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The wider health context | D1 Box D1.3 Adaptation to climate change and equity It is becoming increasingly clear that the adverse impacts of climate change in the near term (over the next decade or so) are almost impossible to prevent, even with the most drastic cuts in emissions. Hence adaptation to climate change in addition to reduced emissions is vital. The seventh Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Morocco in 2001 created several new funds (as part of the ‘Marrakesh Accords’) to help developing countries adapt to the impacts of climate change. However, contributions to these funds are purely voluntary and have attracted only small amounts from a few rich countries. • The widespread implementation of small-scale renewable energy projects that can simultaneously tackle poverty and reduce climate change. This will require political commitment, new funds from governments in all countries, and a major shift in the priorities of the World Bank and other development bodies. The World Health Organization and UNICEF need to be lending their weight to the campaign, using their mandate to protect the health of current and future generations. Health professional associations, especially public health associations (particularly within developed countries), should be calling for local health impact assessments on climate change of trade and economic activities as well as of health care services. Doctors and other health professionals need to communicate the threats of climate change to health as a public health emergency, and to publicize ways of tackling that emergency and minimizing further climate change. As with many other topics in this report , the health community as a whole needs to take up a more independent and assertive position in relation to the policy agendas set in the trade and industrial sectors. Recommendations on transport Reducing transport’s contribution to climate change requires reversing the trend for greater car and truck numbers and longer journeys (see Box D1.1). Although technology can improve efficiency, more vehicles, larger vehicles and longer journeys can negate these improvements. The core objectives must be to: 204
• Redesign trade rules. Governments must prioritize implementing national and international measures aimed at 'internalizing' social and environmental costs – the ‘polluter pays’ principle. • Promote land use policies that aim to meet needs for access to jobs, goods, services and leisure locally by encouraging walking, cycling and public transport. • Promote walking and cycling as the least polluting, healthiest and most equitable modes of transport, in particular by reducing the danger faced by walkers and cyclists from more harmful means of transport. • Stop subsidizing harmful transport and travel, whether through road building, grants to car manufacturers, low tax on aviation fuel, or World Bank subsidies for fossil fuel production. Resources Climate change related resources BP’s Environment Policies . Linkages is provided by the International Institute for Sustainable Development. It is designed to be an electronic clearing-house for information on past and upcoming international meetings related to environment and development policy . The Global Commons Institute (GCI) is an independent group concerned with the protection of the global commons . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto protocol . Transport related resources carfree.com: website with detailed ideas how to design car free cities . Transport and Health study group: this is a network of health and transport professionals in the UK involved in understanding and addressing the links between transport and health. Involved in promoting Green Travel Plans for health services . Victoria Transport Policy Institute: provides free on-line a wide range of papers on transport. These include the economic costs, the health effects, and how to introduce change . References Barter P (2003). Southeast Asian Urban Transport: A Kaleidoscope of Challenges and Choices. In: Whitelegg, J and Haq, G (eds) (2003). The Earthscan Reader in World Transport Policy and Practice. Earthscan, London. Bouma M, van der Kaay H (1995). Epidemic malaria in India’s Thar desert. The Lancet, 373, 132–3. International Energy Association (IEA) (2004). World Energy Outlook. Paris, IEA. Climate change 205
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About this book Today’s global he
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Global Health Watch 2005-2006 An al
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Contents Boxes, figures and tables
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C2.1 The facts about disability 180
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Illustrations 1 Medicine cannot dea
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Acknowledgements The following indi
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London School of Hygiene and Tropic
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Victoria, Canada; Centre for Health
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Foreword New reports on different a
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Introduction Origins The Global Hea
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Child malnutrition, death and disab
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Human rights and responsibilities A
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impacting on health. The Watch hope
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part a | Health and globalization T
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Health and globalization | A1 and h
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Health and globalization | A1 in 20
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Health and globalization | A1 is gl
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Health and globalization | A1 peopl
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Health and globalization | A1 numbe
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Health and globalization | A1 and p
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Health and globalization | A1 econo
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Health and globalization | A1 Box A
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Health and globalization | A1 half
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Health and globalization | A1 appro
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table a1 Key health concerns with W
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Health and globalization | A1 Healt
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Health and globalization | A1 merci
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Health and globalization | A1 thems
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Health and globalization | A1 Even
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Health and globalization | A1 • A
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Health and globalization | A1 non-v
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Health and globalization | A1 27-28
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Health and globalization | A1 Jenki
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Health and globalization | A1 Satte
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Health and globalization | A1 WHO (
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and regulatory authorities mandated
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Health care systems | B1 4) selecti
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Health care systems | B1 • And si
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Health care systems | B1 • declin
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Health care systems | B1 user charg
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Health care systems | B1 focus on t
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Health care systems | B1 for health
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Health care systems | B1 their cont
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Health care systems | B1 health car
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Health care systems | B1 ing servic
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Health care systems | B1 Box B1.7 G
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Health care systems | B1 many of th
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Health care systems | B1 the lack o
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Macro-economic factors Impoverished
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Health care systems | B1 HALE 2000
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Health care systems | B1 But improv
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Health care systems | B1 high-incom
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Health care systems | B1 Structural
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Health care systems | B1 the high t
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Health care systems | B1 and histor
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Health care systems | B1 norms (Loe
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Health care systems | B1 Foster M,
