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The wider health context | D2 WHO/UNICEF (2004). Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004. Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: a mid-term assessment of progress. New York and Geneva, WHO and UNICEF. Winpenny J (2003). Financing water for all: Report of the World Panel on Financing Water Infrastructure. Marseilles, World Water Council and Global Water Partnership. 224
D3 | Food Undernutrition is by far the most important single cause of illness and death globally, accounting for 12% of all deaths and 16% of disability-adjusted life years lost. Low weight for age is associated with more than half of all deaths in young children, accounting for more than six million children a year (Pelletier et al. 1995). Babies who survive the early disadvantages of low birth weight are far more likely to develop obesity, diabetes and hypertension in adulthood. The costs of undernutrition in terms of lost development and productivity are enormous. Even mild to moderate undernutrition in the womb reduces future cognitive development. Thus nutrition plays a crucial role in the reproduction of poverty from one generation to the next, and must be tackled to meet the Millennium Development Goals (Box D3.1). The number of people suffering from food insecurity and hunger is grow- Box D3.1 How nutrition underpins the Millennium Development Goals Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Malnutrition erodes human capital, reduces resilience to shocks and reduces productivity (impaired physical and mental capacity). Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Malnutrition reduces mental capacity and school performance. Malnourished children are less likely to enrol in school, and more likely to enrol later. Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Better-nourished girls are more likely to stay in school and to have more control over future choices. Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Malnutrition is directly or indirectly associated with more than half of all child mortality. Goal 5: Improve maternal health Malnutrition, in particular iron deficiency and vitamin A deficiency, increases the risk of maternal mortality. Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, and other diseases Malnutrition hastens the onset of AIDS among HIV-positive people, and generally increases susceptibility to infectious diseases. (Source: SCN 2004) 225
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About this book Today’s global he
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Global Health Watch 2005-2006 An al
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Contents Boxes, figures and tables
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C2.1 The facts about disability 180
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Illustrations 1 Medicine cannot dea
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Acknowledgements The following indi
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London School of Hygiene and Tropic
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Victoria, Canada; Centre for Health
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Foreword New reports on different a
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Introduction Origins The Global Hea
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Child malnutrition, death and disab
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Human rights and responsibilities A
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impacting on health. The Watch hope
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part a | Health and globalization T
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Health and globalization | A1 and h
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Health and globalization | A1 in 20
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Health and globalization | A1 is gl
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Health and globalization | A1 peopl
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Health and globalization | A1 numbe
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Health and globalization | A1 and p
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Health and globalization | A1 econo
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Health and globalization | A1 Box A
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Health and globalization | A1 half
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Health and globalization | A1 appro
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table a1 Key health concerns with W
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Health and globalization | A1 Healt
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Health and globalization | A1 merci
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Health and globalization | A1 thems
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Health and globalization | A1 Even
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Health and globalization | A1 • A
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Health and globalization | A1 non-v
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Health and globalization | A1 27-28
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Health and globalization | A1 Jenki
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Health and globalization | A1 Satte
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Health and globalization | A1 WHO (
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and regulatory authorities mandated
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Health care systems | B1 4) selecti
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Health care systems | B1 • And si
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Health care systems | B1 • declin
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Health care systems | B1 user charg
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Health care systems | B1 focus on t
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Health care systems | B1 for health
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Health care systems | B1 their cont
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Health care systems | B1 health car
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Health care systems | B1 ing servic
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Health care systems | B1 Box B1.7 G
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Health care systems | B1 many of th
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Health care systems | B1 the lack o
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Macro-economic factors Impoverished
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Health care systems | B1 HALE 2000
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Health care systems | B1 But improv
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Health care systems | B1 high-incom
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Health care systems | B1 Structural
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Health care systems | B1 the high t
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Health care systems | B1 and histor
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Health care systems | B1 norms (Loe
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Health care systems | B1 Foster M,
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Health care systems | B1 Toole M et
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B2 | Medicines Introduction Essenti
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Health care systems | B2 of new med
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Health care systems | B2 chapter re
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Health care systems | B2 the fourth
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Health care systems | B2 agenda thr
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Health care systems | B2 nonetheles
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Health care systems | B2 decision o
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Health care systems | B2 for the an
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Health care systems | B2 expenditur
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Health care systems | B2 Medawar C
