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The wider health cxontext | D4 World Bank (2001). Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice. Washington, DC, World Bank and Oxford University Press. World Bank (2002). Education and HIV/AIDS: A Window of Hope. Washington, DC, World Bank. World Health Organization (1998). Female Genital Mutilation. Geneva, World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2003). The World Health Report 2003: Shaping the Future. Geneva, World Health Organization. 252
D5 | War War has an enormous and tragic impact on people’s lives. It accounts for more death and disability than many major diseases; destroys families, communities, and sometimes entire nations and cultures; diverts limited resources from health and other human services and damages the infrastructure that supports them; and violates human rights. The mindset of war – that violence is the best way to resolve conflicts – contributes to domestic violence, street crime, and many other kinds of violence. War damages the environment. In sum, it threatens not only health but also the very fabric of our civilization (Levy and Sidel 1997). The impact of war on health Some of the impacts of war on health are obvious, some are not (WHO 2002). The direct impact on mortality and morbidity is apparent. An estimated 191 million people died directly or indirectly as a result of conflict during the 20th century, more than half of them civilians (Rummel 1994). The exact figures are unknowable because of generally poor record-keeping in many countries and its disruption in times of conflict (Zwi, Ugalde and Richards 1999). Active armed conflicts – primarily civil wars – continue in many parts of the world: 21 major armed conflicts occurred in 19 different locations during 2002. During the post-Cold War period of 1990–2001 there were 57 major armed conflicts in 45 locations, all internal except those between Iraq and Kuwait, India and Pakistan, and Ethiopia and Eritrea, although in 15 of them other states contributed regular military troops. Conflicts concerning government became slightly more frequent during that period than those concerning territory (Eriksson et al. 2003). These civil wars exert a huge toll in human suffering. For example, at least three million civilians probably died in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Roberts et al. 2001). Over 30 years of civil war in Ethiopia have led to the deaths of a million people, about half of them civilians (Kloos 1992). Civilians, particularly women and children, bear a disproportionate share of these casualties (Ahlstram 1991). Many people survive wars only to be physically scarred for life. Millions of survivors are chronically disabled from injuries sustained during wars or their immediate aftermath. Landmines are a particular threat. For example, one in 253
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About this book Today’s global he
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Global Health Watch 2005-2006 An al
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Contents Boxes, figures and tables
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C2.1 The facts about disability 180
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Illustrations 1 Medicine cannot dea
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Acknowledgements The following indi
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London School of Hygiene and Tropic
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Victoria, Canada; Centre for Health
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Foreword New reports on different a
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Introduction Origins The Global Hea
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Child malnutrition, death and disab
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Human rights and responsibilities A
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impacting on health. The Watch hope
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part a | Health and globalization T
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Health and globalization | A1 and h
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Health and globalization | A1 in 20
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Health and globalization | A1 is gl
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Health and globalization | A1 peopl
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Health and globalization | A1 numbe
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Health and globalization | A1 and p
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Health and globalization | A1 econo
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Health and globalization | A1 Box A
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Health and globalization | A1 half
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Health and globalization | A1 appro
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table a1 Key health concerns with W
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Health and globalization | A1 Healt
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Health and globalization | A1 merci
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Health and globalization | A1 thems
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Health and globalization | A1 Even
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Health and globalization | A1 • A
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Health and globalization | A1 non-v
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Health and globalization | A1 27-28
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Health and globalization | A1 Jenki
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Health and globalization | A1 Satte
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Health and globalization | A1 WHO (
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and regulatory authorities mandated
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Health care systems | B1 4) selecti
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Health care systems | B1 • And si
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Health care systems | B1 • declin
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Health care systems | B1 user charg
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Health care systems | B1 focus on t
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Health care systems | B1 for health
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Health care systems | B1 their cont
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Health care systems | B1 health car
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Health care systems | B1 ing servic
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Health care systems | B1 Box B1.7 G
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Health care systems | B1 many of th
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Health care systems | B1 the lack o
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Macro-economic factors Impoverished
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Health care systems | B1 HALE 2000
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Health care systems | B1 But improv
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Health care systems | B1 high-incom
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Health care systems | B1 Structural
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Health care systems | B1 the high t
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Health care systems | B1 and histor
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Health care systems | B1 norms (Loe
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Health care systems | B1 Foster M,
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Health care systems | B1 Toole M et
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B2 | Medicines Introduction Essenti
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Health care systems | B2 of new med
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Health care systems | B2 chapter re
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Health care systems | B2 the fourth
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Health care systems | B2 agenda thr
