
78.9
(100.0)
-
(84.3)
(56.6)
(79.8)
(30.4)
(70.8)
5.0
79.1
(100.0)
(25.4)
-
(54.6)
11.1
(55.4)
-
(11.0)
(20.3)
(10.8)
(55.3)
(41.6)
77.6
23.0
(0.0)
(92.4)
-
(37.1)
73.2
(100.0)
-
(96.5)
(88.0)
(95.6)
(100.0)
(27.0)
69.3
87.4
(100.0)
(92.4)
-
(53.0)
97.7
(100.0)
-
(100.0)
(100.0)
(100.0)
(90.1)
(85.4)
77.8
93.7
Jammu & Kashmir 3.0 13.1 54.4
36.9
76.1
89.9
1
Percentage add to more than 100.0 due to multiple responses. ( ) Based on less number of cases. - Not Applicable.
by 96 percent in Kupwara and Pulwama districts and the lowest (zero percent) in Anantnag
district, while it was 76 percent for the state. The percentage of women home visited by the
health workers who were satisfied with services rendered was the highest (100 percent) in
Anantnag, Kargil, Kupwara, Leh and Pulwama districts, followed by 98 percent in Jammu
district and the lowest (78 percent) in Srinagar district, while it was 90 percent for the state.
7.3 Matters Discussed during Home visits or Visits to Health Facilities
Women who were visited at home by a family planning worker, as well as those who visited
government health facility or other health facility during the three months preceding the survey
were asked about the different topics discussed with the workers during any of these visits.
Table 7.3 gives percentage of women who were visited by health worker during three months
preceding the survey, and percentage of women who visited health facility, and the percentage
of women who discussed specific topics with the health workers in the state. The percentage
of pregnant woman or women with children born during the reference period who were home
visited by the health workers said that topics discussed during the visit were ‘family planning’ (48
percent),‘breastfeeding’ (24 percent),‘supplementary feeding’ (13 percent),’immunization’ (60
percent), ‘nutrition’ (32 percent),‘disease prevention’ (19 percent),‘treatment of health problem’
(12 percent),‘antenatal care’ (seven percent),‘delivery care’ (nine percent),‘postpartum care’ (six
percent),’childcare’ (32 percent),‘sanitation/cleanliness’ (19 percent) and ‘oral rehydration’ (three
percent).
The percentage of current contraceptive users women who were home visited by the health
workers during the reference period said that topics discussed during home visit were ‘family
planning, (34 percent),’breastfeeding’ (eight percent),’supplementary feeding’ (three percent),
’immunization’ (33 percent),’nutrition’ (eight percent),’disease prevention’ (19 percent),’treatment
of health problem’ (23 percent),’antenatal care’ (five percent),’delivery care’ (five percent),
’postpartum care’ (one percent), ‘childcare’ (seven percent),’sanitation/cleanliness’ (14 percent),
and ’oral rehydration’ (four percent).
122

Table 7.3 MATTER DISCUSSED DURING CONTACT WITH A HEALTH WORKER
Percentage of women who were visited by health worker in the three months preceding the survey, and percentage of
women who visited health facility, and the percentage of women 1 who discussed specific topics with the health worker,
Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Topic discussed
Pregnant women or
women with children after
reference period 2
Other women
Current
contraceptive users
Current
nonusers
Total
During home visit
Family planning
Breastfeeding
Supplementary feeding
Immunization
Nutrition
Diseases prevention
Treatment of health problem
Antenatal care
Delivery care
Postpartum care
Childcare
Sanitation / cleanliness
Oral rehyderation
Other
48.1
24.3
13.5
60.5
32.0
18.9
12.4
7.2
9.4
5.6
32.0
19.4
2.6
0.0
33.7
8.1
2.8
33.2
7.7
19.4
22.6
5.3
4.7
0.6
6.9
13.6
4.0
1.4
72.6
6.3
0.0
13.7
18.8
20.6
18.1
11.3
6.7
1.7
19.5
7.8
6.4
2.9
43.9
13.0
5.8
39.1
17.0
19.4
18.7
6.8
6.5
2.4
16.7
14.6
3.9
1.2
Number of women
100
169
45
314
During visit to health facility
Family planning
Breastfeeding
Supplementary feeding
Immunization
Nutrition
Diseases prevention
Treatment of health problem
Antenatal care
Delivery care
Postpartum care
Childcare
Sanitation / cleanliness
Oral rehyderation
Other
13.5
10.8
5.8
18.9
18.7
12.5
36.6
30.0
14.7
7.2
16.5
2.8
1.7
3.3
16.0
0.0
0.6
4.6
2.8
30.8
52.2
8.5
1.6
1.3
4.1
2.4
4.1
4.3
21.5
6.4
4.6
9.1
9.7
11.8
45.3
25.9
11.1
0.0
8.1
4.5
0.9
4.8
16.6
6.1
3.8
11.1
10.1
20.4
44.2
20.0
8.8
3.9
9.7
3.2
2.7
4.1
Number of women
224
246
Note: Percentage add to more than 100.0 due to multiple responses.
1
Women who visited private health facility are not included.
2
Reference period for phase I, January 1 st 1999 and for phase II, January 1 st .2001
88
566
The percentage of current non-users women who were home visited by the health workers
during the reference period said that topics discussed during home visit were ‘family planning,
(73 percent),’breastfeeding’ (six percent),’supplementary feeding’ (zero percent),’immunization’
(14 percent),’nutrition’ (19 percent),’disease prevention’ (21 percent),’treatment of health problem’
(18 percent),’antenatal care’ (11 percent),’delivery care’ (seven percent), ’postpartum care’ (two
percent), ‘childcare’ (19 percent),’sanitation/cleanliness’ (eight percent), ’oral rehydration’ (six
percent).
The percentage of women who were home visited by the health workers during the
reference period said that topics discussed during home visit were ‘family planning, (44
percent),’breastfeeding’ (13 percent),’supplementary feeding’ (six percent),’immunization’ (39
percent),’nutrition’ (17 percent),’disease prevention’ (19 percent),’treatment of health problem’ (19
percent), ’antenatal care’ (seven percent),’delivery care’ (six percent), ’postpartum care’ (two percent),
‘childcare’ (17 percent),’sanitation/cleanliness’ (15 percent), and ’oral rehydration’ (four percent).
123

The percentage of pregnant woman or women with children born during the reference
period who visited the health facility said that topics discussed during the visit were ‘family
planning’ (13 percent),‘breastfeeding’ (11 percent),‘supplementary feeding’ (six percent), ’immunization’
(19 percent),‘nutrition’ (19 percent),‘disease prevention’ (12 percent),‘treatment of health problem’
(37 percent),‘antenatal care’ (30 percent),‘delivery care’ (15 percent),‘postpartum care’ (seven
percent),’childcare’ (16 percent),‘sanitation/cleanliness’ (three percent) and ‘oral rehydration’
(two percent).
The percentage of current-user woman who visited the health facility said that topics discussed
during the visit were ‘family planning’ (16 percent),‘supplementary feeding’ (one percent),
’immunization’ (five percent),‘nutrition’ (three percent),‘disease prevention’ (31 percent),‘treatment
of health problem’ (52 percent),‘antenatal care’ (eight percent),‘delivery care’ (two percent),
‘postpartum care’ (one percent),’childcare’ (four percent),‘sanitation/cleanliness’ (two percent) and
‘oral rehydration’ (four percent).
The percentage of current non-users women who visited the health facility said that topics
discussed during the visit were ‘family planning, (21 percent),’breastfeeding’ (six percent),
‘supplementary feeding’ (five percent),’immunization’ (nine percent),’nutrition’ (10 percent),’disease
prevention’ (12 percent),’treatment of health problem’ (45 percent),’antenatal care’ (26 percent),
’delivery care’ (11 percent), ‘childcare’ (eight percent),’sanitation/cleanliness’ (four percent) and
’oral rehydration’ (one percent).
The percentage of women who visited the health facility said that topics discussed during
visit were ‘family planning, (17 percent),’breastfeeding’ (six percent),’supplementary feeding’
(four percent),’immunization’ (11 percent),’nutrition’ (10 percent),’disease prevention’ (20
percent),’treatment of health problem’ (44 percent),’antenatal care’ (20 percent),’delivery care’
(nine percent), ’postpartum care’ (four percent), ‘childcare’ (10 percent),’sanitation/cleanliness’
(three percent) and ’oral rehydration’ (three percent).
7.4 Visit to Health Facility
Table 7.4 gives percentage of women who needed to visit health facility and visited health facility
by type of health facility, according to place of residence and availability of health facility in the
village. The data shows that percentage of women who needed to visit health facility but not
visited was 37 percent in the state – 41 percent in rural areas and 25 percent in urban areas. The
percentage of women who needed to visit health facility but not visited was 36 percent for women
living in villages having no health facility in the village as against 53 percent for women living in
villages having health facility in the village. Similarly, percentage of women who needed to visit
health facility and visited was 10 percent in the state – eight percent in rural areas and 15 percent
in urban areas. The percentage of women who visited government health facility visited ‘Hospital/
CHC/FRU/RH (38 percent), ‘dispensary’ (four percent), ‘PHC’ (six percent) and ‘sub-centres’
(six percent). The percentage of women who visited private health facility visited ‘private
hospital’ (29 percent) and ‘private dispensary’ (13 percent), while over three percent women visited
ISM facility (over two percent) and other health facility (less than one percent).
7.5 Visit to Health Facility by District
Table 7.5 gives percentage of women who needed to visit health facility, but not visited and
124

Table 7.4 VISIT TO HEALTH FACILITY
Percentage of women who need to visit health facility and visited, and percent distribution of women visited health facility by type of
health facility and according to place of residence and availability of health facilities in the village, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Health facility
Total
Residence
Availability of health facility 1 in the village
Rural Urban No Yes
Percentage of women who needed to visit
health facility and not visited
37.1
40.8
25.1
36.5
52.7
Percentage of women who needed to visit
health facility and visited
9.9
8.2
15.5
8.2
8.0
Number of women
10,308
7,851
2,457
5,764
2,086
Government health facility
Hospital / CHC / FRU /RH
Dispensary
Primary health center
Sub-center
38.3
4.0
5.6
6.1
30.8
4.7
6.6
9.6
51.0
2.9
3.9
0.2
35.5
7.4
6.2
4.1
29.1
3.7
6.8
11.5
Private health facility
Hospital
Dispensary
29.0
13.2
27.9
16.4
31.0
7.7
24.5
17.3
29.1
16.1
ISM 2 hospital/dispensary
2.5
3.4
0.9
3.6
3.3
Other
0.7
0.0
1.9
0.0
0.0
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
1,017
640
377
167
473
CHC: Community health center, FRU: First referral unit, RH: Referral Hospital
1
Includes sub-center, primary health center, Community health center or referral hospital, government hospital, and
government dispensary within the village 2 Either government or private health facility of Indian System of Medicine
Note: Total includes 6 missing cases in place of visits who were not shown separately.
percentage of women who visited health facility by district in the state. The percentage of women
who needed to visit health facility but not visited was the highest (94 percent) in Doda district,
followed by over 90 percent in Poonch and Rajouri districts and the lowest (seven percent) in
Badgam district, while it was 37 percent for the state. The percentage of women who needed to
visit health facility and visited was the highest (21 percent) in Kargil district, followed by 20
percent in Udhampur district and the lowest (one percent) in Doda and Poonch districts, while
it was 10 percent for the state. Further, percentage of women who visited government health
facility was the highest (100 percent) in Leh district, followed by 93 percent in Rajouri district
and the lowest (22 percent) in Anantnag district, while it was 55 percent for the state. The
percentage of women who visited private health facility was the highest (76 percent) in Anantnag
district, followed by over 50 percent in Baramula and Kupwara districts and the lowest (zero
percent) in Leh and Poonch districts, while it was 44 percent for the state.
7.6 Client’s Perception of Quality of Government Health Services
Utilization of services is an essential indicator reflecting the quality of services. Better quality of
services would have a higher utilization rate, which is very important from the policy point of view.
Unless clients are satisfied with the services provided by the government, efforts made by the
government will be wasted. In order to assess the utilization of government health facilities, a
question was asked ‘During last three months did you visit any health facility for any of your
health problem’. Those who visited the government health facility were asked their perceptions
125

Table 7.5 VISIT TO HEALTH FACILITY BY DISTRICT
Percentage of women who needed to visit health facility, but not visited and percentage of women who visited health facility by
type of health facility by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Districts
Percentage of women who
need to visit health facility,
but not visited
Percentage of women
who need to visit health
facility and visited
Percentage of women who visited to
Government health
facility
Private health facility
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
22.9
7.2
21.8
94.3
26.2
12.8
6.2
4.0
1.0
11.5
22.4
60.2
49.4
(61.1)
58.7
75.9
39.8
50.6
(38.9)
39.3
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
12.4
20.4
20.1
15.7
20.4
21.0
10.3
15.2
8.4
15.2
65.2
60.0
49.7
100.0
51.4
34.8
40.0
50.3
0.0
48.6
Punch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
90.4
90.8
43.4
44.3
0.7
3.2
5.0
20.4
(83.0)
92.7
70.0
61.3
(0.0)
7.3
25.8
38.2
Jammu & Kashmir.
37.1
9.9
55.1
43.6
( ) Based on less number of cases.
about quality of services such as personal manner like courtesy, respect, sensitivity, and friendliness
of the physician and staff, technical skills and quality like thoroughness, carefulness, and
competence and waiting time for receiving the services, which are presented in Table 7.6.
Women who visited government health facility and rated quality and availability of services
as good and excellent as ‘convenience of the health facility location’ (64 percent),‘length of
time spent towards waiting’ (62 percent),’personal manner of the physician’ (84 percent),’
technical skills and quality of physician’ (84 percent),’personal manner of nurse’ (72 percent),
’technical skills and quality of nurse’ (72 percent),’personal manner of other staff’ (73
percent),’technical skills and quality of other staff’ (71 percent),’explanation of what was
done to her’ (67 percent),’medical, surgical and diagnostic equipment’ (66 percent) and ‘general
comforts’ (55 percent). These data have shown that the respondents, who visited government
health facility, were generally satisfied with the services and facilities, including general
comfort, available there.
7.7 Reason for not visiting Government Health Centre
Women who visited the private health centre were asked the main reason for not visiting the
government health centre and the results are presented in Table 7.7. The reason given are ‘not
conveniently located’ (eight percent),’time is not suited’ (two percent),’poor quality of service,
(15 percent),’heavy rush’ (23 percent),’non/rare availability of doctors/health workers’ (12 percent),
’doctors/health workers do not examine properly, (18 percent),’medicine not/rarely given or of
bad quality’ (seven percent),’doctors/paramedical staff does not behave properly’ (13 percent),
’services are charged’ (less than one percent) and ‘referred by government doctor’ (over one percent).
7.8 Family Planning Information and Advice Received
Table 7.8 gives percentage of current non-users who were ever advised by ANM/health worker
126