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Health care systems | B3 between he
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Severe shortage Low density Moderat
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Health care systems | B3 sector and
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Health care systems | B3 to the US,
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Health care systems | B3 500 400 30
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Health care systems | B3 have been
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Health care systems | B3 to underta
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B4 | Sexual and reproductive health
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Health care systems | B4 10 Policy-
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Health care systems | B4 women and
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Health care systems | B4 of funding
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Health care systems | B4 debate on
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Health care systems | B4 the sexual
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Health care systems | B4 perspectiv
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Health care systems | B5 genome res
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Health care systems | B5 drugs base
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Health care systems | B5 Complete f
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Health care systems | B5 when a tes
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Health care systems | B5 are allowi
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Health care systems | B5 of life sc
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part c | Health of vulnerable group
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 me
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 pr
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Th
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Ca
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Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Bo
Page 192 and 193: Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Bo
Page 196 and 197: Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Pa
Page 200 and 201: Health of vulnerable groups | C2 DP
Page 206 and 207: Health of vulnerable groups | C2 di
Page 209 and 210: part d | The wider health context T
Page 211 and 212: D1 | Climate change Introduction En
Page 213 and 214: increasing quantities are now causi
Page 215 and 216: development, local availability foo
Page 217 and 218: 14 Droughts threaten the food secur
Page 219 and 220: Protocol can meet their targets by
Page 221 and 222: 15 Transport and travel are major d
Page 223 and 224: • Redesign trade rules. Governmen
Page 225 and 226: D2 | Water Access to enough clean w
Page 227 and 228: water consumption worldwide. Each p
Page 229 and 230: table d2.1 Top corporate players in
Page 231 and 232: 16 Protesting against the privatiza
Page 233 and 234: Box D2.3 Regulating private water c
Page 235 and 236: The private sector overestimates th
Page 237 and 238: Box D2.7 US citizens told to boil t
Page 239 and 240: to water. Worse still, it does this
Page 241: References Barlow M, Clarke T (2002
Page 245 and 246: Functional and Productive Capacity
Page 247 and 248: table d3.1 Corporate control of US
Page 249 and 250: keting and processing means that sm
Page 251 and 252: average Indian family of four reduc
Page 253 and 254: Bank’s US$ 93.5 million loan to C
Page 255 and 256: Avery N, Drake M, Lang T (1993). Cr
Page 257 and 258: D4 | Education Some 135 million chi
Page 259 and 260: ledge about health-care practices a
Page 261 and 262: 2005, and on present trends about 4
Page 263 and 264: Box D4.3 Programmes that aim to emp
Page 265 and 266: • per capita public spending fall
Page 267 and 268: unable to recruit 9000 badly needed
Page 269 and 270: Gordon D et al. (2003). The distrib
Page 271 and 272: D5 | War War has an enormous and tr
Page 273 and 274: 19 Chechnya destroyed. War has wide
Page 275 and 276: initiated a ‘war on terrorism’.
Page 277 and 278: an explosive force equivalent to ab
Page 279 and 280: the risk of their misuse and divers
Page 281 and 282: Box D5.3 An agenda for peace The Ha
Page 283 and 284: Machel G (1996). Impact of Armed Co
Page 285 and 286: part e | Holding to account: global
Page 287 and 288: E1 | World Health Organization The
Page 289 and 290: The sources consulted worldwide in
Page 291 and 292: Box E1.1 Milestones in WHO history
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aised by his attempts to revitalize
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• stronger internal focus on perf
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21 WHO - up in the clouds? Reaction
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in favour of so-called ‘vertical
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to speak openly, while bullying and
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velop a unified, purposeful health
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to medicines, and the mobilizing ro
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Recommendations WHO’s core purpos
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doctors, and more people with exper
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E2 | UNICEF In 2005, Carol Bellamy,
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In sum, for almost a decade, childr
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prompted a global debate on how to
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E3 | The World Bank and the Interna
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22 World Bank: the centre of world
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approach to conditionality is being
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tal policies should explicitly refe
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E4 | Big business This chapter deal
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23 The Marlboro Man was described b
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dedicated funding [Articles 5.6 and
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grass roots in building government
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24 A pack of Cerelac cereal food pu
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USAID has also funded work on breas
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(from whatever its source, and howe
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These trends in taxation are underp
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Norway Denmark Netherlands Luxembou
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Global aid trends - allocation Wher
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weapons, vehicles and military trai
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table e5.1 Value (in £) of new DFI
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OECD (2005). Development Co-operati
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25 Breaking the chains of debt: pro
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Box E6.1 Zambia: inflation or death
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have met the Fund’s conditions, a
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E7 | Essential health research Rese
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Developing national health research
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for African Medical Editors (Certai
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Neither the consultations leading u
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Box E7.4 Asking the social-politica
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• global architecture for health
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part f | Conclusions Global Health
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current debt relief mechanism - the
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agreement, and taking health and he
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ity of the now-developed countries
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tion and water are experiencing sim
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