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Health care systems | B2 nonetheles
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Health care systems | B2 decision o
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Health care systems | B2 for the an
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Health care systems | B2 expenditur
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Health care systems | B2 Medawar C
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Health care systems | B3 between he
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Severe shortage Low density Moderat
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Health care systems | B3 sector and
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Health care systems | B3 to the US,
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Health care systems | B3 500 400 30
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Health care systems | B3 have been
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Health care systems | B3 to underta
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B4 | Sexual and reproductive health
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Health care systems | B4 10 Policy-
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Health care systems | B4 women and
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Health care systems | B4 of funding
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Health care systems | B4 debate on
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Health care systems | B4 the sexual
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Health care systems | B4 perspectiv
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Health care systems | B5 genome res
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Health care systems | B5 drugs base
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Health care systems | B5 Complete f
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Health care systems | B5 when a tes
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Health care systems | B5 are allowi
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Health care systems | B5 of life sc
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part c | Health of vulnerable group
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 me
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 pr
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Th
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Ca
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Bo
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Pa
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Health of vulnerable groups | C2 DP
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Health of vulnerable groups | C2 di
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part d | The wider health context T
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D1 | Climate change Introduction En
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increasing quantities are now causi
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development, local availability foo
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14 Droughts threaten the food secur
Page 219 and 220: Protocol can meet their targets by
Page 221 and 222: 15 Transport and travel are major d
Page 223 and 224: • Redesign trade rules. Governmen
Page 225 and 226: D2 | Water Access to enough clean w
Page 227 and 228: water consumption worldwide. Each p
Page 229 and 230: table d2.1 Top corporate players in
Page 231 and 232: 16 Protesting against the privatiza
Page 233 and 234: Box D2.3 Regulating private water c
Page 235 and 236: The private sector overestimates th
Page 237 and 238: Box D2.7 US citizens told to boil t
Page 239 and 240: to water. Worse still, it does this
Page 241 and 242: References Barlow M, Clarke T (2002
Page 243 and 244: D3 | Food Undernutrition is by far
Page 245 and 246: Functional and Productive Capacity
Page 247 and 248: table d3.1 Corporate control of US
Page 249 and 250: keting and processing means that sm
Page 251 and 252: average Indian family of four reduc
Page 253 and 254: Bank’s US$ 93.5 million loan to C
Page 255 and 256: Avery N, Drake M, Lang T (1993). Cr
Page 257 and 258: D4 | Education Some 135 million chi
Page 259 and 260: ledge about health-care practices a
Page 261 and 262: 2005, and on present trends about 4
Page 263 and 264: Box D4.3 Programmes that aim to emp
Page 265 and 266: • per capita public spending fall
Page 267 and 268: unable to recruit 9000 badly needed
Page 269: Gordon D et al. (2003). The distrib
Page 273 and 274: 19 Chechnya destroyed. War has wide
Page 275 and 276: initiated a ‘war on terrorism’.
Page 277 and 278: an explosive force equivalent to ab
Page 279 and 280: the risk of their misuse and divers
Page 281 and 282: Box D5.3 An agenda for peace The Ha
Page 283 and 284: Machel G (1996). Impact of Armed Co
Page 285 and 286: part e | Holding to account: global
Page 287 and 288: E1 | World Health Organization The
Page 289 and 290: The sources consulted worldwide in
Page 291 and 292: Box E1.1 Milestones in WHO history
Page 293 and 294: aised by his attempts to revitalize
Page 295 and 296: • stronger internal focus on perf
Page 297 and 298: 21 WHO - up in the clouds? Reaction
Page 299 and 300: in favour of so-called ‘vertical
Page 301 and 302: to speak openly, while bullying and
Page 303 and 304: velop a unified, purposeful health
Page 305 and 306: to medicines, and the mobilizing ro
Page 307 and 308: Recommendations WHO’s core purpos
Page 309 and 310: doctors, and more people with exper
Page 311 and 312: E2 | UNICEF In 2005, Carol Bellamy,
Page 313 and 314: In sum, for almost a decade, childr
Page 315 and 316: prompted a global debate on how to
Page 317 and 318: E3 | The World Bank and the Interna
Page 319 and 320: 22 World Bank: the centre of world
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approach to conditionality is being
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tal policies should explicitly refe
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E4 | Big business This chapter deal
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23 The Marlboro Man was described b
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dedicated funding [Articles 5.6 and
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grass roots in building government
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24 A pack of Cerelac cereal food pu
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USAID has also funded work on breas
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(from whatever its source, and howe
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These trends in taxation are underp
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Norway Denmark Netherlands Luxembou
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Global aid trends - allocation Wher
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weapons, vehicles and military trai
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table e5.1 Value (in £) of new DFI
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OECD (2005). Development Co-operati
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25 Breaking the chains of debt: pro
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Box E6.1 Zambia: inflation or death
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have met the Fund’s conditions, a
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E7 | Essential health research Rese
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Developing national health research
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for African Medical Editors (Certai
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Neither the consultations leading u
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Box E7.4 Asking the social-politica
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• global architecture for health
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part f | Conclusions Global Health
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current debt relief mechanism - the
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agreement, and taking health and he
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ity of the now-developed countries
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tion and water are experiencing sim
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