Table 7.6 QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT HEALTH FACILITY
Percentage of women who visited government health facility and rated quality and availability of services during most recent
visit to a government health facility in the three months proceeding the survey, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Quality indicator Poor Good Excellent
The convenience of the health facility location
Length 1 of time spend towards waiting
Personal manner 2 of the physician 5
The technical skills and quality 3 of the physician 5
Personal manner 2 of nurse
The technical skills and quality 3 of nurse
Personal manner of other staff 5
The technical skills and quality of other 4 staff
The explanation of what was done to her
Medical, surgical and diagnostic equipment
General comfort
33.3
31.3
14.1
14.4
24.6
24.8
25.4
26.0
27.3
26.7
35.0
61.0
61.5
79.5
80.4
70.6
68.0
69.6
65.0
63.2
64.1
53.8
2.8
0.9
4.7
3.2
1.5
3.7
3.0
5.8
3.9
1.5
1.4
1
Poor indicate long waiting time, good indicate average waiting time, and excellent indicate short waiting time
2
Courtesy, respect, sensitivity, friendliness.
3
Thoroughness, carefulness, competence.
4
Including paramedical staff.
5
Includes hospital/community health center/ first referral unit/ referral hospital, dispensary, and primacy health center last
visit made by women
Table 7.7 REASON FOR NOT PREFERRING GOVERNMENT HEALTH FACILITY
Percent distribution of women visited private health facility by reason for not visiting government health facility and according
to residence and availability of health facilities in the village, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Reason
Total
Availability of health
Residence
facility 1 in the village
Rural Urban No Yes
Not conveniently located
Time is not suited
Poor quality of services
Heavy rush
Non/rare-availability of doctors/health workers
Doctors/health workers do not examine properly
Medicine not/rarely given or of bad quality
Doctors/paramedical staff does not behave properly
Services are charged
Referred by government doctor
Other
7.8
1.6
15.4
23.2
12.2
18.4
6.6
12.6
0.2
1.3
0.7
3.2
0.9
15.9
23.7
14.5
19.3
5.4
15.2
0.4
1.1
0.6
17.4
3.1
14.4
22.1
7.5
16.7
8.9
7.5
0.0
1.6
0.8
1.9
0.0
21.7
34.0
0.0
21.4
5.9
15.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.6
1.2
13.9
20.3
19.4
18.6
5.3
15.2
0.5
1.5
0.8
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
446
300
146
76
224
1
Includes sub-center, primary health center, Community health center or referral hospital, government hospital, and
government dispensary within the village
to adopt family planning method by method of family planning by residence in the state. The
percentage of non-users who were advised to adopt family planning method was six percent
in the state – six percent in rural areas and seven percent in urban areas. The family planning
methods advised were ‘female sterilization’ (41 percent),’male sterilization’ (22 percent),
’IUD’ (10 percent),’pills’ (11 percent) and ‘condom’ (eight percent). The rural-urban differential
exists for all the modern methods. Only one percent of the current non-users were advised
rhythm/periodic abstinence.
7.9 Availability of Pills and Condom
To explore difficulties faced in the procurement of condoms and pills, current users of these
127

Table 7.8 ADVISE TO ADOPT FAMILY PLANNING METHOD
Percentage of current non-users who reported ever advised to adopt family planning method by method of family planning by
ANM/health worker, according to residence, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Method Total Rural Urban
Percentage of non-users who were advised to adopt family planning method
5.9
5.6
7.3
Number of women
4,306
3,558
749
Method
Female sterilization
Male sterilization
IUD
Pills
Condom
Rhythem/periodic abstinence
Missing
41.0
22.5
9.7
11.6
8.0
0.8
6.3
46.5
21.5
7.7
14.3
3.6
1.0
5.4
21.2
26.2
17.1
1.8
23.8
0.0
9.9
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
252
198
55
methods were asked whether they had been able to get their supply whenever needed? The
results are presented in Table 7.9. The percentage of condom users who had a problem in
getting supply was over16 percent in the state – 15 percent in rural areas and over 21 percent
in urban areas. Similarly, percentage of Pills users who had a problem in getting supply was
seven percent in the state – six percent in rural areas and 10 percent in urban areas. A higher
proportion of urban women than rural women had problems in getting a supply of condom
and Pills.
Table 7.9 AVAILABILITY OF REGULAR SUPPLY OF CONDOMS/PILLS
Percentage of current condom or pill users who ever had a problem getting a supply of condoms/pills by residence, Jammu
and Kashmir, 2002-04
Method/residence Percentage who had a problem getting supply Number of users
Condom
Rural
Urban
Total
Pills
Rural
Urban
Total
5.6
9.6
7.2
1,124
737
1,861
Note: Total includes 3 cases with missing information from condom and 32 cases from pills were not shown separately.
7.10 Quality of Care of Family Planning Services
Table 7.10 gives percentage of current users of sterilization who were informed about other
modern method by the source where they get sterilized, according to source of sterilization
and residence in the state. The percentage of current users of sterilization who were informed
about other modern methods by the government health facility where they got sterilized was
54 percent in the state – 56 percent in rural areas and 45 percent in urban areas. The percentage of
current users of sterilization who were informed about other modern methods by the family
planning or RCH camp/village secession where they got sterilized was 29 percent in the state –
31 percent in rural areas and 23 percent in urban areas. The percentage of current users of
sterilization who were informed about other modern methods by the private health facility
14.7
21.5
16.5
341
121
463
128

Table 7.10 INFORMATION OF OTHER MODERN METHOD BEFORE STERILIZATION
Percentage of current users of sterilization who were informed about other modern method by the source where they get
sterilized, according to the source of sterilization and residence, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Source of sterilization Total Rural Urban
Government health facility
Family planning or RCH camp/ village session
Private health facility
Other
Total
54.2
28.6
48.2
(48.0)
52.1
56.5
30.6
48.8
(40.0)
54.4
45.0
23.0
45.5
(60.0)
Note: Total includes 12 women who said that they do not know of place/source of sterilization, are not shown separately.
( ) Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
43.6
Number
of users
where they got sterilized was 48 percent in the state – 49 percent in rural areas and 45 percent
in urban areas. The percentage of current users of sterilization who were informed about other
modern methods by all the source where they got sterilized was 52 percent in the state – 54
percent in rural areas and 44 percent in urban areas.
Table 7.11 gives percentage of current users of modern contraceptive methods who
were told about side effects or other problems of current method by a health worker or ANM/
Nurse at the time of accepting the method, and percentage who received follow-up services
after accepting the method by current method and residence in the state. The percentage of
current users of modern contraceptive methods who were told about side effects or other
problems of current method by a health worker or ANM/Nurse at the time of accepting the
method was 43 percent for the acceptors of sterilization, 27 percent for the users of other
method and 35 percent for the acceptor of any modern method. Further, percentage of current
users of modern contraceptive methods who were told about side effects or other problems of
current method by a health worker or ANM/Nurse at the time of accepting the method and
percentage who received follow-up services after adopting the method was over 10 percent for
sterilization, six percent for other modern method and over eight percent for any modern method.
Table 7.11 INFORMATION ON SIDE EFFECT AND FOLLOW-UP FOR CURRENT METHOD
Percentage of current users of modern contraceptive methods who were told about side effects or other problems of current
method by a health worker or ANM/Nurse at the time of accepting the method and percentage who received follow-up
services after accepting the method by current method and residence, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Information/follow-up Total Rural Urban
Told about side effects
Sterilization
Other modern method
Any modern method
43.0
26.7
35.1
42.9
30.1
37.4
43.3
20.8
29.4
2,276
139
294
43
2,777
Received follow-up
Sterilization
Other modern method
Any modern method
10.5
5.9
8.3
9.0
5.9
7.7
16.1
5.8
9.8
7.11 Quality of Care Indicators for Contraceptive Users by District
Table 7.12 gives percentage of currently married women who are current users of modern
contraceptive method, quality of care indicators related to use of current contraceptive method
by district. The percentage of women informed about other methods before getting sterilization
was the highest (90 percent) in Doda district, followed by 83 percent in Kupwara district and
the lowest(10 percent) in Kathua district, while it was35 percent for the state. The percentage of
129

Table 7.12 QUALITY OF CARE INDICATORS FOR CONTRACEPTIVE USERS BY DISTRICT
Among currently married women who are current users of modern contraceptive methods, quality of care indicators related to
the use of their current contraceptive method by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Percentage informed
about other methods
before getting
sterilization 1
Percentage told about side
effects or other problems with
method 2
Sterilization
Other modern
method
Percentage who received
follow –up 2
Sterilization
Other modern
method
Percentage nonuser
told ever had
advised to adopt
contraceptive
method
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
54.2
41.9
11.6
90.1
61.9
66.2
36.6
16.3
98.5
29.3
50.2
(27.4)
31.9
9.5
23.6
10.5
26.0
0.0
0.0
14.5
11.9
(12.6)
0.0
0.0
4.4
17.8
4.4
0.8
0.2
12.9
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
38.7
10.0
83.5
57.1
81.4
27.3
3.8
70.8
44.5
66.9
39.4
1.5
74.0
35.6
74.1
20.9
3.0
15.1
32.0
14.2
36.4
1.6
6.4
38.5
8.2
4.0
11.1
14.3
2.8
13.0
Punch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
82.5
26.9
72.0
26.7
3.8
52.1
42.0
35.2
5.9
30.4
23.4
19.0
1.1
0.7
12.0
18.5
3.7
3.6
0.4
4.6
2.5
1.5
6.8
7.3
Jammu & Kashmir
35.1
43.0
1
At the time of accepting the current method.
2
By a health worker or ANM/Nurse after accepting the current method. ( ) Based on less number of cases.
26.7
10.5
5.9
11.1
current users of sterilization who were told about side effects or other problems related with use
of method was the highest (98 percent) in Doda district, followed by 71 percent in Kupwara
districts and the lowest (four percent) in Kathua and Poonch districts, while it was 43 percent
for the state. Similarly, percentage of current users of other modern methods who were told
about side effects or other problems related with use of method was the highest (74 percent) in
Kupwara and Pulwama district, followed by 50 percent in Anantnag district and the lowest
(over one percent) in Kathua district, while it was 27 percent for the state.
Further, percentage of current users of sterilization who received follow-up services
was the highest (32 percent) in Leh district, followed by 26 percent in Badgam district and the
lowest (zero percent) in Baramula and Doda districts, while it was over 10 percent for the state.
The percentage of current users of other modern method who received follow-up services was
the highest (38 percent) in Leh district, followed by 36 percent in Kargil district and the lowest
(zero percent) in Baramula and Doda districts, while it was six percent for the state. Again,
percentage of non-users who had never been advised to adopt contraceptive method was the
highest (18 percent) in Anantnag district, followed by 14 percent in Kupwara district and the
lowest (less than one percent) in Doda district, while it was 11 percent for the state.
7.12 Quality of Care of Maternal Health Care
Information on few other aspects of quality of care in terms of maternal care was also collected.
Women with last live/still births during three years preceding the survey were asked whether
the Doctor/ANM/health worker advised you to go to health facility for delivery when they
were pregnant, and received any follow-up care after delivering the baby within 2 weeks of
delivery and received follow care at least one visit within six weeks of delivery. The same
130

information is presented in Table 7.13. The percentage of women who were advised to have
delivery at health facility was 53 percent in the state – 52 percent in rural areas and 55 percent
in urban areas. The percentage of women who were visited within two weeks of delivery was
over five percent in the state irrespective of the place of residence. The percentage of women
who were visited at least once within six week was 28 percent in the state – 23 percent in rural
areas and 47 percent in urban areas.
Table 7.13 ADVISED TO HAVE DELIVERY AT HEALTH FACILITY AND FOLLOW-UP SERVICES FOR POSTPARTUM
CHECK-UP
Percentage of women* who were advised to have delivery at health facility by doctor/ health worker and percentage who
receive follow-up services within 2 weeks and within 6 weeks of delivery by ANM, according to residence, Jammu and
Kashmir, 2002-04
Advise/follow-up service Total Rural Urban
Percentage of women who were advised to have delivery at health facility
52.8
52.2
54.8
Percentage of women who were visited within 2 weeks of delivery
5.4
5.5
5.3
Percentage of women who were visited at least once within 6 weeks of delivery
28.5
22.7
46.6
Number of women
2,595
1,965
631
* Women who had live birth/still birth after 1.1.1999/2001
Note: Total includes 30, 10, 84 cases with missing information in advised to have delivery at health facility, visited within 2
weeks of delivery and visited at least once within 6 weeks of delivery respectively.
Table 7.14 gives percentage of currently married women who have given live/still birth
three years preceding the survey, quality of care indicators related to delivery care by district.
The percentage of women who were advised to have delivery at the health facility by doctor/
health worker was the highest (84 percent) in Srinagar district, followed by 82 percent in
Kargil and Kupwara districts and the lowest (12 percent) in Badgam district. The percentage
of women who were advised to have delivery at the health facility by doctor/health worker
was the higher than that of the state (53 percent) in Anantnag, Jammu, Kargil, Kupwara, Leh,
Pulwama and Srinagar districts, while in the remaining seven districts it was lower than that
of the state. Further, percentage of women who were visited within two weeks of delivery by
the ANM was the highest (32 percent) in Doda district, followed by 27 percent in Udhampur
district and the lowest (zero percent) in Poonch district. The percentage of women who were
visited within two weeks of delivery by the ANM was higher than that of the state (over five
percent) in Doda, Jammu, Kargil, Rajouri, Srinagar and Uddhampur districts, while in the
remaining eight districts it was lower than that of the state. Again, percentage of women who were
visited at-least once within six weeks of delivery by the ANM was the highest (88 percent) in
Jammu district, followed by 63 percent in Doda district and the lowest (one percent) in
Baramula district. The percentage of women who were visited at-least once within two weeks
of delivery by the ANM was lower than that of the state (28 percent) in 12 districtds of
Anantnag, Badgm, Baramula, Kargil, Kathua, Kupwara, Leh, Pulwama, Poonch, Rajouri,
Srinagar and Udhampur, while in the remaining two districts of Doda and Jammu of the state
it was higher than that of the state.
131

Table 7.14 QUALITY OF CARE INDICATORS FOR MATERNAL CARE
Among currently married women* who are given live/still birth three years preceding the survey, quality of care indicators
related to delivery care by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Percentage of women
District
Advised to have delivery at health
facility by doctor/ health worker
Visited within 2 weeks of
delivery by ANM
Visited at least one within 6
weeks of delivery by ANM
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
68.2
12.2
43.2
33.3
65.0
0.6
0.9
1.2
32.5
6.5
2.9
1.7
1.2
62.7
88.1
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
82.5
23.4
82.5
76.0
80.4
15.5
1.8
4.0
4.4
3.4
27.4
12.2
4.7
4.4
4.3
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
33.6
48.2
84.2
50.0
0.0
8.2
9.0
26.8
6.7
19.3
7.7
25.9
Jammu & Kashmir
52.8
5.4
28.5
* Women who had live birth/still birth after 1.1.1999/2001
132

CHAPTER – VIII
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS
AND AWARENESS OF RTIs/STIs AND HIV/AIDS
One of the important components of the Reproductive and Child Health Programme is to have
a healthy sexual life without any fear of contracting disease. With this approach the RCH
programme places a lot of emphasis on promoting and encouraging healthy sexual behaviour
among couples through various Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities.
Health workers are also expected to educate women and men about Reproductive Tract
Infections (RTIs) and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and motivate those people with
RTI/STI problems to seek medical help. The DLHS-RCH has made an attempt to collect
information on awareness and prevalence of RTI/STI. Apart from this, information on
knowledge of HIV/AIDS, source of information and way of avoiding AIDS were also
collected.
8.1 Awareness of RTI/STI
An attempt was made to asses whether couples were aware of RTI/STI. Currently married
women and their husbands were asked about their awareness of RTI/STI, and if they were
aware, they were further questioned about the source of information and mode of transmission
of the disease. Table 8.1 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years who
have heard about RTI/STI and percentage who received information from specific sources by
selected background characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage of women who
have heard about RTI/STI was 15 percent in the state – over 14 percent in rural areas and 18 percent
in urban areas. Awareness of RTI/STI was the lowest (seven percent) for women aged 15-19
years, which increases with age and was the highest (19 percent) for women aged 30-34 years
and declines to 16 percent in the age group 35-39 years and to 11 percent in the age group 40-44
years. Awareness of RTI/STI was over six percent for Hindu women as against 20 percent for
Muslim women, 13 percent for Sikh women and 46 percent for Buddhist women, while it was
23 percent for other women. Similarly, awareness of RTI/STI was eight percent for scheduled
caste women as against six percent for scheduled tribe women and 24 percent for OBC
women, while it was 16 percent for other caste women. Awareness of RTI/STI was the highest
(21 percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (12 percent)
for women who had studied for 0-9 years, while it was 14 percent for non-literate women.
Awareness of RTI/STI was the highest (21 percent) for women with medium SLI and the
lowest (two percent) for women with low SLI, while it was 15 percent for women with high
SLI. Figure 8.1 shows awareness of RTI/STI by sex according to residence.
Those women who had heard of RTI/STI reported source of its information as ‘radio’
(89 percent),’television’ (87 percent),’newspaper/books/magazines’ (21 percent),’slogan/pamphlets/posters/wall
hoardings’ (seven percent),’doctor’ (eight percent),’health worker’ (seven
percent),’school teacher’ (four percent),’community meeting’ (six percent) and ‘relatives/friends’
(73 percent).
Table 8.2 gives percentage of husbands of eligible women who have heard of RTI/STI, percentage
who received information from specific sources by selected background characteristics in the

