Global Health Watch 1 in one file
Global Health Watch 1 in one file Global Health Watch 1 in one file
Holding to account | E4 made by companies to that tax burden has fallen. So too has the burden of the rich, as indicated by substantial falling tax rates over the years so that rates of up to 98% in the UK in the 1970s are now compared with a maximum income tax rate of 40%. Overall, there has been a fall in average tax rates on company profits from 37.5% to under 31% between 1996 and 2003 (see Figure E4.1) (KPMG 2003). Globalization and tax avoidance The trends in the pattern of taxation within countries have not happened by chance. This shift in the tax burden has been the result of big business, and their accountants and lawyers influencing government. Furthermore, the deregulation of the financial services sector and exchange controls now means that money can flow much more freely around the world. The manifestations have been: • a massive increase in the use of tax havens by individuals and companies to avoid their obligations to pay tax. The result is that the Cayman Islands are now the fifth largest banking centre in the world even though no real economic activity actually takes place there. Varying estimates suggest that between a quarter and a half of all world trade is routed through such havens. Offshore companies are being formed at the rate of about 150,000 per year, and are now numbered in the millions. It is estimated that about US$11 trillion is held in offshore bank accounts; • a professional culture in which lawyers and accountants blatantly seek to manipulate and avoid any regulation designed to stop the abuse of the tax system. 40 38 Average tax rates 36 34 32 OECD Member States EU Member States 30 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Figure E4.1 Average company tax rates in the EU and OECD, 1996–2003 (%) (Source: KPMG 2003) 320
These trends in taxation are underpinning the slow disintegration in the capacity of governments not just to ensure the fulfilment of human rights, but to ensure the social cohesion of societies. Activists need to: • reclaim the language of tax, so it is seen as a contribution to society, not a cost to be minimized as most businesses claim it is now; • make tax payment the core test of the corporate social responsibility of a company. Charitable works are not enough; • transform accounting so that international companies have to declare how much tax they are paying, and where, which they do not do now; • suggest the creation of ‘general anti avoidance provisions’ in tax law so that courts have greater power to strike down schemes promoted solely to avoid tax; • work with the UN and others to promote a world tax authority with the ability to create fair global taxation for global companies; • promote the idea that sustainable development requires a country to have a sustainable tax system, and suggest that aid assistance needs to be given to create these systems which are a prerequisite of sustainable health systems; • continue to highlight the harm that tax havens cause to the well being of the world; • illustrate the malpractice of large firms of lawyers and accountants who promote aggressive tax avoidance schemes. This is an ambitious programme that can be helped by publicizing the issue in journals and newspapers; lobbying the UN tax conference and creating dialogue with other international and national agencies on tax; advocating for health NGOs to make tax a public health issue; and embarrassing professional firms into changing their ways. References Citizens for Tax Justice (2004). Bush Policies Drive Surge in Corporate Tax Freeloading. Washington DC, Citizens for Tax Justice (http://www.ctj.org/corpfed04pr.pdf, accessed October 2004). Hills J (2004). Inequality and the State. Oxford, Oxford University Press. KPMG (2003). Corporate Tax Rate Survey – January 2003. KPMG International (http://www.us.kpmg.com/microsite/global_tax/ctr_survey/ 2003CorprorateTaxSurveyFINAL.pdf, accessed on 18 March 2005). OECD (2004) . Tax payments rose in some OECD countries in 2003, but fell in others. Paris, OECD (http://www.oecd.org/document/21/0,2340,en_2649_201185_ 33808789_1_1_1_1,00.html, accessed 12 October 2004). Big business 321
- Page 287 and 288: E1 | World Health Organization The
- Page 289 and 290: The sources consulted worldwide in
- Page 291 and 292: Box E1.1 Milestones in WHO history
- Page 293 and 294: aised by his attempts to revitalize
- Page 295 and 296: • stronger internal focus on perf
- Page 297 and 298: 21 WHO - up in the clouds? Reaction
- Page 299 and 300: in favour of so-called ‘vertical
- Page 301 and 302: to speak openly, while bullying and
- Page 303 and 304: velop a unified, purposeful health
- Page 305 and 306: to medicines, and the mobilizing ro
- Page 307 and 308: Recommendations WHO’s core purpos
- Page 309 and 310: doctors, and more people with exper
- Page 311 and 312: E2 | UNICEF In 2005, Carol Bellamy,
