Global Health Watch 1 in one file
Global Health Watch 1 in one file Global Health Watch 1 in one file
Health care systems | B4 perspective. In: Harcourt W, Escobar A. Women and the politics of place. New York, Kumarian Press. IRRAG (1998). Negotiating reproductive rights: women’s perspectives across countries and cultures. London, Zed Books. Jacobson J (2003). First global women’s scorecard on Bush administration. Women’s Global Network for Reproductive Rights Newsletter, 80, 12–19, November (http:// www.wgnrr.org/frameset.htm, accessed 25 January 2005). Lohmann L (2003). Re-imagining the population debate. The Corner House Briefing, 28, March. Petchesky R (2003). Global prescriptions: gendering health and human rights. London, Zed Books. Rao M (2004). Malthusian arithmetic: from population control to reproductive health. New Delhi, Sage. Sen G, Barroso C (1996). After Cairo: Challenges to women’s organisations. Presented at the workshop on reproductive health, rights and women’s empowerment, New Delhi Centre for Development Studies, September. Sinding S (2004). Health, hope, rights and responsibilities. Global Roundtable Action Agenda Summary, 2 September (http://www.countdown2015.org/Content Controller.aspx?ID=4835, accessed 20 February 2005). The Corner House and WGNRR (2004). A decade after Cairo: women’s health in a free market economy. Corner House Briefing, 31 June. UNDP (2003). Millennium Development Goals, national reports: a look through a gender lens. New York, UNDP (http://www.siyanda.org/static/undp_mdgsgender.htm, accessed 20 February 2005). UNFPA (2002). State of world population 2002. New York, UNFPA. UNICPD (1994). Programme of action of the UN International Conference on Population and Development (http://www.iisd.ca/Cairo/program/p00000.html, accessed 19 February 2005). UNIFEM (2005). Gender responsive budgeting. New York, UNDP (http://unifem.org/ index.php?f_page_pid=19, accessed 20 February 2005). WHO (1995). Complications of abortion – technical and managerial guidelines for prevention and treatment. Geneva, WHO. Yong K, Millen J, Irwin A, Gershman J (2000). Dying For growth: global inequality and the health of the poor. Monroe, Maine, Common Courage Press. 146
B5 | Gene technology Genohype: high hopes and poor returns? High hopes were raised in the mid-1990s by the study of the genome – heralded as a revolution for humankind by scientists, industry and governments. The genetic makeup of human beings and of microbes and other life forms would be unravelled, paving the way for a host of improvements. Tests would establish each person’s vulnerability to developing health problems such as a heart attack or a stroke, or to catching infections such as TB or HIV, and would also identify those who would respond to certain preventive measures, or to treatments with different kinds of drugs. It would allow the development of new vaccines, drugs and other treatments. There has been significant progress in identifying and elucidating the sequences of genes from humans and other species. Much of the data is publicly and freely available, as on the website of the Sanger Institute, which benefits both publicly-funded scientists and for-profit companies in their quest for patentable inventions and process technologies. Billions of dollars have been invested by governments, research institutes and industry. Governments of countries such as the US, Canada and China believed it was a key area for development and shaped their policies accordingly, driven not only by a genuine belief in the promises and prestige of genome technology, but also by the lure of new markets. Genome technology was seen as central to the European Commission’s aim of becoming the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world (CEC 2001). On the whole, however, there is precious little return as yet in terms of diagnostics, preventative interventions and therapeutics that are clinically significant and of proven efficacy and safety (Sample 2004). Some even wonder whether the whole idea is a flop, prompting the British Broadcasting Corporation to air a radio programme called ‘What’s wrong with my genes? What went wrong with the human genome project’ (BBC 2004). Others speak of ‘genohype’: the overblown expectations of the benefits genomics can bring to patient care and population health (Holtzman 1999). This chapter will explore the positive and negative effects of the reorientation of health research towards genome technology. It begins by highlighting some illustrative key issues that emerged from the successful control of the SARS epidemic of 2002–2003. It assesses the economic importance of 147
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<strong>Health</strong> care systems | B4<br />
perspective. In: Harcourt W, Escobar A. Women and the politics of place. New York,<br />
Kumarian Press.<br />
IRRAG (1998). Negotiat<strong>in</strong>g reproductive rights: women’s perspectives across countries<br />
and cultures. London, Zed Books.<br />
Jacobson J (2003). First global women’s scorecard on Bush adm<strong>in</strong>istration. Women’s<br />
<strong>Global</strong> Network for Reproductive Rights Newsletter, 80, 12–19, November (http://<br />
www.wgnrr.org/frameset.htm, accessed 25 January 2005).<br />
Lohmann L (2003). Re-imag<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the population debate. The Corner House Brief<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
28, March.<br />
Petchesky R (2003). <strong>Global</strong> prescriptions: gender<strong>in</strong>g health and human rights. London,<br />
Zed Books.<br />
Rao M (2004). Malthusian arithmetic: from population control to reproductive health.<br />
New Delhi, Sage.<br />
Sen G, Barroso C (1996). After Cairo: Challenges to women’s organisations. Presented<br />
at the workshop on reproductive health, rights and women’s empowerment, New<br />
Delhi Centre for Development Studies, September.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g S (2004). <strong>Health</strong>, hope, rights and responsibilities. <strong>Global</strong> Roundtable Action<br />
Agenda Summary, 2 September (http://www.countdown2015.org/Content<br />
Controller.aspx?ID=4835, accessed 20 February 2005).<br />
The Corner House and WGNRR (2004). A decade after Cairo: women’s health <strong>in</strong> a free<br />
market economy. Corner House Brief<strong>in</strong>g, 31 June.<br />
UNDP (2003). Millennium Development Goals, national reports: a look through a gender<br />
lens. New York, UNDP (http://www.siyanda.org/static/undp_mdgsgender.htm,<br />
accessed 20 February 2005).<br />
UNFPA (2002). State of world population 2002. New York, UNFPA.<br />
UNICPD (1994). Programme of action of the UN International Conference on Population<br />
and Development (http://www.iisd.ca/Cairo/program/p00000.html, accessed<br />
19 February 2005).<br />
UNIFEM (2005). Gender responsive budget<strong>in</strong>g. New York, UNDP (http://unifem.org/<br />
<strong>in</strong>dex.php?f_page_pid=19, accessed 20 February 2005).<br />
WHO (1995). Complications of abortion – technical and managerial guidel<strong>in</strong>es for prevention<br />
and treatment. Geneva, WHO.<br />
Yong K, Millen J, Irw<strong>in</strong> A, Gershman J (2000). Dy<strong>in</strong>g For growth: global <strong>in</strong>equality and<br />
the health of the poor. Monroe, Ma<strong>in</strong>e, Common Courage Press.<br />
146
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