Table 8.1 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RTI/STI AMONG WOMEN
Percentage of currently married women aged 15 - 44 who have heard about RTI/STI and among women who have heard about RTI/STI, percentage who received information from specific sources
by selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04.
Background
Characteristic
Age group (years)
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Residence
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9 years@
10 and above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
Percentage
who have
heard about
RTI/STI
7.4
10.1
15.0
18.7
16.4
11.3
14.5
18.2
14.2
12.5
20.8
6.4
19.9
13.0
46.1
(22.6)
7.6
5.9
24.0
16.5
1.6
21.3
14.7
Number of
Women
63
834
2,444
2,657
2,727
1,583
7,851
2,457
6,202
1,830
2,273
3,599
6,297
264
117
30
1,157
1,365
1,765
5,855
2,156
5,285
2,867
Radio
*
93.1
88.5
87.7
93.0
84.9
90.0
87.7
95.6
94.9
75.1
67.8
95.2
(84.8)
45.7
*
80.2
50.2
96.7
90.0
68.9
93.4
80.3
Television
*
90.4
85.5
83.9
91.7
86.5
86.2
89.6
94.0
93.0
71.6
70.1
91.4
(75.8)
66.4
*
83.4
70.6
94.3
86.7
76.4
92.1
74.9
Among those who have heard about RTI/STI, percentage who received information from.
Newspaper/
Books/
Magazines
*
12.0
29.6
20.6
18.2
16.9
19.4
25.5
8.6
14.2
47.8
66.6
10.7
(51.5)
51.5
*
81.1
48.6
5.3
20.3
58.2
12.2
41.8
Slogan/
Pamphlets/
Posters/
Wall Hoardings Doctor
*
0.9
9.5
6.8
8.0
3.5
4.2
14.3
1.5
1.8
20.0
22.3
3.0
(9.1)
32.3
*
14.1
27.0
0.3
7.9
17.9
1.8
20.1
*
4.8
11.4
6.6
8.0
9.6
5.5
15.8
0.7
5.0
24.3
29.4
4.2
(15.2)
14.8
*
9.2
12.9
1.0
11.3
3.5
3.7
21.2
Health
worker
*
2.4
9.1
7.7
7.0
5.9
6.7
8.9
0.8
5.4
20.5
9.0
6.7
(15.2)
9.9
*
3.8
9.2
1.0
10.5
6.1
4.0
16.3
School
teacher
*
1.8
6.5
3.1
3.0
1.1
3.0
4.9
0.2
1.9
10.5
4.1
3.3
(12.1)
4.4
*
10.9
4.9
0.0
4.3
0.4
1.8
8.5
Community
Meeting
*
4.9
6.6
7.9
6.4
2.0
7.2
4.2
3.5
4.5
12.4
2.1
6.7
(30.3)
1.3
*
1.2
3.9
3.7
7.9
6.8
5.3
9.0
Relative/
Friends
*
83.8
63.4
69.1
80.4
79.8
71.6
76.3
85.3
80.1
46.5
26.3
84.1
(78.8)
6.5
*
18.3
6.4
91.8
76.2
3.1
82.0
54.5
Others
*
0.0
3.5
2.6
3.7
1.8
3.3
2.0
0.8
1.4
7.5
5.3
2.4
(9.1)
2.4
*
3.5
4.1
1.1
3.6
7.9
1.4
6.6
Number of
women who
have heard
about
RTI/STI
5
85
367
498
449
179
1,135
447
880
229
473
232
1,255
34
54
7
88
80
424
967
35
1,124
423
Total
15.3
10,308
89.4
87.1
21.1
7.1
8.4
7.3
3.6
6.3
72.9
2.9
1,582
Note: Total includes 2 women with missing information on education who were not shown separately.
# Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
@ Literate women with no year of schooling are also included.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
* Percentages not shown: based on few cases
134

Table 8.2 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RTI/STI AMONG MEN
Percentage of husbands of eligible women who have heard about RTI/STI and among men who have heard about RTI/STI, percentage who received information from specific sources by
selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04.
Background characteristic
Age group (years)
Below 25
25-34
35-44
45+
Residence
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 and above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
Percentage
who have
heard about
RTI/STI
25.9
26.4
28.9
22.9
27.2
27.3
12.9
21.8
43.3
10.4
35.8
23.8
51.5
(26.7)
8.2
17.8
37.2
29.6
10.6
32.7
29.6
Number of
men
181
3,549
5,257
1,251
7,801
2,438
3,797
2,252
4,174
3,394
6,367
301
146
30
1,075
1,391
1,736
5,830
2,119
5,272
2,847
Radio
79.6
83.6
81.0
78.4
81.8
81.1
96.9
87.4
75.9
50.3
87.2
83.9
56.8
*
56.9
62.5
86.9
84.5
60.7
88.7
72.6
Among those who have heard about RTI/STI, percentage who received information from.
Television
82.0
83.1
83.8
85.7
83.5
84.7
92.5
90.3
79.6
55.7
88.4
83.9
75.3
*
61.7
78.9
86.8
85.0
64.9
89.1
78.0
Newspaper/
Books/
Magazines
35.1
39.0
32.3
31.9
31.3
45.0
4.1
18.2
47.2
49.5
30.3
74.5
57.8
*
45.3
36.8
25.6
38.1
31.5
27.8
49.3
Slogan/
Pamphlets
/ Posters/
Wall
Hoardings Doctor
13.6
10.6
10.1
14.8
8.5
18.1
2.1
3.9
15.0
24.7
7.9
16.5
28.8
*
27.4
20.4
4.4
11.2
17.8
7.3
16.2
23.9
24.2
20.7
28.2
22.9
22.3
4.4
22.8
27.7
42.7
19.4
42.4
12.8
*
51.3
17.3
8.4
28.2
38.6
18.5
27.1
Health
worker
10.9
8.9
8.2
8.7
7.6
11.7
2.1
4.8
11.2
15.4
7.5
13.0
4.1
*
17.4
10.9
5.1
9.5
20.2
5.5
11.6
School
teacher
5.2
7.6
6.0
7.6
6.9
5.9
1.1
2.7
9.1
7.3
6.3
20.5
1.8
*
15.9
11.0
3.0
7.3
14.8
4.8
8.2
Community
Meeting
9.3
9.7
10.0
7.9
9.0
11.9
2.8
7.0
12.2
7.1
10.0
18.8
3.8
*
8.8
10.5
9.9
9.7
10.9
10.2
8.4
Relative/
Friends
55.3
56.2
55.5
45.5
52.2
62.8
88.5
65.8
42.6
34.7
59.4
56.1
3.2
*
34.6
9.5
68.5
59.2
21.2
65.6
41.5
Others
4.6
3.5
3.2
2.8
2.9
4.5
1.4
1.1
4.4
5.7
3.0
2.1
0.7
*
6.9
8.2
1.1
3.4
8.8
2.4
3.7
Number of
men who
have heard
about
RTI/STI
47
938
1,518
287
2,125
665
488
491
1,809
354
2,280
72
75
8
88
247
646
1,724
225
1,722
843
Total
27.2 10,239 81.6 83.8 34.6 10.8 22.7 8.6 6.7 9.7 54.7
Note: Table includes 2 men with missing information on education who were not shown separately. @ Literate men with no year of schooling are also included.
#Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
* Percentages not shown: based on few cases
3.3
2,790
135

Figure 8.1
Awarness of RTI/STI by Sex According to Residence
Total
Women
15
Men
27
Rural
Women
15
Men
27
Urban
Women
18
Men
27
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Percent
Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage of men who have heard about RTI/STI was 27 percent
in the state irrespective of place of residence. The awareness of RTI/STI was the highest (29 percent)
for men aged 35-44 years and the lowest (23 percent) for men aged 45 years and above. The
awareness of RTI/STI was 10 percent for Hindus as against 36 percent for Muslims, 24 percent for
Sikhs and 51 percent for Buddhist, while it was 27 percent for others. The awareness of RTI/STI
was eight percent for scheduled caste men as against 18 percent for scheduled tribe men, 37 percent
for OBC men, while it was 30 percent for other caste men. The awareness of RTI/STI was the highest
(43 percent) for men who had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (13 percent) for nonliterate
men, while it was 22 percent for men who had studied for 0-9 years. The awareness of
RTI/STI was the highest (33 percent) for men with medium SLI and the lowest (11 percent) for
men with low SLI, while it was 30 percent for men with high SLI.
Those men who had heard of RTI/STI reported source of its information as ‘radio’ (82
percent),’television’ (84 percent),’newspaper/books/magazines’ (35 percent),’slogan/pamphlets/ posters/
wall hoardings’ (11 percent),’doctor’ (23 percent),’health worker’ (nine percent),’school teacher’
(seven percent),’community meeting’ (10 percent) and ‘relatives/friends’ (55 percent).
8.1.1 Knowledge of Mode of Transmission of RTI/STI
Women who were aware of RTI/STI were asked about the mode of its transmission. Table 8.3
gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years who have heard of RTI/STI,
knowledge of mode of transmission by selected background characteristics in the state. Only eight
percent of the women said’ do not know’ about transmission of RTI/STI in the state – 11 percent in
rural areas and less than one percent in urban areas. The percentage of women who said ‘do not
know’ about the mode of transmission of RTI/STI was 44 percent for Hindu women as against
over one percent for Muslim women and nine percent for Sikh women, while it was 12 percent for
other caste women. The extent of women who said ‘do not know’ about the mode of transmission
136

Table 8.3 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF RTI/STI AMONG WOMEN
Percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 who have heard of RTI/STI, knowledge of mode of transmission by selected
background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background
characteristic
Homosexual
intercourse
Percentage by knowledge of mode of transmission
Heterosexual
intercourse
Lack of personnel
hygiene
Other
Do not know
Number of
women who
have heard
of RTI/STI
Age
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
9.7
24.4
16.2
15.7
14.9
88.4
83.5
85.6
92.9
91.9
36.7
40.8
45.7
46.0
58.3
3.1
4.0
1.8
1.6
1.9
9.6
12.3
10.2
4.3
2.2
85
367
498
449
179
Residence
Rural
Urban
15.0
23.5
86.9
90.6
41.5
55.4
2.2
2.9
11.2
0.5
1,135
447
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
4.4
9.3
45.5
91.4
92.6
79.3
35.9
68.8
52.0
0.9
0.3
6.1
7.7
7.2
9.4
880
229
473
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Other
30.8
13.8
(45.5)
33.5
39.3
97.2
(90.9)
78.9
28.2
47.6
(75.8)
52.1
1.1
1.9
(18.2)
11.3
43.9
1.4
(9.1)
11.6
232
1,255
34
54
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
19.8
31.4
3.7
21.6
20.5
8.9
39.8
27.9
80.1
96.8
89.9
44.8
91.6
81.8
18.9
49.1
39.0
51.1
32.0
42.4
54.6
3.7
10.4
0.9
2.3
10.7
1.7
3.3
66.6
11.1
1.9
5.5
51.7
7.1
7.3
88
80
424
967
35
1,124
423
Total
17.4
87.9
45.5
2.4
8.2
Note: Total includes 5 women in the 15-19 age group, 7 in other religion who were not shown separately.
#Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
@ Literate women with no year of schooling are also included.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
1,582
of RTI/STI was 67 percent for scheduled caste women as against 11 percent for scheduled tribe
women and two percent for OBC women, while it was over five percent for other caste women.
Fifty-two percent of women with low SLI as against seven percent of women with medium/high
SLI said ‘do not know’ about the mode of transmission of RTI/STI. The percentage of women who
said ‘do not know’ about the mode of transmission of RTI/STI was nine percent for women who had
studied for 10 years and above as against eight percent for non-literate women and seven percent for
women who had studied for 0-9 years. Further, percentage of women who were aware of RTI/STI and
had knowledge about its mode of transmission reported these as ‘homosexual intercourse’ (17 percent),
‘heterosexual intercourse’ (88 percent) and ’lack of personnel hygiene’ (45 percent).
Men who were aware of RTI/STI were asked about the mode of its transmission. Table 8.4
gives percentage of husbands of currently married women who have heard of RTI/STI, knowledge of
mode of transmission by selected background characteristics in the state. Only six percent of the
men said’ do not know’ about transmission of RTI/STI in the state – five percent in rural areas and
seven percent in urban areas. The percentage of men who said ‘do not know’ about the mode of
137

Table 8.4 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF RTI/STI AMONG MEN
Percentage of husbands of currently married women who have heard of RTI/STI, knowledge of mode of transmission by selected
background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background
characteristic
Age
Below 25
25-34
35-44
45+
Homosexual
intercourse
47.9
35.6
29.8
36.1
Percentage by knowledge of mode of transmission
Heterosexual
intercourse
83.0
86.6
85.8
83.1
Lack of personnel
hygiene
47.6
48.4
44.5
43.9
Other
5.5
8.1
5.4
6.0
Do not know
13.1
5.7
5.7
5.7
Number of
men who
have heard
of RTI/STI
47
938
1,518
287
Residence
Rural
Urban
32.4
33.8
86.8
82.3
43.0
54.9
5.0
10.7
5.4
7.0
2,125
665
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
8.2
13.8
44.4
92.5
92.8
82.0
39.0
49.5
46.6
1.8
3.0
8.5
6.8
2.8
6.3
488
491
1,809
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
40.8
30.3
57.1
47.0
53.8
90.7
84.4
86.5
39.9
47.3
49.7
27.7
6.7
6.5
5.9
2.1
16.2
4.0
9.5
9.2
354
2,280
72
75
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
37.6
42.0
18.8
36.4
67.7
76.0
89.4
86.5
43.2
30.8
36.9
53.3
17.3
9.0
1.5
7.3
10.1
13.2
2.8
5.4
88
247
646
1,724
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
50.1
25.3
43.3
72.0
92.5
75.6
48.9
47.0
42.5
19.8
4.3
7.0
15.1
3.2
8.7
225
1,722
843
Total
32.7
85.7
45.8
6.4
5.8
2,790
Note1: Total includes 2 men with missing information on education who were not shown separately.
Note2: Total includes 8 men with other religion who were not shown separately.
@ Literate men with no years of schooling are also included. # Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
transmission of RTI/STI was 16 percent for Hindu men as against four percent for Muslim men
and nine percent for Sikh and also Buddhist men. The percentage of women who said ‘do not know’
about the mode of transmission of RTI/STI was 10 percent for scheduled caste men as against 13
percent for scheduled tribe men and three percent for OBC men, while it was over five percent for
other caste men. The percentage of men who said ‘do not know’ about the mode of transmission
of RTI/STI was six percent for men who had studied for 10 years and above as against three
percent for men who had studied for 0-9 years and seven percent for non-literate men. The percentage
of men who said ‘do not know’ about the mode of transmission of RTI/STI was 15 percent for
men with low SLI as against nine percent for men with high SLI and three percent for men with
medium SLI. Further, percentage of men who were aware of RTI/STI and had knowledge about its
mode of transmission reported these as ‘homosexual intercourse’ (33 percent), ‘heterosexual intercourse’
(86 percent) and ’lack of personnel hygiene’ (46 percent).
8.2 Prevalence of RTI/STI
In DLHS-RCH, information was collected on the common symptoms of reproductive tract infections
138