- Page 313 and 314: In sum, for almost a decade, childr
- Page 315 and 316: prompted a global debate on how to
- Page 317 and 318: E3 | The World Bank and the Interna
- Page 319 and 320: 22 World Bank: the centre of world
- Page 321 and 322: approach to conditionality is being
- Page 323 and 324: tal policies should explicitly refe
- Page 325 and 326: E4 | Big business This chapter deal
- Page 327 and 328: 23 The Marlboro Man was described b
- Page 329 and 330: dedicated funding [Articles 5.6 and
- Page 331 and 332: grass roots in building government
- Page 333 and 334: 24 A pack of Cerelac cereal food pu
- Page 335 and 336: USAID has also funded work on breas
- Page 337: (from whatever its source, and howe
- Page 341 and 342: Norway Denmark Netherlands Luxembou
- Page 343 and 344: Global aid trends - allocation Wher
- Page 345 and 346: weapons, vehicles and military trai
- Page 347 and 348: table e5.1 Value (in £) of new DFI
- Page 349 and 350: OECD (2005). Development Co-operati
- Page 351 and 352: 25 Breaking the chains of debt: pro
- Page 353 and 354: Box E6.1 Zambia: inflation or death
- Page 355 and 356: have met the Fund’s conditions, a
- Page 357 and 358: E7 | Essential health research Rese
- Page 359 and 360: Developing national health research
- Page 361 and 362: for African Medical Editors (Certai
- Page 363 and 364: Neither the consultations leading u
- Page 365 and 366: Box E7.4 Asking the social-politica
- Page 367 and 368: • global architecture for health
- Page 369 and 370: part f | Conclusions Global Health
- Page 371 and 372: current debt relief mechanism - the
- Page 373 and 374: agreement, and taking health and he
- Page 375 and 376: ity of the now-developed countries
- Page 377 and 378: tion and water are experiencing sim
These trends <strong>in</strong> taxation are underp<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g the slow dis<strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>in</strong> the<br />
capacity of governments not just to ensure the fulfilment of human rights, but<br />
to ensure the social cohesion of societies. Activists need to:<br />
• reclaim the language of tax, so it is seen as a contribution to society, not a<br />
cost to be m<strong>in</strong>imized as most bus<strong>in</strong>esses claim it is now;<br />
• make tax payment the core test of the corporate social responsibility of a<br />
company. Charitable works are not enough;<br />
• transform account<strong>in</strong>g so that <strong>in</strong>ternational companies have to declare how<br />
much tax they are pay<strong>in</strong>g, and where, which they do not do now;<br />
• suggest the creation of ‘general anti avoidance provisions’ <strong>in</strong> tax law so that<br />
courts have greater power to strike down schemes promoted solely to avoid<br />
tax;<br />
• work with the UN and others to promote a world tax authority with the ability<br />
to create fair global taxation for global companies;<br />
• promote the idea that susta<strong>in</strong>able development requires a country to have<br />
a susta<strong>in</strong>able tax system, and suggest that aid assistance needs to be given<br />
to create these systems which are a prerequisite of susta<strong>in</strong>able health systems;<br />
• cont<strong>in</strong>ue to highlight the harm that tax havens cause to the well be<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
the world;<br />
• illustrate the malpractice of large firms of lawyers and accountants who<br />
promote aggressive tax avoidance schemes.<br />
This is an ambitious programme that can be helped by publiciz<strong>in</strong>g the issue<br />
<strong>in</strong> journals and newspapers; lobby<strong>in</strong>g the UN tax conference and creat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
dialogue with other <strong>in</strong>ternational and national agencies on tax; advocat<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
health NGOs to make tax a public health issue; and embarrass<strong>in</strong>g professional<br />
firms <strong>in</strong>to chang<strong>in</strong>g their ways.<br />
References<br />
Citizens for Tax Justice (2004). Bush Policies Drive Surge <strong>in</strong> Corporate Tax Freeload<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton DC, Citizens for Tax Justice (http://www.ctj.org/corpfed04pr.pdf,<br />
accessed October 2004).<br />
Hills J (2004). Inequality and the State. Oxford, Oxford University Press.<br />
KPMG (2003). Corporate Tax Rate Survey – January 2003. KPMG International<br />
(http://www.us.kpmg.com/microsite/global_tax/ctr_survey/<br />
2003CorprorateTaxSurveyFINAL.pdf, accessed on 18 March 2005).<br />
OECD (2004) . Tax payments rose <strong>in</strong> some OECD countries <strong>in</strong> 2003, but fell <strong>in</strong> others.<br />
Paris, OECD (http://www.oecd.org/document/21/0,2340,en_2649_201185_<br />
33808789_1_1_1_1,00.html, accessed 12 October 2004).<br />
Big bus<strong>in</strong>ess<br />
321