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Health care systems | B1 Toole M et
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B2 | Medicines Introduction Essenti
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Health care systems | B2 of new med
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Health care systems | B2 chapter re
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Health care systems | B2 the fourth
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Health care systems | B2 agenda thr
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Health care systems | B2 nonetheles
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Health care systems | B2 decision o
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Health care systems | B2 for the an
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Health care systems | B2 expenditur
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Health care systems | B2 Medawar C
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Health care systems | B3 between he
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Severe shortage Low density Moderat
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Health care systems | B3 sector and
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Health care systems | B3 to the US,
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Health care systems | B3 500 400 30
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Health care systems | B3 have been
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Health care systems | B3 to underta
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B4 | Sexual and reproductive health
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Health care systems | B4 10 Policy-
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Health care systems | B4 women and
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Health care systems | B4 of funding
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Health care systems | B4 debate on
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Health care systems | B4 the sexual
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Health care systems | B4 perspectiv
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Health care systems | B5 genome res
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Health care systems | B5 drugs base
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Health care systems | B5 Complete f
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Page 176 and 177: Health care systems | B5 of life sc
Page 179: part c | Health of vulnerable group
Page 182 and 183: Health of vulnerable groups | C1 me
Page 184 and 185: Health of vulnerable groups | C1 pr
Page 186 and 187: Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Th
Page 188 and 189: Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Ca
Page 190 and 191: Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Bo
Page 196 and 197: Health of vulnerable groups | C1 Pa
Page 200 and 201: Health of vulnerable groups | C2 DP
Page 206 and 207: Health of vulnerable groups | C2 di
Page 209 and 210: part d | The wider health context T
Page 211 and 212: D1 | Climate change Introduction En
Page 213 and 214: increasing quantities are now causi
Page 215 and 216: development, local availability foo
Page 217 and 218: 14 Droughts threaten the food secur
Page 219 and 220: Protocol can meet their targets by
Page 221: 15 Transport and travel are major d
Page 225 and 226: D2 | Water Access to enough clean w
Page 227 and 228: water consumption worldwide. Each p
Page 229 and 230: table d2.1 Top corporate players in
Page 231 and 232: 16 Protesting against the privatiza
Page 233 and 234: Box D2.3 Regulating private water c
Page 235 and 236: The private sector overestimates th
Page 237 and 238: Box D2.7 US citizens told to boil t
Page 239 and 240: to water. Worse still, it does this
Page 241 and 242: References Barlow M, Clarke T (2002
Page 243 and 244: D3 | Food Undernutrition is by far
Page 245 and 246: Functional and Productive Capacity
Page 247 and 248: table d3.1 Corporate control of US
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Page 251 and 252: average Indian family of four reduc
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Page 257 and 258: D4 | Education Some 135 million chi
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Page 263 and 264: Box D4.3 Programmes that aim to emp
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Page 267 and 268: unable to recruit 9000 badly needed
Page 269 and 270: Gordon D et al. (2003). The distrib
Page 271 and 272: D5 | War War has an enormous and tr
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19 Chechnya destroyed. War has wide
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initiated a ‘war on terrorism’.
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an explosive force equivalent to ab
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the risk of their misuse and divers
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Box D5.3 An agenda for peace The Ha
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Machel G (1996). Impact of Armed Co
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part e | Holding to account: global
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E1 | World Health Organization The
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The sources consulted worldwide in
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Box E1.1 Milestones in WHO history
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aised by his attempts to revitalize
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• stronger internal focus on perf
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21 WHO - up in the clouds? Reaction
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in favour of so-called ‘vertical
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to speak openly, while bullying and
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velop a unified, purposeful health
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to medicines, and the mobilizing ro
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Recommendations WHO’s core purpos
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doctors, and more people with exper
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E2 | UNICEF In 2005, Carol Bellamy,
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In sum, for almost a decade, childr
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prompted a global debate on how to
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E3 | The World Bank and the Interna
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22 World Bank: the centre of world
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approach to conditionality is being
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tal policies should explicitly refe
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E4 | Big business This chapter deal
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23 The Marlboro Man was described b
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dedicated funding [Articles 5.6 and
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grass roots in building government
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24 A pack of Cerelac cereal food pu
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USAID has also funded work on breas
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(from whatever its source, and howe
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These trends in taxation are underp
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Norway Denmark Netherlands Luxembou
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Global aid trends - allocation Wher
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weapons, vehicles and military trai
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table e5.1 Value (in £) of new DFI
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OECD (2005). Development Co-operati
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25 Breaking the chains of debt: pro
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Box E6.1 Zambia: inflation or death
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have met the Fund’s conditions, a
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E7 | Essential health research Rese
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Developing national health research
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for African Medical Editors (Certai
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Neither the consultations leading u
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Box E7.4 Asking the social-politica
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• global architecture for health
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part f | Conclusions Global Health
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current debt relief mechanism - the
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agreement, and taking health and he
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ity of the now-developed countries
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tion and water are experiencing sim
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