and sexually transmitted infections from women and their husbands, and information on menstruation
related problems in the three months preceding the survey. The prevalence of reproductive tract
infections and sexually transmitted tract infections is judged by their symptoms. All the respondents
were told about symptoms of RTI/STI, and were asked whether they had any of them. In case of
the presence of at least one symptom, they were further asked whether they sought treatment for
such problems, and if they had sought treatment, details regarding the source of treatment were
also recorded. The topic of RTI/STI is quite sensitive. The culture of silence prevents people from
discussing such topics in front of others. In spite of intensive training of the investigators, the
respondent might have hesitated in reporting the symptoms of RTI/STI. What gets reported in the
survey though may not have given the exact prevalence, but may have given the lower limit for it?
Table 8.5 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years who reported
any symptoms of RTI/STI and specific symptoms during three months prior to survey by residence
in the state. The percentage of women who reported any symptom of RTI/STI was 16 percent in
the state – 15 percent in rural areas and 20 percent in urban areas. The symptoms reported were
‘itching over vulva’ (one percent),’boils/ulcer/warts around vulva’ (one percent),’pain in lower
abdomen not related to menses’ (four percent),’low backache’ (over six percent),’pain during
sexual intercourse’ (over one percent),’bleeding after sexual intercourse’ (one percent),’swelling
in the groin’ (over one percent),’frequent/painful passage of urine’ (two percent),’fever’ (seven
percent),’some mass coming out of vagina’ (two percent),’any involuntary escape of urine while
coughing or sneezing’ (over one percent) and ’swelling/lump in breast’ (one percent). Figure 8.2
shows symptoms of RTI/STI among women.
Table 8.5 SYMPTOMS OF RTI/STI AMONG WOMEN
Percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 who reported any symptoms RTI/STI and specific symptoms during three
months prior to survey, according to residence, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Symptoms
Percentage of women reported any RTI/STI symptoms
Total
16.0
Rural
14.9
Residence
Urban
19.6
Symptoms
Itching over vulva
Boils/ ulcers/ warts around vulva
Pain in lower abdomen not related to menses
Low backache
Pain during sexual intercourse
Bleeding after sexual intercourse
Swelling in the groin
Frequent / painful passage of urine
Fever
Some mass coming out of vagina
Any involuntary escape of urine while coughing or sneezing
Swelling / lump in breast
1.1
0.6
3.7
6.5
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.8
6.6
1.6
1.4
1.0
0.7
0.5
3.6
5.5
1.2
0.8
1.2
1.7
6.5
1.5
1.4
0.9
2.5
1.1
4.3
9.8
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.1
7.0
1.7
1.6
1.4
Number of women
10,308
7,851
2,457
Table 8.6 and Figure 8.3 show the prevalence of reproductive health problems among husbands
of currently married women. The prevalence of RTI/STI among men was judged by the reporting of
symptoms. The percentage of men who reported any RTI/STI symptoms was six percent in the state
– seven percent in rural areas and over three percent in urban areas. The symptoms reported were
‘any discharge from penis’ (three percent),’any sore/rash/redness on genital or anal areas’ (over one
percent),’difficulty/pain while urinating or very frequent urination’ (one percent),’swelling of testis
or in groin area’ (over one percent) and ‘itching/irritation around genital’ (over two percent).
139

Figure 8.2
Symptomps of RTI/STI among Women
Any RTI/STI symptoms
16
Low backache
Pain in lower abdomen not related to menses
Any involuntary escape of urine while coughing or
sneezing
Frequent / painful passage of urine
Itching over vulva
Pain during sexual intercourse
Fever
Boils/ ulcers/ warts around vulva
Some mass coming out of vagina
Swelling / lump in breast
Swelling in the groin
Bleeding after sexual intercourse
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
4
7
7
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Percent
Figure 8.3
Symptomps of RTI/STI among Husbands
Any RTI/STI symptoms
6
Itching / irritation around genital
2
Swelling of testis or in groin area
Difficulty / pain while urinating or very frequent
urination
Any sore / rash / redness on genitals or anal area
1
1
1
Any discharge from penis
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Percent
Further, percentage of men who sought treatment for any RTI/STI problem was 54 percent
in the state – 56 percent in rural areas and 43 percent in urban areas. The percentage of men who
sought treatment for any RTI/STI problem from government health facility was 81 percent, from
private health facility nine percent and from ISM facility 12 percent, while eight percent men
sought treatment from a chemist/medical shop. In other words, around 10 percent of the men
sought treatment from more than one health facility. Further, 83 percent men obtained treatment
from doctor, 12 percent from a male health worker, four percent from an ISM practitioner, eight
140

Table 8.6 SYMPTOMS OF RTI/STI AMONG MEN
Percentage of husbands of currently married women who reported any symptoms RTI/STI and specific symptoms during three
months prior to survey and sought treatment for RTI/STI by source of treatment, according to residence, Jammu and Kashmir,
2002-04
Symptoms and treatment
Total
Residence
Rural
Urban
Percentage of men reported any RTI/STI symptoms
6.2
7.1
3.5
Symptoms
Any discharge from penis
Any sore / rash / redness on genitals or anal area
Difficulty / pain while urinating or very frequent urination
Swelling of testis or in groin area
Itching / irritation around genital
2.6
1.2
1.3
1.3
2.4
2.8
1.4
1.5
1.5
2.9
1.8
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.8
Number of men
10,239
7,801
2,438
Percentage of men sought treatment for any RTI/STI 1
54.0
55.6
43.4
Number of men
639
553
86
Percentage sought treatment at health facility 2
Government health facility 3
Primary health centre
Sub centre
81.0
6.1
2.9
81.4
6.7
3.2
(80.6)
(2.8)
(2.8)
Private health facility 4
9.4
9.5
(13.9)
ISM 5 facility
11.6
9.7
(22.2)
Chemist/ medical shop
7.6
8.0
(5.6)
Other
0.8
0.8
(2.8)
Percentage obtained treatment from 2
Doctor
Male health worker
Traditional healer
Relative/friends
ISM practitioner
Home remedy
Chemist medical shop
Other
82.8
12.1
1.9
1.1
3.7
3.0
8.4
1.1
80.8
13.3
1.4
1.1
3.9
2.8
9.0
1.1
(94.4)
(5.6)
(8.3)
(2.8)
(8.3)
(5.6)
(5.6)
(2.8)
Number of men
349
317
37
1
Based on men with any symptoms of RTI/STI
2
Percentage may add more than 100.0 due to multiple responses and based on who sought treatment.
3
Includes Government municipal hospital, dispensary, UHC/ UHP /UWFC, CHC/ rural hospital, Primary health centre, subcentre.
4 Includes private hospital/ clinic, non-governmental / trust hospital/clinic,
5
Either government or private hospital/clinic of Indian system of medicine.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
percent from a chemist/medical shop, two percent from a traditional healer, one percent from
relatives/friends, while three percent men tried home remedy.
The DLHS-RCH also collected information from currently married women on symptoms
of RTIs, that is, on abnormal vaginal discharge, texture, colour and odour of discharge in the three
months immediately preceding the survey. The prevalence of reproductive health problems among
currently married women is estimated from women’s experiences. Table 8.7 gives percentage of
currently married women aged 15-44 years who reported any vaginal discharge during three months
prior to survey and percentage who sought treatment and source of treatment by residence in the
141

Table 8.7 ABNORMAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE
Percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 who reported had any abnormal vaginal discharge during three months prior
to survey and percentage who sought treatment and source of treatment according to residence, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Symptoms and treatment
Total
Rural
Residence
Urban
Percentage of women reported abnormal vaginal discharge
0.9
0.7
1.7
Number of women
10,308
7,851
2,457
Percentage of women sought treatment for vaginal discharge 1
62.1
46.9
(78.7)
Number of women
94
53
41
Percentage sought treatment at health facility 2
Government health facility 3
Primary health centre
Sub centre
73.2
11.4
9.5
(69.0)
(31.0)
(3.4)
(62.2)
(8.1)
(8.1)
Private health facility 4
33.3
(34.5)
(37.8)
ISM 5 facility
11.3
(6.9)
(16.2)
Home remedy
4.2
(0.0)
(5.4)
Other
6.4
(0.0)
(8.1)
Percent distribution of women who obtained treatment from 2
Doctor
ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV
Other health professionals 6
Other
77.0
19.0
1.3
2.7
(79.3)
(17.2)
(0.0)
(3.4)
(86.5)
(8.1)
(2.7)
(2.7)
Total percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of women
58
25
33
1
Based on women who reported having vaginal discharge. 2 Based on women who sought treatment for vaginal discharge.
3
Includes Government municipal hospital, dispensary, UHC/ UHP /UWFC, CHC/ rural hospital, Primary health centre, subcentre
and out reach/ MCP clinic in village. 4 Includes private hospital/ clinic, non-governmental / trust hospital/clinic, chemist/
medical shop. 5 Either government or private hospital/clinic of Indian system of medicine, 6 Includes dai (trained or untrained),
relative or friends and chemist/ medical shop. () Based on less than 50 unweighted cases
Note: Total includes 49 women with missing information on abnormal vaginal discharge who were not shown separately.
state. The percent of women who reported abnormal vaginal discharge was one percent in the
state – about one percent in rural areas and about two percent in urban area.
Sixty-two percent of the women who reported any symptom of vaginal discharge sought
treatment in the state – 47 percent in rural areas and 79 percent in urban areas. The percentage of
women who sought treatment from government health facility was 73 percent, from private health
facility 33 percent, from ISM facility 11 percent and from other health facility six percent, while
four percent women tried home remedy. In other words, one-fourth of the women sought treatment
from more than source. Further, more of women in rural areas sought treatment from private
health facility, while more of women in urban areas sought treatment from ISM health facility.
Again, 77 percent of the women sought treatment from the doctor, 19 percent from ANM/Nurse/
Midwife /LHV and four percent by other health professionals. More of women in urban areas sought
treatment from the doctor, while more of women in rural areas sought treatment from ANM/Nurse/
Midwife /LHV.
142

8.3 Menstruation Related Problems
Table 8.8 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years who had any menstruation
related problem during three months prior to survey and percentage who sought treatment and
source of treatment according to place of residence in the state. The percentage of women with
any menstruation related problem was four percent in the state irrespective of place of residence.
Table 8.8 MENSTRUATION RELATED PROBLEMS
Percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 who had any menstruation related problem during three months prior to
survey and percentage who sought treatment and source of treatment according to residence, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Symptoms and treatment
Total
Rural
Residence
Urban
Percentage of women with any menstruation related problem
3.8
3.7
3.9
Number of Women
7,978
5,492
2,037
Symptoms 1
No period
Painful period
Frequent or short period
Delayed period
Prolonged bleeding
Excessive bleeding
Continuous bleeding
Scanty bleeding
Inter-menstrual bleeding
30.4
38.3
16.8
17.1
5.2
17.4
7.7
4.4
1.0
36.6
27.5
8.7
18.9
6.3
12.5
2.4
4.9
1.4
13.0
68.3
39.6
12.1
2.1
31.1
22.7
3.1
0.1
Percentage of women sought treatment who had any
menstruation related problems
84.7
86.7
79.1
Number of Women
300
221
79
Percentage sought treatment at health facility 6
Government health facility 2
Primary health centre
Sub centre
78.3
3.5
1.9
77.6
4.7
2.5
80.5
0.0
0.0
Private health facility 3
21.6
24.2
13.8
ISM 4 facility
4.8
3.8
8.0
Other
1.2
1.5
0.0
Percentage of women obtained treatment from 6
Doctor
ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV
Other health professionals 5
Other
87.5
14.3
9.0
1.9
84.4
17.2
11.2
2.5
96.9
5.4
2.3
0.0
Number of women
1
Based on women who reported any menstruated related problems.
2
Includes Government municipal hospital, dispensary, UHC/ UHP /UWFC, CHC/ rural hospital, Primary health centre, subcentre
and out reach/ MCP clinic in village. 3 Includes private hospital/ clinic, non-governmental / trust hospital/clinic, chemist/
medical shop. 4 Either government or private hospital/clinic of Indian system of medicine, 5 Includes dai (trained or untrained),
relative or friends and chemist/ medical shop. 6 Multiple responses.
Note: Total includes 4 woman with missing information on any menstruation problem who were not shown separately
Among the women who had any menstrual problems reported as ’no period’ (30 percent),
’painful period’ (38 percent),’frequent or short period’ (17 percent),’delayed period’ (17 percent),
’prolonged period’ (five percent),’excessive bleeding’ (17 percent),’continuous bleeding’ (eight
254
191
62
143

percent),’scanty bleeding’ (over four percent) and ’inter-menstrual bleeding’ (one percent). The
percentage of women who had any menstrual related problems and sought treatment was 85
percent in the state – 87 percent in rural areas and 79 percent in urban areas. The percentage of
women who sought treatment from government health facility was 78 percent, from private
health facility 22 percent, from ISM facility five percent and from other health facility over one
percent. In other words, six percent of the women sought treatment from more than one health
facility. Further, percentage of the women who sought treatment was 87 percent from the doctor,
14 percent from ANM/Nurse/Midwife/LHV, nine percent from other health professional and two
percent from other.
8.4 Prevalence of RTIs/STIs by District
Table 8.9 gives percentage of currently married women and their husbands who reported
reproductive health problems and percentage who sought treatment for the problems by district
in the state. The percentage of women with any symptoms of RTI/STI was the highest (27 percent)
in Kargil and Udhampur districts, followed by 26 percent in Jammu district and the lowest (two
percent) in Baramula and Doda districts, while it was 16 percent for the state. Further, percentage
of women who reported any abnormal vaginal discharge was the highest (eight percent) in Leh
district and the lowest (zero percent) in Badgam, Baramula, Kupwara, Pulwama, Poonch, and
Srinagar districts, while it was one percent for the state. The percentage of women who sought
treatment for abnormal vaginal discharge was the highest (100 percent) in Rajouri district,
followed by 80 percent in Kathua district and the lowest (zero percent) in Doda district, while it
was 62 percent for the state.
Further, percentage of men with any symptoms of RTI/STI was the highest
(14 percent) in Udhanpur district, followed by 13 percent in Kargil district and the lowest (zero
percent) in Baramula district, while it was six percent for the state. The percentage of men who
Table 8.9 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE INDICATORS BY DISTRICT
Percentage of currently married women and their husbands who reported reproductive health problems and percentage who sought
treatment for the problems by district, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
With any
symptoms of
RTI/STI
22.3
15.4
(1.9)
(2.1)
25.7
Percentage of women
Reported any
abnormal vaginal
discharge
(1.3)
(0.0)
(0.0)
(0.1)
(1.7)
Sought treatment
for abnormal
vaginal discharge
(76.8)
-
-
(0.0)
46.7
Percentage of men
With any
symptoms of
RTI/STI
8.5
12.0
0.0
3.3
5.2
Sought treatment for
RTI/STI problems
65.5
72.1
-
16.8
47.5
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
27.2
4.4
22.2
19.6
21.4
(2.4)
4.0
(0.0)
7.9
(0.0)
(68.1)
(80.3)
-
(18.2)
-
13.2
0.7
8.7
6.9
9.0
93.4
(17.9)
34.3
28.5
34.3
Punch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
20.5
3.7
13.1
27.5
(0.0)
(0.1)
(0.0)
(2.2)
-
(100.0)
-
(69.0)
0.7
2.5
8.2
14.4
(0.0)
(17.8)
70.9
55.2
Jammu & Kashmir
16.0
0.9
62.1
6.2
54.0
( ) Based on less number of cases. - Not Applicable.
144

sought treatment for RTI/STI was the highest (93 percent) in Kargil district, followed by 72
percent in Badgam district and the lowest (zero percent) in Poonch district, while it was 54
percent for the state.
8.5 HIV/AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an illness caused by the Human Immune
Virus (HIV), which weakens the immune system and leads to death through secondary infection
such as tuberculosis or pneumonia. The virus is generally transmitted through sexual contact, through
the placenta of HIV-infected women to their children, or through contact with contaminated needle
(injections) or blood. Prevalence of HIV and AIDS has been on the rise for more than a decade in
India and has reached alarming proportions in recent years. To prevent HIV transmission, the
government has been making various efforts.
DLHS-RCH has collected information on the general state of awareness of HIV/AIDS,
its transmission, its prevention and common misconceptions about HIV/AIDS. All the currently
married women in the age group 15-44, and their husbands were first asked if they had ever
heard of an illness called HIV/AIDS. Respondents who had heard of HIV/AIDS were further asked
about their source of information, mode of transmission, and correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
transfusion.
8.5.1 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Table 8.10 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years who have heard about
HIV/AIDS, percentage who received information from specific sources by selected background
characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State. Fifty-four percent of the currently married women
have heard of HIV/AIDS in the state, which is higher than RCH Round–I. In Round-I only 35
percent currently married women were aware of HIV/AIDS.
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among women was 54 percent in the state – 48 percent in rural
areas and 71 percent in urban areas. The percentage of women who have heard about HIV/AIDS was
the highest (63 percent) for women aged 20-24 years, followed by 59 percent for women aged 25-29
years and the lowest (41 percent) for women aged 40-44 years. The percentage of women who have
heard about HIV/AIDS was the highest (90 percent) for Buddhist women, followed by 76 percent for
Sikh women and the lowest (51 percent) for other caste women, while 53 percent of Hindu/Muslim
women have heard about it. Forty-eight percent of scheduled caste women as against 40 percent of
scheduled tribe women and 57 percent of OBC women have heard about HIV/AIDS, while it was 58
percent for other caste women.
Further, percentage of women who have heard about HIV/AIDS was the highest (76
percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (45 percent) for nonliterate
women, while it was 56 percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years. Similarly,
percentage of women who have heard about HIV/AIDS was the highest (65 percent) for women
with high SLI and the lowest (35 percent) for women with low SLI, while it was 56 percent for
women with medium SLI. These data have shown that percentage of women who have heard about
HIV/AIDS increases with increase in education and standard of living index of the women. This
suggests that exists positive association between percent of women who have heard about HIV/AIDS
and education and standard of living index of the women.
145

Table 8.10 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN
Percentage of currently married women aged 15 - 44 who have heard about HIV/AIDS and among women who have heard about HIV/AIDS, percentage who received information from specific
sources by selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04.
Background characteristic
Percentage
who have
heard about
HIV/AIDS
Number of
Women
Radio
Among those who have heard about HIV/AIDS, percentage who received information from.
Television
Newspaper/
Books/
Magazines
Slogan/
Pamphlets/
Posters/ Wall
Hoardings
Doctor
Health
worker
School
teacher
Community
Meeting
Relative/
Friends
Others
Number of
women who
have heard
about
HIV/AIDS
Age group (years)
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Residence
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 and above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
53.4
63.3
59.3
57.1
50.4
40.7
48.5
70.8
44.9
56.3
76.1
52.6
52.9
75.7
90.4
(51.3)
48.1
39.6
57.3
58.4
34.9
55.7
64.6
63
834
2,444
2,657
2,727
1,583
7,851
2,457
6,202
1,830
2,273
3,599
6,297
264
117
30
1,157
1,365
1,765
5,855
2,156
5,285
2,867
(41.9)
60.5
81.0
78.4
81.7
70.1
80.8
68.8
83.9
68.3
71.2
59.5
87.8
70.9
65.5
*
72.2
51.8
82.5
80.1
63.9
85.7
68.6
(93.5)
91.7
87.5
86.1
84.9
81.0
85.6
87.4
81.8
88.1
91.9
87.0
85.4
91.5
82.7
*
91.8
91.7
80.8
85.8
73.0
88.1
88.3
(19.4)
19.6
29.8
25.9
22.8
27.5
20.1
37.7
10.3
20.1
53.5
38.3
17.0
42.8
40.4
*
25.8
32.7
15.7
27.5
23.7
16.3
41.2
(16.1)
8.0
15.6
17.3
11.6
16.2
10.5
22.8
6.6
7.1
31.3
23.6
9.0
13.4
21.6
*
15.9
22.3
6.2
15.4
14.6
7.8
24.8
(48.4)
31.4
25.8
20.2
24.5
23.5
26.0
20.7
24.9
18.8
26.8
19.1
28.1
19.7
9.1
*
20.9
39.5
21.2
23.5
42.3
20.9
22.5
(9.7)
7.8
12.7
13.4
12.5
9.6
12.2
11.4
10.2
11.3
15.2
10.9
13.0
10.5
3.6
*
12.3
22.6
8.4
11.3
17.5
10.8
11.7
(0.0)
4.0
8.8
10.9
8.9
5.0
8.6
8.2
8.7
4.9
10.2
4.6
11.0
6.7
2.1
*
8.6
19.4
6.6
7.2
17.9
7.4
6.3
(6.5)
9.6
9.7
10.4
8.0
6.8
8.6
10.0
8.6
7.4
10.9
7.8
9.9
11.9
2.1
*
8.5
6.8
8.2
9.7
11.5
8.6
8.8
(54.8)
61.1
55.6
53.9
62.9
58.7
58.7
56.0
65.8
57.9
45.0
42.4
69.2
42.5
7.3
*
37.4
41.2
62.8
62.4
53.0
65.3
48.1
(3.2)
3.9
5.7
4.8
5.5
5.7
3.9
8.4
5.4
2.7
6.5
4.6
5.9
3.4
0.4
*
3.9
2.5
5.8
5.8
6.4
4.4
6.1
34
528
1,449
1,518
1,374
645
3,807
1,739
2,787
1,030
1,729
1,892
3,333
200
105
16
557
541
1,011
3,418
752
2,944
1,851
Total
53.8
10,308
77.0
86.1
25.6
14.4
24.3
12.0
8.5
9.1
57.9
5.3
5,547
Note: Total includes 2 women with missing information on education who were not shown separately.
@ Literate women with no years of schooling are also included.
# Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases
* Percentages not shown: based on few cases
146

The government has been using mass media, such as television, radio, and newspaper
extensively to increase awareness among the general public about HIV/AIDS and its prevention.
The women who were aware of HIV/AIDS reported sources of information as ‘radio’ (77 percent),
’television’ (86percent),’newspaper/books/magazines’ (26 percent),’slogan/pamphlets/posters/wall
hoardings’ (14 percent),’doctor’ (24 percent),’health worker’ (12 percent),’school teacher’ (eight
percent),’community meeting’ (nine percent),’relations/friends’ (58 percent). The mass media and
print media are the main sources of awareness about HIV/AIDS of the women.
Table 8.11 gives percentage of husbands of currently married women who have heard
about HIV/AIDS, percentage who received information from specific sources by selected background
characteristics in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage of men who have heard about HIV/AIDS
was 65 percent as against 48 percent in RCH Round-I.
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among men was 68 percent in the state – 64 percent in rural
areas and 82 percent in urban areas (Figure 8.4). The percentage of men who have heard about
HIV/AIDS was 63 percent for men aged below 25 years as against 72 percent for men aged 25-
34 years and 67 percent for men aged 35-44 years, while it was 83 percent for women aged 45
years and above. The percentage of men who have heard about HIV/AIDS was the highest (94
percent) for Buddhist, followed by 92 percent for Sikh and the lowest (65 percent) for Hindus,
while it was 68 percent for Muslims. Sixty-two percent of scheduled caste men as against 34
percent of scheduled tribe men and 71 percent of OBC men have heard about HIV/AIDS, while
it was 77 percent for other caste men. The percentage of men who have heard about HIV/AIDS
was the highest (85 percent) for men who had studied for 10 years and above and the lowest (50
percent) for non-literate men, while it was 66 percent for men who had studied for 0-9 years.
Similarly, percentage of men who have heard about HIV/AIDS was the highest (80 percent) for
men with high SLI and the lowest (46 percent) for men with low SLI, while it was 70 percent for
men with medium SLI. These data suggest that there exists positive association between percent
of men who have heard about HIV/AIDS and education and standard of living index of men.
Figure 8.4
Awarness of HIV/AIDS by Sex According to Residence
Total
Women
54
Men
68
Rural
Women
49
Men
64
Urban
Women
71
Men
82
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Jammu & Kashmir, DLHS-RCH, 2002-04
Percent
147

Table 8.11 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN
Percentage of husbands of currently married women who have heard about RTI/STI and among men who have heard about RTI/STI, percentage who received information from specific sources
by selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04.
Background Characteristic
Percentage
who have
heard about
HIV/AIDS
Number of
men
Radio
Television
Among those who have heard about HIV/AIDS, percentage who received information from.
Newspaper/
Books/
Magazines
Slogan/
Pamphlets/
Posters/ Wall
Hoardings
Doctor
Health
worker
School
teacher
Community
Meeting
Relative/
Friends
Others
Number of
men who
have heard
about
HIV/AIDS
Age group (years)
Below 25
25-34
35-44
45+
Residence
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 and above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
63.5
71.8
66.7
63.2
63.7
81.7
50.4
66.2
84.9
65.2
67.7
92.4
94.4
(70.0)
62.1
34.0
71.4
77.4
46.4
70.0
80.2
181
3,549
5,257
1,251
7,801
2,438
3,797
2,252
4,174
3,394
6,367
301
146
30
1,075
1,391
1,736
5,830
2,119
5,272
2,847
79.1
83.0
83.9
76.3
87.0
71.8
91.7
80.4
78.8
64.4
92.9
76.2
67.6
*
69.9
74.8
87.3
84.2
84.5
89.8
70.2
92.5
87.7
87.4
89.0
86.9
89.9
82.3
87.0
90.9
87.7
87.5
94.4
82.2
*
89.1
79.8
85.1
89.1
72.2
91.7
88.1
36.3
37.0
34.5
41.1
31.0
49.2
9.8
24.3
55.4
50.3
27.7
53.2
41.6
*
39.0
32.2
27.1
38.9
22.2
29.5
53.0
16.4
19.5
18.0
22.7
14.7
29.8
7.4
9.7
29.3
30.9
12.8
20.1
22.9
*
25.3
18.6
7.5
21.6
18.1
11.9
31.0
13.0
24.5
22.1
21.8
23.9
19.9
23.5
16.4
25.1
18.0
25.7
22.1
12.1
*
15.4
12.7
21.0
25.6
24.3
22.1
23.3
10.9
12.8
12.4
11.0
11.8
13.7
11.1
12.4
13.1
9.5
14.0
13.7
7.0
*
8.4
13.9
9.3
13.7
13.0
12.3
12.2
5.6
8.1
8.2
6.8
8.2
7.2
6.5
4.3
10.2
3.4
10.1
12.1
4.8
*
4.9
8.4
4.5
9.4
9.2
8.5
6.4
6.0
12.0
10.3
8.6
10.4
11.3
9.0
8.1
12.6
7.7
12.3
13.3
3.3
*
9.9
10.8
10.8
10.8
8.7
11.9
9.5
53.9
55.0
53.5
44.3
52.1
55.4
60.8
54.9
48.1
45.4
58.9
46.1
7.7
*
40.9
14.4
57.2
58.2
43.4
58.7
47.9
1.7
4.3
4.7
3.2
3.5
6.3
6.2
1.7
4.4
2.2
5.1
10.5
0.7
*
3.4
2.2
3.6
4.9
6.2
3.8
4.4
115
2,549
3,504
791
4,967
1,993
1,912
1,492
3,544
2,212
4,309
279
138
21
667
473
1,241
4,510
983
3,693
2,283
Total
68.0
10,239
82.6
87.7
36.2
19.0
22.8
12.4
7.9
10.7
53.0
4.3
6,959
Note: Table includes 16 men with missing information on education who were not shown separately.
@ Literate men with no year of schooling are also included.
# Total figure may not add to N due to don’t and missing cases. # Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
* Percentages not shown: based on few cases.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
148

The government has been using mass media, such as television, radio, and newspaper
extensively to increase awareness among the general public about HIV/AIDS and its prevention.
The men who were aware of HIV/AIDS reported sources of information as ‘radio’ (83 percent),
’television’(88 percent),’newspaper/books/magazines’(36 percent),’slogan/pamphlets/posters/wall
hoardings’ (19 percent),’doctor’ (23 percent),’health worker’ (12 percent),’school teacher’ (eight
percent),’community meeting’ (11 percent),’relations/friends’ (53 percent). The mass media and
print media are the main sources of awareness about HIV/AIDS of the women.
8.5.2 Knowledge of Mode of Transmission about HIV/AIDS
Table 8.12 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years who have heard about
HIV/AIDS, knowledge of mode of transmission by selected background characteristics in the state.
The percentage of women who said ’do not know’ about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS was
over five percent in the state – seven percent in rural areas and three percent in urban areas. The
percentage of women who said ’do not know’ about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS was the
lowest (three percent) in the age group 20-24 years and the highest (nine percent) in the age group
40-44 years. Seven percent of Hindu women as against five percent of Muslim women and over
four percent for Sikh women said ’do not know’ about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS, while
it was six percent for Buddhist women. Similarly, eight percent of scheduled caste women as
against seven percent of scheduled tribe women and over five percent of OBC women said ’do not
know’ about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS, while it was five percent for other caste women.
The percentage of women who said ’do not know’ about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS was
eight percent for women who had studied for 0-9 years as against over three percent for women
who had studied for 10 years and above, while it was six percent for non-literate women. Similarly,
percentage of women who said ’do not know’ about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS was six
percent for women with low and medium SLI as against five percent for women with high SLI.
Among women who were aware of mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS reported different
ways of transmission of HIV/AIDS as ‘homosexual intercourse’ (44 percent),‘heterosexual intercourse’
(76 percent),’needles/blades/skin puncture’ (44 percent),’mother to child’ (49 percent), ’transfusion
of infected blood’ (55 percent) and ‘other’ (13 percent).
Table 8.13 gives percentage of husbands of currently married women who have heard about
HIV/AIDS, knowledge of mode of transmission by selected background characteristics in the
state. The percentage of men who said ’do not know’ about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS
was six percent in the state – six percent in rural areas and five percent in urban areas. The
percentage of men who said ’do not know’ about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS was the
lowest (five percent) in the age group 25-34 years and the highest (nine percent) in the age group
45 years and above. Nine percent of Hindu men as against five percent of Muslim men and two
percent of Sikh men said ’do not know’ about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS, while it was
three percent for Buddhist men. Seven percent of scheduled caste men as against five percent of
scheduled tribe men and six percent of OBS and other caste men said ‘do not know’ about mode of
transmission of HIV/AIDS. The percentage of men who said ’do not know’ about mode of
transmission of HIV/AIDS was the highest (nine percent) for men who had studied for 0-9 years
and the lowest (over three percent) for women who had studied for 10 years and above, while it
was eight percent for non-literate men. Similarly, percentage of men who said ’do not know’
about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS was eight percent for men with low SLI as against five
percent for men with medium SLI, while it was six percent for men with high SLI.
149

Table 8.12 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN
Percentage currently married women aged 15-44 who have heard of HIV/AIDS, knowledge of mode of transmission by selected
background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Age
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Residence
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhis
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
Homo
sexual
intercourse
(29.0)
37.3
47.4
45.1
41.8
44.0
38.1
57.0
39.3
37.3
55.5
54.5
38.2
46.9
33.0
44.4
29.0
30.8
50.3
45.3
37.5
53.8
Percentage by knowledge of mode of transmission
Hetero
sexual
intercourse
(80.6)
71.7
75.3
77.0
78.1
76.1
75.3
78.3
84.3
68.8
67.6
59.8
86.8
54.3
80.0
51.3
83.9
80.7
77.7
76.5
82.7
65.9
Needles/
blade/ skin
puncture
(77.4)
54.9
46.3
41.2
38.3
45.2
41.2
49.3
35.8
47.3
54.4
48.7
40.1
54.6
49.0
52.2
72.7
30.4
41.7
52.7
38.9
47.8
Mother
to
child
(29.0)
37.7
48.3
52.0
52.0
51.0
45.0
58.9
46.3
55.0
50.9
42.1
54.3
50.2
24.3
42.8
25.3
54.8
52.8
34.0
53.0
49.9
Transfusion
of
infected
blood
(22.6)
46.8
54.8
53.7
60.9
56.8
54.0
57.9
53.9
61.0
53.9
47.4
60.7
60.5
12.6
55.1
24.6
57.2
59.8
44.9
58.8
53.7
Other
(9.7)
8.9
12.4
12.8
13.5
14.8
9.4
19.8
10.6
16.2
13.9
13.6
12.6
10.2
3.3
14.3
21.0
11.8
11.4
16.6
11.8
12.4
Do
not
know
(0.0)
2.9
4.6
4.3
7.4
9.1
6.8
2.7
6.0
7.8
3.4
6.8
4.9
4.3
6.2
8.0
7.0
5.5
4.9
6.1
5.9
4.7
Number
of
women
who have
heard of
HIV/AIDS
34
528
1,449
1,518
1,374
645
3,807
1,739
2,787
1,030
1,729
1,892
3,333
200
105
557
541
1,011
3,418
752
2,944
1,851
Total
44.0
76.2
43.7
49.4
55.2
12.7
5.5
5,547
Note: Total includes 16 women in other religion who were not shown separately.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases. @ Literate women with no year of schooling are also included.
# Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
Among men who were aware of mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and reported different
ways of transmission of HIV/AIDS such as ‘homosexual intercourse’ (50 percent),‘heterosexual
intercourse’ (77 percent),’needles/blades/skin puncture’ (47 percent),’mother to child’ (52 percent),
’transfusion of infected blood’ (59 percent) and ‘other’ (13 percent). These data clearly bring out
rural-urban differentials in the responses about mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS.
8.5.3 How to avoid HIV/AIDS
All the respondents, male and female, were asked about how to prevent HIV/AIDS. The percentage
of women who said that HIV/AIDS could be avoided by various ways has been presented in Table
8.14 by selected background characteristics. The percentage of women who said ‘do not know’
how to avoid HIV/AIDS was five percent in the state – five percent in rural areas and four
percent in urban areas. The percentage of women who said ‘do not know’ how to avoid HIV/AIDS
was the highest (10 percent) for women aged 40-44 years and the lowest (two percent) for
women aged 20-24 years. The percentage of women who ‘do not know’ how to avoid HIV/AIDS
was five percent for non-literate women and women who had studied for 0-9 years as against
over three percent for women who had studied for 10 years and above. The percentage of women
150

Table 8.13 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN
Percentage of husbands of currently married women who have heard of HIV/AIDS , knowledge of mode of transmission by selected
background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Age
Below 25
25-34
35-44
45+
Residence
Rural
Urban
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
Homosexual
intercourse
56.4
53.6
46.6
50.7
46.0
59.2
46.5
41.8
54.9
58.3
44.7
62.5
44.5
Percentage by knowledge of mode of transmission
Heterosexual
intercourse
67.9
79.6
77.4
70.5
76.9
78.2
80.9
73.3
77.0
60.6
86.2
65.9
89.1
Needles/
blade/ skin
puncture
48.6
48.2
44.1
52.6
43.3
54.9
27.7
43.4
58.2
54.7
42.2
49.5
48.6
Mother
to child
52.7
50.7
52.7
56.3
48.5
61.9
41.3
54.3
57.5
46.6
57.3
38.9
17.4
Transfusion of
infected blood
55.3
60.0
57.8
59.1
56.1
65.2
55.9
57.8
60.5
55.6
62.3
54.1
10.8
Other
10.5
14.0
12.2
15.4
10.1
20.8
11.1
11.3
15.1
14.8
12.9
10.4
3.7
Do not
know
8.5
4.9
5.7
8.8
6.2
4.8
7.6
9.4
3.3
8.8
4.6
1.7
2.7
Number of
men who
have heard
of HIV/AIDS
115
2,549
3,504
791
4,967
1,993
1,912
1,492
3,544
2,212
4,309
279
138
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
54.0
47.7
35.8
53.2
58.4
75.3
81.0
79.1
57.1
50.7
27.9
49.8
48.2
37.5
55.5
53.7
57.4
30.4
56.6
62.9
15.2
20.8
10.9
12.6
6.7
4.9
6.1
5.7
667
473
1,241
4,510
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
59.4
43.0
56.6
75.7
82.6
69.3
41.8
42.8
55.0
37.7
55.1
54.3
46.9
61.0
60.2
15.7
11.7
14.5
8.1
5.4
5.6
983
3,693
2,283
Total
49.8 77.3 46.6 52.4 58.7 13.2 5.8 6,959
Note: Total includes 11 men with missing information on education who were not shown separately. Total includes 21 men in other
religion who were not shown separately. @ Literate men with no year of schooling are also included. # Total figure may not add to
N due to do not know and missing cases.
who said ‘do not know’ how to avoid HIV/AIDS was about five percent irrespective of the
household standard of living index of the women. The percentage of women who said ‘do not know’
how to avoid HIV/AIDS was six percent for Hindu women as against four percent for Muslim
women and two percent for Sikh women, while it was five percent for Buddhist. The percentage
of women who said ‘do not know’ how to avoid HIV/AIDS was four percent for scheduled-caste
women as against over five percent for scheduled tribe women and over three percent for OBC
women, while it was five percent for other caste women.
Further, percentage of women who reported HIV/AIDS can be avoided by ‘sex with only
one partner’ (81 percent),’using condom correctly during each sexual intercourse’ (69 percent),
‘sterilizing needles and syringe for injection’ (42 percent each),‘checking blood prior to
transfusion’ (60 percent) and ‘avoiding pregnancy when having HIV/AIDS’ (45 percent). All the
specific ways except ‘using condom correctly during each sexual intercourse’ to avoid HIV/AIDS
reported by women were higher in urban areas than in rural areas. However, percentage of
women who said HIV/AIDS can be avoided by ‘using condom correctly during each sexual
intercourse’ was higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
151

Table 8.14 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT AVOIDANCE OF HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN
Among currently married women aged 15-44 who have heard about HIV/AIDS, the percentage of women reported HIV/AIDS can be
avoided in specific ways by selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background
characteristic
Sex
With
Only
one partner
Percentage reported HIV/AIDS can be avoided by:
Using
condoms
correctly
during each
sexual
intercourse
Checking
blood prior to
transfusion
Sterilizing
needles and
syringes
for injection
Avoiding
pregnancy
when having
HIV/AIDS
Other
Do not
know
To
avoid
HIV/AIDS
Number
of
women
Age
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
(83.9)
71.3
86.5
82.2
80.7
78.1
(77.4)
76.7
71.5
69.0
69.0
59.4
(22.6)
53.9
62.6
62.1
61.6
56.6
(32.3)
36.3
47.0
41.5
37.9
42.1
(19.4)
38.3
40.5
47.4
48.7
45.5
(6.5)
12.7
13.2
13.3
12.8
13.6
(3.2)
2.0
4.0
3.7
5.0
10.4
34
528
1,449
1,518
1,374
645
Residence
Rural
Urban
79.7
85.4
72.4
62.4
57.4
67.1
38.6
48.2
41.5
51.3
9.3
21.4
4.9
4.2
3,807
1,739
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
80.4
81.7
83.2
73.7
62.5
66.2
61.0
57.2
61.4
32.1
47.9
53.1
46.9
47.2
39.3
12.9
12.9
13.4
5.1
5.4
3.5
2,787
1,030
1,729
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
82.5
82.9
82.8
19.1
61.3
73.7
68.5
74.0
50.0
66.4
60.2
59.9
50.3
36.5
51.7
22.6
32.3
53.3
36.7
8.2
11.4
14.6
10.7
1.8
5.6
4.3
2.0
4.9
1,892
3,333
200
105
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
83.2
43.0
87.0
85.6
72.3
76.0
71.2
67.0
52.1
43.5
63.4
63.7
53.2
30.1
32.1
44.5
31.2
14.7
53.6
49.0
14.2
11.6
13.3
13.1
4.0
5.5
3.3
5.1
557
541
1,011
3,418
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
66.5
84.4
82.9
83.4
71.2
60.6
45.4
65.5
58.4
35.7
38.7
48.7
29.5
52.5
38.0
18.7
11.8
12.8
5.1
4.5
4.8
752
2,944
1851
Total
81.5
69.3
60.4
41.6
44.6
13.1
4.7
5,547
Note: Total includes 16 women in other religion who were not shown separately.
() Based on less than 50 unweighted cases
@ Literate women with no year of schooling are also included.
# Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
Table 8.15 gives percentage of husbands of currently married women who have heard about
HIV/AIDS, percentage of men who reported HIV/AIDS can be avoided in specific ways by
selected background characteristics in the state. The percentage of men who said ‘do not know’
how to avoid HIV/AIDS was five percent in the state – over five percent in rural areas and over
four percent in urban areas. The percentage of men who said ‘do not know’ how to avoid
HIV/AIDS was over 11 percent for men aged below 25 years, while it was around five percent
for other age groups. The percentage of men who said ‘do not know’ how to avoid HIV/AIDS was
seven percent for men who had studied for 0-9 years as against three percent for men who had
studied for 10 years and above, while it was eight percent for non-literate men. The percentage of
men who said ‘do not know’ how to avoid HIV/AIDS was seven percent for Hindus as against
152

Table 8.15 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT AVOIDANCE OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN
Among husbands of currently married women who have heard about HIV/AIDS, the percentage of men reported HIV/AIDS can be
avoided in specific ways by selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background
characteristic
Sex with
only one
partner
Percentage reported HIV/AIDS can be avoided by:
Using condoms
correctly during
each sexual
intercourse
Checking
blood prior to
transfusion
Sterilizing
needles and
syringes for
injection
Avoiding
pregnancy
when having
HIV/AIDS
Other
Do not
know to
avoid
HIV/AIDS
Number
of men
Age
Below 25
25-34
35-44
45+
81.6
85.8
81.7
83.3
66.3
73.6
71.7
66.8
56.7
63.7
63.1
58.5
38.1
47.2
43.1
47.1
35.5
44.3
45.6
46.5
9.2
12.1
10.9
14.4
11.3
5.2
4.8
4.9
115
2,549
3,504
791
Residence
Rural
Urban
81.8
87.4
74.5
64.9
59.5
70.6
42.3
51.7
41.2
54.7
9.2
18.0
5.3
4.4
4,967
1,993
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
81.8
84.8
83.7
72.5
65.0
74.1
62.0
59.5
64.5
29.6
48.2
51.9
41.2
48.9
45.5
10.2
9.5
13.4
7.8
7.3
2.6
1,912
1,492
3,544
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
83.5
84.7
87.9
31.2
64.4
74.4
79.1
92.7
54.6
68.1
49.6
51.4
52.3
42.2
43.9
15.9
36.9
51.8
28.0
5.9
10.1
13.1
7.5
2.4
6.6
4.6
1.1
2.6
2,212
4,309
279
138
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
81.8
48.5
88.7
86.2
74.9
80.2
68.0
71.1
55.5
44.7
63.1
66.0
49.8
27.0
33.7
49.5
35.0
23.2
49.6
48.0
13.3
12.9
10.9
11.5
4.7
4.7
3.6
5.6
667
473
1,241
4,510
Standard of living
index
Low
Medium
High
76.1
85.6
82.9
79.5
72.2
67.6
50.4
67.8
59.8
36.5
43.8
50.5
30.7
49.9
43.6
18.4
9.8
11.9
6.6
5.0
4.4
983
3,693
2,283
Total
83.4
71.7
62.7
45.0
45.1
11.7
5.0
6,959
Note: Total includes 11 men with missing information on education who were not shown separately. Total includes 21 men in other
religion who were not shown separately.
@ Literate men with no year of schooling are also included. # Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
five percent for Muslims and one percent for Sikhs, while it was three percent for Buddhist.
The percentage of men who said ‘do not know’ how to avoid HIV/AIDS was five percent for
SC/ST men as against four percent for OBC men and six percent for other caste men. The
percentage of men who said ‘do not know’ how to avoid HIV/AIDS was seven percent for men
with low SLI and five percent for men with medium SLI, while it was over four percent for men
with high SLI. The percentage of men who heard about HIV/AIDS reported it can be avoided by
‘sex with only one partner’ (83 percent),’using condoms correctly during each sexual intercourse’
(72 percent),’checking blood prior to transfusion’ (63 percent),’sterilizing needles and syringes
for injection’ (45 percent) and ’avoiding pregnancy when having HIV/AIDS’ (45 percent). All
the specific ways except ‘using condom correctly during each sexual intercourse’ to avoid
HIV/AIDS reported by men were higher in urban areas than in rural areas. However, percentage
of men who said HIV/AIDS can be avoided by ‘using condom correctly during each sexual
intercourse’ was higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
153

8.5.4 Misconception about HIV/AIDS
People generally have misconceptions about the ways of transmission of HIV/AIDS, such as
‘shaking hands with a person having AIDS’, hugging and kissing with them, sharing their clothes
or sharing eating utensils, stepping on urine/stool, through insect bites, for example, being bitten
by mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs. All these questions were asked to the respondents who had
heard of HIV/AIDS.
Table 8.16 gives percentage of currently married women aged 15-44 years who have heard about
HIV/AIDS, percentage of women having misconceptions about the transmission of HIV/AIDS by
selected background characteristics in the state. The percentage of women having misconception
about the transmission of HIV/AIDS reported as ‘shaking hands’ (seven percent), ’hugging’
(nine percent),’kissing’ (17 percent),’sharing clothes’ (seven percent),’sharing eating utensils’ (five
percent),’stepping on urine/stool’ (six percent) and ’mosquito, flea or bedbugs biting’ (14 percent).
Table 8.16 MISCONCEPTION ABOUT TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN
Among currently married women aged 15-44 who have heard about HIV/AIDS, the percentage of women having misconception
about the transmission of HIV/AIDS by selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Percentage having misconception about the transmission of HIV/AIDS
Shaking
hands Hugging Kissing
Sharing
clothes
Sharing
eating
utensils
Stepping on
Urine / stool
Mosquito, flea,
or bedbugs
biting
Number of
women
Residence
Rural
Urban
7.4
7.1
10.5
4.9
22.8
5.8
7.9
3.8
6.2
2.4
6.7
5.1
13.5
13.7
3,807
1,739
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
7.8
6.9
6.7
11.4
5.2
6.6
25.0
10.5
9.6
7.4
6.0
5.7
5.0
4.6
5.2
6.1
5.9
6.5
14.9
6.0
15.9
2,787
1,030
1,729
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
7.8
7.6
1.6
0.4
5.0
11.5
2.9
2.3
11.0
21.7
15.2
7.8
6.4
7.0
4.3
1.1
6.5
4.2
6.0
0.9
6.2
6.3
6.0
2.1
11.3
15.0
17.0
5.1
1,892
3,333
200
105
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
8.5
23.4
5.8
4.9
5.2
21.8
6.3
8.0
17.4
28.9
18.6
15.5
7.7
22.6
6.7
3.8
10.4
7.5
4.4
3.9
8.4
8.5
6.7
5.3
11.8
23.7
14.8
11.9
557
541
1,011
3,418
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
17.8
6.1
4.9
22.2
8.7
3.4
36.6
19.1
7.2
15.6
6.6
2.9
7.7
5.8
2.6
13.2
5.5
4.4
21.3
12.3
12.4
752
2,944
1,851
Total
7.3
8.8
17.5
6.6
5.0
6.2
13.6
5,547
Note: Total includes 16 women in other religion who were not shown separately.
@ Literate women with no year of schooling are also included. # Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
Table 8.17 gives percentage of husbands of currently married women who have heard
about HIV/AIDS, percentage of men having misconceptions about the transmission of HIV/AIDS by
selected background characteristics in the state. The percentage of men having misconception
about the transmission of HIV/AIDS reported as ‘shaking hands’ (four percent), ’hugging’
154

(seven percent), ’kissing’ (16 percent),’sharing clothes’ (four percent),’sharing eating utensils’ (five
percent), ’stepping on urine/stool’ (seven percent) and ’mosquito, flea or bedbugs biting’ (15
percent). The data shows that percentage of men having misconceptions about the transmission
of HIV/AIDS was higher in rural areas than urban areas.
Table 8.17 MISCONCEPTION ABOUT TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN
Among husbands currently married women who have heard about HIV/AIDS, the percentage of men having misconception about
the transmission of HIV/AIDS by selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Residence
Rural
Urban
Percentage having misconception about the transmission of HIV/AIDS
Shaking
hands Hugging Kissing
4.2
4.4
8.5
3.4
20.2
6.4
Sharing
clothes
4.7
3.5
Sharing
eating
utensils
6.4
3.0
Stepping on
Urine / stool
8.3
3.7
Mosquito, flea, or
bedbugs biting
15.7
14.2
Number of
men
4,967
1,993
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
5.0
2.8
4.5
12.8
3.9
5.3
31.3
8.2
11.5
6.1
3.3
3.9
7.2
3.9
5.1
9.7
4.6
6.5
20.0
8.5
15.6
1,912
1,492
3,544
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
5.6
3.7
3.9
0.3
4.9
8.2
8.6
3.3
10.2
18.8
24.2
16.9
5.9
3.4
7.5
1.8
6.0
4.3
15.8
8.2
5.9
6.5
19.9
8.5
12.1
15.4
35.0
24.4
2,212
4,309
279
138
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
7.3
4.1
3.8
4.0
7.1
7.8
5.6
7.4
15.7
24.9
17.6
15.2
9.4
6.6
4.8
3.3
10.3
7.4
6.5
4.2
9.9
13.7
8.2
5.6
15.5
23.4
17.8
14.0
667
473
1,241
4,510
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
6.7
3.8
4.0
15.7
7.1
3.3
33.1
17.1
7.5
6.5
4.4
3.3
10.9
5.3
3.2
13.0
6.8
4.6
23.0
14.5
13.3
983
3,693
2,283
Total
4.3
7.0
16.2
Note: Table includes 11 men with missing information on education who were not shown separately. Total includes 21 men in
other religion who were not shown separately. @ Literate men with no year of schooling are also included. # Total figure may not
add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
8.5.5 Knowledge of Curability of HIV/AIDS
Table 8.18 gives percentage of currently married women and their husbands, who have heard about
HIV/AIDS, percent distribution of respondents by knowledge of curability about HIV/AIDS, by
selected background characteristics in the state. The percentage of women who heard about HIV/
AIDS and said that it is curable was 19 percent in the state – 22 percent in rural areas and 12
percent in urban areas. Similarly, percentage of women who heard about HIV/AIDS and said that
it is not curable was 57 percent in the state – 53 percent in rural areas and 67 percent in urban
areas. The percentage of women who said ‘do not know’ about the curability of HIV/AIDS was
24 percent in the state – 25 percent in rural areas and 20 percent in urban areas.
The percentage of women who said HIV/AIDS is curable was nine percent for women
who had studied for 0-9 years as against 10 percent for women who had studied for 10 years and
above and 27 percent for non-literate women. Five percent of Hindu women as against 27
percent of Muslim women and 15 percent of Sikh women said that HIV/AIDS is curable, while it
4.3
5.4
6.9
15.3
6,959
155

was over five percent for Buddhist women. Seventeen percent of scheduled caste women as against
25 percent scheduled tribe women and 19 percent of OBC women said that HIV/AIDS is curable,
while it was 18 percent for other caste women. The percentage of women who said HIV/AIDS is
curable was 21 percent for women with medium SLI as against eight percent for women with
high SLI and 36 percent for women with low SLI.
The percentage of men who heard about HIV/AIDS and said that it is curable was 21
percent in the state – 24 percent in rural areas and 13 percent in urban areas. Similarly, percentage of
men who heard about HIV/AIDS and said that it is not curable was 55 percent in the state – 50
percent in rural areas and 69 percent in urban areas. The percentage of men who said ‘do not
know’ about the curability of HIV/AIDS was 24 percent in the state – 26 percent in rural areas
and 18 percent in urban areas.
The percentage of men who said HIV/AIDS is curable was 10 percent for men who had
studied for 0-9 years as against 16 percent for men who had studied for 10 years and above and 37
percent for non-literate men. Over six percent of Hindu men as against 27 percent of Muslim
men and 34 percent of Sikh men said that HIV/AIDS is curable, while it was over 12 percent for
Buddhist men. Seventeen percent of scheduled caste men as against 27 percent of scheduled tribe
men and 21 percent of OBC men said that HIV/AIDS is curable, while it was 20 percent for
other caste men. The percentage of men who said HIV/AIDS is curable was 23 percent for men
with medium SLI as against 11 percent for men with high SLI and 32 percent for men with low SLI.
Table 8.18 KNOWLEDGE OF CURABILITY ABOUT HIV/AIDS
Among currently married women and their husbands, who have heard about HIV/AIDS, Percent distribution of respondents by
knowledge of curability about HIV/AIDS, according to some selected background characteristics, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
Background characteristic
Residence
Rural
Urban
Percent distribution of women
Percent distribution of men
Number of
Yes No Do not know women Yes No Do not know
21.6
12.0
52.9
67.5
25.5
20.5
3,807
1,739
23.8
12.6
49.8
69.3
26.0
18.0
Number of
men
4,967
1,993
Education
Non-literate
0-9@ years
10 years and above
27.2
8.9
10.4
47.9
59.9
71.6
24.9
31.2
18.0
2,787
1,030
1,729
37.0
10.2
16.2
31.8
56.5
67.6
31.2
32.6
16.1
1,912
1,492
3,544
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Buddhist
4.7
27.1
15.2
5.5
71.9
47.2
73.8
93.3
23.4
25.7
11.0
1.1
1,892
3,333
200
105
6.5
27.3
34.3
12.5
74.1
44.8
57.5
83.6
19.0
27.8
8.3
3.9
2,212
4,309
279
138
Caste/tribe #
Scheduled caste
Scheduled tribe
Other backward class
Other
17.1
25.4
18.7
17.8
63.2
64.1
46.2
59.0
19.8
10.4
35.1
23.2
557
541
1,011
3,418
17.3
27.2
21.4
20.2
66.7
63.6
44.9
55.6
15.6
8.9
33.5
23.8
667
473
1,241
4,510
Standard of living index
Low
Medium
High
36.0
20.6
8.2
51.6
50.0
71.7
12.4
29.3
20.0
752
2,944
1,851
32.5
23.1
11.4
46.1
48.2
71.1
20.6
28.5
17.4
983
3,693
2,283
Total
18.6 57.5
23.9 5,547 20.6 55.4 23.7 6,959
Note: Total includes 11 men with missing information on education who are not shown separately. Total includes 16 women and 21
men in other religion who were not shown separately
@ Literate persons with no year of schooling are also included. # Total figure may not add to N due to do not know and missing cases.
156

8.6 Awareness of RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS by District
Table 8.19 gives percentage of currently married women and their husbands aware of RTI/STI
and HIV/AIDS by district in Jammu & Kashmir State. The percentage of currently married women
aware of RTI/STI was the highest (90 percent) in Baramula district, followed by 46 percent in
Leh district and the lowest (zero percent) in Doda district. The percentage of currently married
women aware of RTI/STI was higher than that of the state (15 percent) in Baramula, Kargil and
Leh districts, while in the remaining 11 districts it was lower than that of the state. The percentage of
currently married women aware of HIV/AIDS was the highest (92 percent) in Baramula district,
followed by 91 percent in Leh district and the lowest (11 percent) in Rajouri district. The percentage
of currently married women aware of HIV/AIDS was higher than that of the state (54 percent) in
Anantnag, Baramula, Jammu, Kargil and Leh districts, while in the remaining nine districts it
was lower than that of the state.
Further, percentage of men aware of RTI/STI was the highest (91 percent) in Baramula
district, followed by 52 percent in Leh district and the lowest (over one percent) in Kathua
district. The percentage of men aware of RTI/STI was higher than that of the state (27 percent) in
Badgam, Baramula, Kargil, Kupwara, Leh, Pulwama and Srinagar districts, while in the remaining
seven districts it was lower than that of the state. Similarly, percentage of men aware of
HIV/AIDS was the highest (99 percent) in Anantnag and Kargil districts, followed by 97 percent
in Baramula district and the lowest (less than one percent) in Doda district. The percentage of men
aware of HIV/AIDS was higher than that of the state (68 percent) in Anantnag, Badgam,
Baramula, Jammu, Kargil, Kupwara, Leh, Pulwama and Poonch districts, while in the remaining
five districts it was lower than that of the state.
Table 8.19 AWARENESS OF RTI/STI AND HIV/AIDS BY DISTRICT
Percentage of currently married women and their husbands aware of RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS by district, Jammu & Kashmir,
2002-04
Percentage of women
Percentage of men
District
Aware of RTI/STI Aware of HIV/AIDS Aware of RTI/STI Aware of HIV/AIDS
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
(2.8)
7.1
90.0
(0.0)
11.1
87.4
32.9
92.1
46.0
72.4
14.1
33.7
91.4
4.4
10.8
98.7
69.1
97.4
0.4
82.5
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
20.6
(0.6)
11.9
46.5
12.1
84.2
39.9
45.1
91.4
45.6
37.5
1.4
35.4
52.1
34.7
98.7
62.0
72.3
93.1
72.6
Poonch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
(2.5)
(1.4)
8.5
2.9
52.0
10.8
17.0
18.4
20.5
7.1
38.0
13.0
72.9
17.0
51.5
39.2
Jammu & Kashmir
15.3
53.8
27.2
68.0
( ) Based on less number of cases.
157

Appendix A
Sampling Error Estimation
The accuracy of programme indicators such as contraceptive prevalence rate, unmet need and
institutional delivery, antenatal coverage etc. estimated from DLHS-RCH can be assessed in
terms of stability of the estimated indicators as measured by the standard errors. Standard errors
reflect only the appropriateness and suitability of sampling design adopted for RCH survey.
However, the accuracy of estimated programme indicator are also affected to a great extent by
non-sampling errors arising from lack of proper operationalisation and non-response cases, and
is inherent in large scale surveys. The estimation producers of District Level Reproductive &
Child Health survey takes into consideration design appropriateness and non-response rates.
DLHS-RCH estimator of a programme indicator is design as
r =
∑∑∑w
h j i
∑∑∑w
h j i
hji
hji
y
x
hji
hji
=
y
x
………………………………………. (1 )
where the cell (h, j, i) stands for i th observational unit in j th primary sampling unit (PSU) in h th
stratum, basically rural-urban areas of a district are taken as strata. W hij is the sampling weight of
(h, j, i) th cell inflated by response rates. The variables y and x denote the main and the auxiliary
characteristics required for computation of proportion or ratios.
The equation for estimation of variance of programme indicator ( r ) is obtained after Taylor
series linearisation as
1
var ( r ) =
2
x [ var ( y ) + r2 var ( x ) - 2 r cov (y, x )] ……………… …………….(2 )
nh
var ( y ) = ∑
n −
h
h
[ ∑∑( y )
1 hji hij
j
i
w 2
–
⎛
⎜
∑∑
⎝
] .………….( 3 )
2
w y ⎞
⎟
hji hji
j i ⎠
nh
nh
cov ( y , x ) = ∑ [ n − 1
h
h
∑∑
j
i
w
2
hji
y
hji
x
hji
−
(
∑∑
w
y
)(
∑∑
hji hji
j i j i
n h
w
hji
x
hji
)
] ……….( 4 )
and n h is the number of sampled PSUs representing rural or urban areas of a district/state.

List of Selected Programme Variables for Sampling Errors, RCH 2002-04
Variable Estimate Base Population
CPR (Any Method) Proportion Currently married women age 15-44 years
Unmet Need Proportion Currently married women age 15-44 years
Any ANC Proportion Last live/still births in the past three years
ANC3+ Proportion Last live/still births in the past three years
Institutional Delivery Proportion Last live/still births in the past three years
Safe Delivery Proportion Last live/still births in the past three years
BCG Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Measles Proportion Children age 12-23 months
BO3+ Proportion Currently married women age 15-44 years
with births in past three years
160

Sampling errors, Jammu & Kashmir, 2002-04
Number of cases
Variables
Estimate
(R)
Sampling
error (SE) Unweighted Weighted
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (Currently Married Women age 15-44)
Design
Effect
Relative
Error (%)
95% Conf. Interval
R-1.96 R+1.96
SE SE
Total 0.548 0.007 10,308 10,308 1.783 1.2 0.535 0.560
Rural 0.509 0.007 7,851 7,851 1.537 1.4 0.495 0.523
Urban 0.671 0.015 2,457 2,457 2.469 2.2 0.642 0.700
Unmet Need (Currently Married Women age 15-44)
Total 0.248 0.005 10,308 10,308 1.633 2.2 0.237 0.259
Rural 0.272 0.006 7,851 7,851 1.498 2.3 0.260 0.284
Urban 0.170 0.011 2,457 2,457 2.068 6.4 0.149 0.191
Received Any Antenatal Check up (last live/still birth of past 3 years)
Total 0.876 0.008 2,276 2,596 1.587 0.9 0.860 0.892
Rural 0.856 0.009 1,708 1,965 1.386 1.1 0.838 0.874
Urban 0.939 0.016 568 631 2.991 1.8 0.907 0.971
Received 3+ Antenatal Check up (last live/still birth of past 3 years)
Total 0.805 0.010 2,276 2,596 1.708 1.3 0.785 0.825
Rural 0.782 0.011 1,708 1,966 1.470 1.5 0.759 0.804
Urban 0.879 0.022 568 630 2.968 2.5 0.835 0.922
Institutional Delivery (last live/still birth of past 3 years)
Total 0.705 0.012 2,276 2,596 1.763 1.7 0.682 0.728
Rural 0.681 0.013 1,708 1,965 1.510 1.9 0.656 0.707
Urban 0.778 0.028 568 631 2.830 3.6 0.724 0.833
Safe Delivery (last live/still birth of past 3 years)
Total 0.731 0.012 2,276 2,596 1.771 1.6 0.709 0.754
Rural 0.704 0.013 1,708 1,965 1.509 1.8 0.679 0.729
Urban 0.818 0.027 568 631 3.044 3.3 0.765 0.870
Received BCG Vaccination (last and last but one living children, age 12-23 months)
Total 0.915 0.015 537 644 1.463 1.6 0.886 0.943
Rural 0.904 0.017 384 461 1.259 1.9 0.871 0.937
Urban 0.942 0.029 153 183 2.270 3.0 0.885 0.998
Received Measles (last and last but one living children, age 12-23 months)
Total 0.779 0.023 537 644 1.664 3.0 0.733 0.824
Rural 0.794 0.023 384 461 1.242 2.9 0.749 0.840
Urban 0.740 0.056 153 183 2.515 7.6 0.628 0.851
Birth order 3+ (birth in last three years)
Total 0.321 0.013 1,932 2,285 1.776 4.1 0.295 0.347
Rural 0.353 0.015 1,436 1,686 1.642 4.2 0.324 0.382
Urban 0.231 0.024 496 599 1.917 10.3 0.184 0.277
161

Sampling errors, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Estimate
(R)
Sampling
error (SE)
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (Currently Married Women age 15-44)
Anantnag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
0.764
0.403
0.279
0.182
0.739
0.020
0.030
0.020
0.017
0.021
Number of cases Relative 95% Conf. Interval
Unweighted Weighted Error (%) R-1.96 SE R+1.96 SE
511
308
625
551
514
517
308
625
551
514
2.6
7.4
7.2
9.3
2.8
0.725
0.345
0.239
0.149
0.698
0.802
0.461
0.318
0.215
0.779
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
0.866
0.429
0.656
0.916
0.671
0.019
0.024
0.021
0.016
0.021
475
534
597
349
593
475
534
597
349
589
2.2
5.6
3.2
1.7
3.1
0.829
0.382
0.615
0.886
0.629
0.902
0.477
0.696
0.947
0.712
Punch
Rajori
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.585
0.227
0.455
0.496
0.024
0.018
0.025
0.022
599
824
614
757
599
823
614
758
4.1
7.9
5.5
4.4
0.538
0.192
0.407
0.453
0.632
0.263
0.503
0.539
Sampling errors, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Estimate
(R)
Sampling
error (SE)
Unmet Need (Currently Married Women age 15-44)
Anantnag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
0.082
0.233
0.593
0.659
0.081
0.011
0.022
0.018
0.017
0.010
Number of cases Relative 95% Conf. Interval
Unweighted Weighted Error (%) R-1.96 SE R+1.96 SE
698
432
881
779
854
702
433
881
779
855
13.4
9.4
3.0
2.6
12.3
0.061
0.190
0.558
0.625
0.062
0.102
0.276
0.629
0.693
0.101
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
0.079
0.299
0.122
0.031
0.124
0.015
0.019
0.012
0.008
0.013
475
763
831
484
826
475
763
831
484
815
19.0
6.4
9.8
25.8
10.5
0.049
0.262
0.098
0.016
0.099
0.108
0.336
0.146
0.047
0.149
Punch
Rajori
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.312
0.436
0.201
0.204
0.019
0.023
0.020
0.015
878
824
614
969
879
824
614
970
6.1
5.3
10.0
7.4
0.274
0.391
0.161
0.174
0.349
0.480
0.241
0.233
Sampling errors, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Estimate
(R)
Sampling
error (SE)
Received Any Antenatal Check up (last live/still birth of past 3 years)
Anantnag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
0.894
0.889
0.979
0.565
0.888
0.021
0.026
0.007
0.048
0.020
Number of cases Relative 95% Conf. Interval
Unweighted Weighted Error (%) R-1.96 SE R+1.96 SE
237
136
419
110
266
244
137
423
113
276
2.3
2.9
0.7
8.5
2.3
0.854
0.837
0.964
0.472
0.849
0.935
0.941
0.993
0.659
0.927
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
0.969
0.737
0.928
0.920
0.941
0.030
0.031
0.022
0.036
0.019
90
260
168
65
168
88
276
176
65
175
3.1
4.2
2.4
3.9
2.0
0.910
0.676
0.884
0.849
0.904
1.028
0.797
0.972
0.991
0.977
Punch
Rajori
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.548
0.642
0.870
0.896
0.055
0.056
0.055
0.031
112
98
47
100
93
87
49
96
10.0
8.7
6.3
3.5
0.440
0.532
0.761
0.835
0.656
0.753
0.979
0.956
162

Sampling errors, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Estimate
(R)
Sampling
error (SE)
Received 3+ Antenatal Check up (last live/still birth of past 3 years)
Anantnag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
0.842
0.885
0.976
0.527
0.829
0.025
0.027
0.008
0.048
0.025
Number of cases Relative 95% Conf. Interval
Unweighted Weighted Error (%) R-1.96 SE R+1.96 SE
237
136
419
110
266
244
137
423
112
276
3.0
3.1
0.8
9.1
3.0
0.793
0.832
0.961
0.433
0.780
0.891
0.937
0.992
0.621
0.877
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
0.958
0.394
0.912
0.896
0.918
0.032
0.034
0.024
0.040
0.022
90
260
168
65
168
88
276
176
66
175
3.3
8.6
2.6
4.5
2.4
0.896
0.328
0.864
0.818
0.874
1.020
0.460
0.959
0.973
0.962
Punch
Rajori
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.337
0.538
0.668
0.817
0.051
0.060
0.086
0.039
112
98
47
100
93
87
49
96
15.1
11.2
12.9
4.8
0.236
0.421
0.499
0.740
0.437
0.655
0.838
0.894
Sampling errors, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Estimate
(R)
Sampling
error (SE)
Institutional Delivery (last live/still birth of past 3 years)
Anantnag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
0.813
0.929
0.910
0.340
0.727
0.026
0.022
0.019
0.046
0.030
Number of cases Relative 95% Conf. Interval
Unweighted Weighted Error (%) R-1.96 SE R+1.96 SE
237
136
419
110
266
243
138
423
112
276
3.2
2.4
2.1
13.5
4.1
0.762
0.887
0.874
0.249
0.669
0.863
0.972
0.946
0.430
0.786
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
0.946
0.268
0.630
0.896
0.645
0.023
0.030
0.039
0.039
0.040
90
260
168
65
168
88
275
176
66
176
2.4
11.2
6.2
4.4
6.2
0.901
0.208
0.553
0.818
0.567
0.991
0.327
0.707
0.973
0.723
Punch
Rajori
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.232
0.302
0.725
0.501
0.051
0.058
0.077
0.053
112
98
47
100
94
86
48
95
22.0
19.2
10.6
10.6
0.132
0.188
0.575
0.397
0.332
0.416
0.876
0.606
Sampling errors, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Estimate
(R)
Sampling
error (SE)
Safe Delivery (last live/still birth of past 3 years)
Anantnag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
0.822
0.929
0.910
0.523
0.758
0.026
0.022
0.019
0.048
0.029
Number of cases Relative 95% Conf. Interval
Unweighted Weighted Error (%) R-1.96 SE R+1.96 SE
237
136
419
110
266
244
138
423
112
276
3.2
2.4
2.1
9.2
3.8
0.772
0.887
0.874
0.428
0.702
0.872
0.972
0.946
0.617
0.814
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
0.946
0.299
0.649
0.936
0.664
0.023
0.032
0.039
0.028
0.039
90
260
168
65
168
88
275
175
66
176
2.4
10.7
6.0
3.0
5.9
0.901
0.237
0.572
0.880
0.587
0.991
0.361
0.725
0.991
0.740
Punch
Rajori
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.524
0.350
0.752
0.595
0.054
0.059
0.075
0.052
112
98
47
100
93
86
49
96
10.3
16.9
10.0
8.7
0.417
0.235
0.606
0.494
0.630
0.466
0.899
0.697
163

Sampling errors, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Estimate
(R)
Sampling
error (SE)
Received BCG Vaccination (last and last but one living children, age 12-23 months)
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
1.000
0.897
0.972
0.917
0.879
0.000
0.068
0.020
0.046
0.035
34
25
73
27
86
35
26
78
27
87
Number of cases Relative 95% Conf. Interval
Unweighted Weighted Error (%) R-1.96 SE R+1.96 SE
0.0
7.6
2.0
5.0
4.0
1.000
0.763
0.933
0.827
0.810
1.000
1.031
1.011
1.008
0.947
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
-
0.938
0.943
-
0.935
-
0.038
0.040
-
0.049
-
64
35
-
35
-
67
37
-
33
-
4.1
4.3
-
5.3
-
0.863
0.864
-
0.839
-
1.014
1.023
-
1.032
Punch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.489
-
-
0.975
- Standard Error not shown due to fewer cases
0.105
-
-
0.025
27
-
-
35
21
-
-
35
21.4
-
-
2.6
0.283
-
-
0.926
0.694
-
-
1.024
Sampling errors, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Estimate
(R)
Sampling
error (SE)
Received Measles (last and last but one living children, age 12-23 months)
Anantanag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
0.892
0.742
0.950
0.852
0.745
0.052
0.086
0.025
0.058
0.047
Number of cases Relative 95% Conf. Interval
Unweighted Weighted Error (%) R-1.96 SE R+1.96 SE
34
25
73
27
86
35
26
78
27
87
5.8
11.6
2.7
6.7
6.3
0.790
0.572
0.900
0.739
0.652
0.994
0.911
1.000
0.965
0.837
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
-
0.845
0.784
-
0.761
-
0.054
0.075
-
0.083
-
64
35
-
35
-
67
37
-
33
-
6.4
9.6
-
10.9
-
0.739
0.636
-
0.598
-
0.951
0.931
-
0.924
Punch
Rajauri
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.293
-
-
0.554
- Standard Error not shown due to fewer cases
0.089
-
-
0.079
27
-
-
35
21
-
-
35
30.3
-
-
14.3
0.118
-
-
0.399
0.467
-
-
0.710
Sampling errors, Jammu and Kashmir, 2002-04
District
Estimate
(R)
Birth order 3+ (birth in last three years)
Anantnag
Badgam
Baramula
Doda
Jammu
0.454
0.261
0.561
0.226
0.185
Sampling
error (SE)
0.038
0.042
0.030
0.048
0.026
Number of cases Relative 95% Conf. Interval
Unweighted Weighted Error (%) R-1.96 SE R+1.96 SE
188
114
314
79
263
193
113
314
80
271
8.4
16.1
5.3
21.2
14.1
0.380
0.179
0.502
0.131
0.134
0.527
0.343
0.620
0.321
0.236
Kargil
Kathua
Kupwara
Leh (Ladakh)
Pulwama
0.406
0.340
0.285
0.428
0.291
0.074
0.032
0.041
0.082
0.043
62
271
137
40
136
64
288
145
43
141
18.2
9.4
14.4
19.2
14.8
0.261
0.278
0.204
0.268
0.206
0.550
0.403
0.365
0.589
0.375
Punch
Rajori
Srinagar
Udhampur
0.068
0.188
0.276
0.330
0.024
0.047
0.072
0.049
95
78
58
97
77
71
64
93
35.3
25.0
26.1
14.8
0.022
0.096
0.135
0.233
0.115
0.280
0.417
0.427
164

APPENDIX B
DLHS-RCH STAFF, JAMMU & KASHMIR
Society for Applied Research in Humanities, New Delhi
Project Director
Dr. O.P.Vig
Mr. M.A. Khan
Mr. Mr. Des Raj
Mr. Joginder Paul
Mr. Nashir Malik
Mr. Muneer Malik
Mr. Mohd. Qasim
Mr. Ravi Kumar
Mr. Irshad Rashid
Mr. Iftikar Rashid
Mr. Mohd. Ramzan
Mr. Mohd. Bilkan Wani
Mr. Muhhamad Razab
Mr. Sayeed Zahoor
Mr. Yesh Paul
Mr. Mustaq Ahmad
Mr. Gulshan Akhtar
Mr. Dilshad Akhtar
Miss Farhat Khan
Mr. Sanjay Kumar
Mr. Jagdish Chander
Mr. Mohd. Qasim
Mr. A. R. Sofi
Mr. Mustaq Ahmad
Miss. Shama Devi
Mr. Javeed Ahmad War
Mr. A. M. Rather
Project Coordinators
Field Mangers
Field Officers
Team Supervisors
Field Editors
Health Investigators
Interviewers
Household listing Supervisors
Household Listers and Mappers
Office Editors
Data Entry Operators
Mr. G.R. Malik
Mr. Tilak Raj
Mr. Nasir Malik
Mr. Omar Rasool
Mr. Aijaz Ahmad
Mr. Omar Malik
Mr. Yaseen
Mr. Khalid Malik
Mr. Mehraj Khalid
Mr. Khalid Abbas
Mr. Ab Qayoom Mir
Miss. Shakeela Bano
Miss. Shanti Devi
Miss. Kanta
Miss. Bimla Devi
Miss Rajani Devi
Miss. Indu Sharma
Miss Raj Rani
Mr. M. R. Malik
Mr. Imtiyaz Ahmad
Mr. Mohd. Hussain
Mr. Ajjaz Ahmad
Mr. A.R. Teli
Miss. Fahmeeda Akhtar
Mr. Mohd. Yaseen
Mr. Mehraj Khalid

International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai
Project Coordinators
Senior Research Officers
Mr. M. Nagavara Prasad
Mr. Akash N. Wankhede
Mr. Uttam J Sonkamble
Mr. Ashok Kumar
Ms. Jigna Thacker
Ms. Baishali Goswami
Ms. Sancheeta Ghosh
Ms. Kirti Mishra
Ms. Sucharita Pujari
Ms. Preeti Chauhan
Mrs. Santhi N.S.
Ms. Sanjeeta Gupta
Ms. Reshmi R.S.
Ms. Rinki Saha
Mr. Arnendu Kumar Jha
Mr. Atanu Ghosh
Mr. Manas Pradhan
Research Officers
Dr. F. Ram
Dr. B. Paswan
Dr. L. Ladu Singh
Mr. Rajiv Ranjan
Mr. K. C. Lakhara
Mr. Nizamuddin Khan
Mr. Suhas Narkhede
Mr. Pramod Kumar Gupta
Mr. Bipul Hazarika
Dr. Manoj Alagarajan
Dr. Kalyan Saha
Dr. N Anbazhaham
Dr. Saithya Susaman
Mr. Manoj Kumar
Mr. Dibya L Mohanta
Mr. Mohan Tiwari
Mr. Battala Madhusudana
Mr. Bardanwala S.I.
Mr. Jiten Kumar Singh
Mr. Manoranjan Barik
Mr. Laxmi Prasad Sonwani
Mr. Nimakwala M. I.
Accounts and Administrative staff
Mr. Sunil Adavede (Sr. Accountant)
Mr. Jeba Kumar (Data Entry Operator)
Ms. Pratima P. Zore (Data Entry Operator)
Ms. Preeti S. Kharat (Data Entry Operator)
Ms. Sayali Shivalkar (Data Entry Operator)
Mrs. Seema V. Zagade (Office Assistant)
Mrs. Deepa J. Nair (Office Assistant)
Mr. Chandra D. Singh (Office Boy)
Mr. Ravindra P. Gawade (Office Boy)
Mr. Sanjay P. Kadam (Office Boy)
166

LIST OF CONTRIBUTERS
Dr. O.P. Vig , Project Director, DLHS-RCH Jammu & Kashmir and General Secretary, Society
for Applied Research in Humanities, New Delhi.
Mr. Ummed Singh, Research Associate, Society for Applied Research in Humanities, New Delhi.
Mr. Ghanshyam Upadhyay, Research Associate, Society for Applied Research in Humanities,
New Delhi.
Mr. B.K. Yadav, Research Associate, Society for Applied Research in Humanities, New Delhi.
Mr. Ajay Tiwari, Research Associate, Society for Applied Research in Humanities, New Delhi.
Mr. Ravikesh, Research Associate, Society for Applied Research in Humanities, New Delhi.
Dr. F. Ram, Professor & Head, Department of Fertility Studies, International Institute for
Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai-400088.
Dr. B. Paswan, Reader, Department of Population Policy and Programme, International Institute
for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai-400088.
Dr. L. Ladu Singh, Professor & Head, Department of Mathematical Demography and Statistics,
International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai-400088.
Mr. Akash Wankhede, Research Officer, DLHS-RCH, International Institute for Population
Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai-400088.
Mr. Ananta Basudev Sahu, Research Officer, DLHS-RCH, International Institute for Population
Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai-400088.
167

Appendix – C
Insert bilingual questionnaire
Households, Women, Husbands and Village

NOTES